informis
/
textfiles
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
textfiles/drugs/hemp.lif

1847 lines
111 KiB
Plaintext
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

From: dave@ratmandu.esd.sgi.com (dave "who can do? ratmandu!" ratcliffe)
Subject: "Hemp: Lifeline to the Future" -- I gave this to Bill Clinton today
Message-ID: <1993Feb22.205420.21115@mont.cs.missouri.edu>
Summary: Exercising Our Appropriate Intelligence-->Changing The Way We Think
Keywords: renewable, cheap, clean instead of limited, dirty, expensive
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Date: Mon, 22 Feb 1993 20:54:20 GMT
Lines: 1839
The Prez and Vice-Prez of the U.S. visited SGI today. Along with a "metal-
detected" crowd I stood outside the cafeteria for an hour-plus (rain coming
and going) while they were given a demo of our machines, and then rapped it
down inside the caf' with a select group of SGI'ers. Finally they came out
and walked the cordoned line of us shaking all hands as they went.
As Clinton walked by me I was able to hand him two copies of the below (in
"prettified" hardcopy format of course--e-mail me if you'd like a PostScript
version) while saying "Please read this." with a LOT of emphasis. I thought
he might go by too fast or that some SS guy would not let me pass the
papers, but there was no resistance, he looked directly at me after I spoke
to him and said, "I will." with, what I felt, was straightforward honesty.
Of course, this is one of the biziest and most sought after people on the
planet. Pretty unlikely he'll read this himself, but you just never know.
I must admit it was pretty exciting. Now I've got to start sending copies
to my lengthy list of military conversion/activist/peace/enviromental/
officialdom/elected-types/groups and press them with the same questions I
ask you all below to ask every- one/group you know/connect with.
--ratitor
Article: 983 of sgi.talk.ratical
From: dave@ratmandu.esd.sgi.com (dave "who can do? ratmandu!" ratcliffe)
Subject: Hemp: Lifeline to the Future - Exercising Our Appropriate Intelligence
Summary: hemp is the world's premier renewable natural resource
Keywords: renewable, cheap, clean instead of limited, dirty, expensive
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Date: Thu, 18 Feb 1993 17:49:31 GMT
Lines: 1732
HEMP, THE PLANT THAT CAN SAVE MOTHER EARTH
Locate the blind spot in the culture--the place where the culture
isn't looking, because it dare not--because if it were to look
there, its previous values would dissolve. --Terence McKenna
The following is a transcript of a remarkable commentary on hemp, the
world's premiere renewable natural resource, by journalist and commentator
Hugh Downs speaking for ABC News radio out of New York in November, 1990.
Mr. Downs did his homework exceedingly well for this report--he succeeded
in including a great deal of useful information in the short timespan of
only nine minutes, forty seconds. Seeking to leverage off the clarity of
his research, nine footnotes have been added to the text to provide people
with a cross-section of the reference material substantiating the facts
Mr. Downs articulates.
It is hoped people will be motivated and inspired by the information
below, to understand how, since the mid-thirties, this society has been
reduced to an infantile status in which the awareness has been lost of how
exceedingly useful a natural resource the vegetable hemp is, and, how
simply changing the way we have been taught to think about this plant,
will enable us to clear away the stagnant, constipated, tired and
inappropriate thinking that has inhibited some of the very best qualities
of human innovation, creativity, and resourcefulness for more than half a
century.
As the documentation below explains, the uses of cannabis hemp are as
varied and multi-faceted as any of us could ever possibly imagine or hope
for. This plant can indeed provide us solutions to MANY of the critical
imbalances we as an industrial culture have created in the brief span of
the past few hundred years. From the production of all forms of paper
products, to plastics as tough as steel, to fuel that can replace all oil,
gas, coal and nuclear power consumption, to a rich source of vegetable oil
and protein, to all manner and form of fabrics and textiles, to medicinal
products for the management of pain, chronic neurologic diseases,
convulsive disorders, migraine headache, anorexia, mental illness, and
bacterial infections, to 100% non-toxic paints and varnishes, to
lubricants, to building materials that can replace dry wall and plywood,
to carpets, rope, laces, sails, . . . the list rolls on and on and on.
And the only thing that prevents us from once again employing this raw
material for tens of thousands of useful and non-polluting products to
replace the dirty, limited and expensive non-renewables derived from
toxic petro-chemicals, is the way we have learned to think about hemp:
"You can't use it--it's illegal."
"Even if we could save the planet's life systems by changing that?"
"That's right."
This is the kind of frozen, devolutionary thinking we must expand our
conscious awareness out beyond to once again encompass the capacity for
hopes and dreams of the kind of world we want to, and can, provide our
great-grandchildren's great-grandchildren with.
Trust your own infinite intelligence and creativity. There is NO LIMIT
to what we as sentient beings can do to change the world for the
betterment of all. All we need to appreciate is that any and all change
starts with how we consider or think about the world. We can stop
cutting down ALL trees used for making paper and fuel; stop extracting
and consuming petroleum we continue to spill into the oceans, as well as
be partially consumed and end up forever in the atmosphere destroying the
protective screen from the sun that has existed for millions of years;
we can stop burning coal and begin to end the recently created phenomenon
of acid rain; we can stop unearthing uranium and transmuting it into the
most deadly man-made substance known to human beings. None of these
limited, dirty and expensive forms of energy sources need be relied on
anymore. The choice and decision is all of ours to make and implement.
Teach yourselves and all you know or meet about this lifeline to our
collective future. Send copies of this post to elected/appointed
officials asking them why cannabis hemp/marijuana prohibition laws are
allowed to stand when this premier natural resource can truly save the
planet, ourselves and all future generations of all life on Mother Earth.
The "leaders" will eventually have to follow and change course from the
current going `alternative' of "lemming death." (As always PostScript
versions of this file are available for any wanting "prettified"
hardcopy.)
-- ratitor
dave@sgi.com
version 1.1
. . . the most important thing is not to be dualistic. Our "original
mind" includes everything within itself. It is always rich and
sufficient within itself. You should not lose your self-sufficient
state of mind. This does not mean a closed mind, but actually an
empty mind and a ready mind. If your mind is empty, it is always
ready for anything; it is open to everything. In the beginner's
mind there are many possibilities; in the expert's mind there are few.
-- Shunryu Suzuki, "Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind,"
Weatherhill, 1985, p. 21.
transcript of Hugh Downs commentary on hemp, for ABC News, NY, 11/90:
____________________________________________________________________________
Voters in the state of Alaska recently made marijuana illegal again
for the first time in 15 years. If Alaska turns out to be like the
other 49 states, the law will do little to curb use or production.
Even the drug czar himself, William Bennett, has abandoned the drug war
now that his "test case" of Washington, D.C., continues to see rising
crime figures connected with the drug industry.
Despite the legal trend against marijuana, many Americans continue
to buck the trend. Some pro-marijuana organizations in fact tell us
that marijuana, also known as hemp, could, as a raw material, save the
U.S. economy. That's some statment. Not by smoking it--that's a minor
issue. Would you believe that marijuana could replace most oil and
energy needs? That marijuana could revolutionize the textile industry
and stop foreign imports? Those are the claims.
Some people think marijuana, or hemp, may be the epidome of yankee
ingenuity. Mr. Jack Herer, for example, is the national director and
founder of an organization called HEMP (that's an acronym for "Help End
Marijuana Prohibition") located in Van Nuys, California. Mr. Herer is
the author of a remarkable little book called, "The Emperor Wears No
Clothes," wherein, not surprisingly, Mr. Herer urges the repeal of
marijuana prohibition.
Mr. Herer is not alone. Throughout the war on drugs, several
organizations have consistently urged the legalization of marijuana.
"High Times" magazine for example, The National Organization to Reform
Marijuana Laws or NORML for short, and an organization called BACH--the
Business Alliance for Commerce in Hemp.
But the reason the pro-marijuana lobby want marijuana legal has
little to do with getting high, and a great deal to do with fighting
oil giants like Saddam Hussein, Exxon and Iran. The pro-marijuana
groups claim that hemp is such a versatile raw material, that its
products not only compete with petroleum, but with coal, natural gas,
nuclear energy, pharmaceutical, timber and textile companies.[1]
It is estimated that methane and methanol production alone from hemp
grown as biomass could replace 90% of the world's energy needs.[2] If
they are right, this is not good news for oil interests and could
account for the continuation of marijuana prohibition. The claim is
that the threat hemp posed to natural resource companies back in the
thirties accounts for its original ban.
At one time marijuana seemed to have a promising future as a
cornerstone of industry. When Rudolph Diesel produced his famous
engine in 1896, he assumed that the diesel engine would be powered by a
variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils. Rudolph Diesel,
like most engineers then, believed vegetable fuels were superior to
petroleum. Hemp is the most efficient vegetable.
In the 1930s the Ford Motor Company also saw a future in biomass
fuels. Ford operated a successful biomass conversion plant, that
included hemp, at their Iron Mountain facility in Michigan. Ford
engineers extracted methanol, charcoal fuel, tar, pitch, ethyl-acetate
and creosote. All fundamental ingredients for modern industry and now
supplied by oil-related industries.[2]
The difference is that the vegetable source is renewable, cheap and
clean, and the petroleum or coal sources are limited, expensive and
dirty. By volume, 30% of the hemp seed contains oil suitable for
high-grade diesel fuel as well as aircraft engine and precision machine
oil.
Henry Ford's experiments with methanol promised cheap, readily
renewable fuel. And if you think methanol means compromise, you should
know that many modern race cars run on methanol.
About the time Ford was making biomass methanol, a mechanical
device[3] to strip the outer fibers of the hemp plant appeared on the
market. These machines could turn hemp into paper and fabrics[4]
quickly and cheaply. Hemp paper is superior to wood paper. The first
two drafts of the U.S. constitution were written on hemp paper. The
final draft is on animal skin. Hemp paper contains no dioxin, or other
toxic residue, and a single acre of hemp can produce the same amount of
paper as four acres of trees.[5] The trees take 20 years to harvest
and hemp takes a single season. In warm climates hemp can be harvested
two even three times a year. It also grows in bad soil and restores
the nutrients.
Hemp fiber-stripping machines were bad news to the Hearst paper
manufacturing division, and a host of other natural resource firms.
Coincidentally, the DuPont Chemical Company had, in 1937, been granted
a patent on a sulfuric acid process to make paper from wood pulp. At
the time DuPont predicted their sulfuric acid process would account for
80% of their business for the next 50 years.
Hemp, once the mainstay of American agriculture, became a threat to
a handful of corporate giants. To stifle the commercial threat that
hemp posed to timber interests, William Randolph Hearst began referring
to hemp in his newspapers, by its Spanish name, "marijuana." This did
two things: it associated the plant with Mexicans and played on racist
fears, and it misled the public into thinking that marijuana and hemp
were different plants.
Nobody was afraid of hemp--it had been cultivated and processed into
usable goods, and consumed as medicine, and burned in oil lamps, for
hundreds of years. But after a campaign to discredit hemp in the
Hearst newspapers, Americans became afraid of something called
marijuana.
By 1937, the Marijuana Tax Act was passed which marked the beginning
of the end of the hemp industry. In 1938, "Popular Mechanics" ran an
article about marijuana called, "New Billion Dollar Crop."[6] It was
the first time the words "billion dollar" were used to describe a U.S.
agricultural product. "Popular Mechanics" said,
. . . a machine has been invented which solves a problem more
than 6,000 years old. . . .
The machine . . . is designed for removing the fiber-
bearing cortex from the rest of the stalk, making hemp fiber
available for use without a prohibitive amount of human labor.
Hemp is the standard fiber of the world. It has great
tensile strength and durability. It is used to produce more
than 5,000 textile products ranging from rope, to fine laces,
and the woody "hurds" remaining after the fiber has been
removed, contain more than seventy-seven per cent cellulose,
and can be used to produce more than 25,000 products ranging
from dynamite to cellophane.
Well since the "Popular Mechanics" article appeared over half a
century ago, many more applications have come to light. Back in 1935,
more than 58,000 tons of marijuana seed were used just to make paint
and varnish (all non-toxic, by the way). When marijuana was banned,
these safe paints and varnishes were replaced by paints made with toxic
petro-chemicals. In the 1930s no one knew about poisoned rivers or
deadly land-fills or children dying from chemicals in house paint.
People did know something about hemp back then, because the plant and
its products were so common.
All ships lines were made from hemp and much of the sail canvas.
(In fact the word "canvas" is the Dutch pronunciation of the Greek word
for hemp, "cannabis.") All ropes, fozzers (sp?) and lines aboard ship,
all rigging, nets, flags and pennants were also made from marijuana
stalks. And so were all charts, logs and bibles.
Today many of these items are made, in whole or in part, with
synthetic petro-chemicals and wood. All oil lamps used to burn hemp-
seed oil until the whale oil edged it out of first place in the mid-
nineteenth century. And then, when all the whales were dead,
lamplights were fueled by petroleum, and coal, and recently radioactive
energy.[7]
This may be hard to believe in the middle of a war on drugs, but the
first law concerning marijuana in the colonies at Jamestown in 1619,
ordered farmers to grow Indian hemp. Massachussetts passed a
compulsory grow law in 1631. Connecticut followed in 1632. The
Chesapeake colonies ordered their farmers, by law, to grow marijuana in
the mid-eighteenth century. Names like Hempstead or Hemphill dot the
American landscape and reflect areas of intense marijuana cultivation.
During World War II, domestic hemp production became crucial when
the Japanese cut off Asian supplies to the U.S. American farmers (and
even their sons), who grew marijuana, were exempt from military duty
during World War II. A 1942 U.S. Department of Agriculture film called
"Hemp For Victory" extolled the agricultural might of marijuana and
called for hundreds of thousands of acres to be planted.[8] Despite a
rather vigorous drug crackdown, 4-H clubs were asked by the government
to grow marijuana for seed supply. Ironically, war plunged the
government into a sober reality about marijuana and that is that it's
very valuable.
In today's anti-drug climate, people don't want to hear about the
commercial potential of marijuana. The reason is that the flowering
top of a female hemp plant contains a drug. But from 1842 through the
1890s a powerful concentrated extract of marijuana was the second most
prescribed drug in the United States. In all that time the medical
literature didn't list any of the ill effects claimed by today's drug
warriors.[9]
Today, there are anywhere from 25 to 30 million Americans who smoke
marijuana regularly. As an industry, marijuana clears well more than
$4 billion a year. [This must have been a misreading of his notes--for
1990, the minimum figure would have been at least $40 billion for the
entire nation. (phone interview with Jack Herer)] Obviously, as an
illegal business, none of that money goes to taxes. But the modern
marijuana trade only sells one product, a drug. Hemp could be worth
considerably more than $4 [$40] billion a year, if it were legally
supplying the 50,000 safe products the proponents claim it can.
If hemp could supply the energy needs of the United States, its
value would be inestimable. Now that the drug czar is in final
retreat, America has an opportunity to, once and for all, say farewell
to the Exxon Valdez, Saddam Hussein and a prohibitively expensive
brinkmanship in the desert sands of Saudi Arabia.
This is Hugh Downs, ABC News, New York.
Humanity has been held to a limited and distorted view of itself,
from its interpretation of the most intimate emotions to its
grandest visions of human possibilities, by virtue of its
subordination of women.
Until recently, "mankind's" understandings have been the only
understandings generally available to us. As other perceptions
arise--precisely those perceptions that men, because of their
dominant position could not perceive--the total vision of human
possibilities enlarges and is transformed.
-- Jean Baker Miller, "Toward a New Psychology of Women" (1976)
-----
Footnotes:
[1] If you are unfamiliar with the facts about hemp, the world's premier
renewable natural resource, a great place to start is Jack Herer's
information-compressed, "Hemp and the Marijuana Conspiracy: The
Emperor Wears No Clothes," (c) 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, available
in many bookstores, or from H.E.M.P., 5632 Van Nuys Blvd., Suite 210,
Van Nuys, CA 91401. From the Introduction:
The purpose of this book is to revive the authoritative historical,
social and economic perspective needed to ensure comprehensive legal
reforms, abolish cannabis hemp/marijuana prohibition laws, and save
the Earth's life systems.
Another book going to press at this time is "Hemp: Lifeline To The
Future, Unexpected Answers To Our Environment And Economic Crises,"
written by Chris Conrad, the founder and international director of
BACH, the Business Alliance for Commerce in Hemp, Box 71093, LA, CA
90071-0093, 213/288-4152.
[2] "About 6% of contiguous United States land area put into cultivation
for biomass could supply all current demands for oil and gas."
Very few people know what "biomass conversion" or "pyrolysis" mean--not
only in terms of their dictionary definitions, but in terms of what
they mean as alternative sources of energy, to the limited, expensive
and dirty petro-chemical, nuclear, or coal sources. The only reason
the U.S.--and every other nation on earth--can't once again become
energy independent and smog free is because people are not educated
concerning the facts about solutions to the environment/energy "crises"
continuously lamented and tepidly addressed "leaders," claiming they
are the best informed to decide what to do. The knowledge exists right
now for our lifeline to the future and the health and well-being of the
Seventh Generation yet unborn. Everyone of us must learn about this
existent lifeline and teach everyone else we know what the facts are
for THE way out of the current "crisis".
HEMP FOR FUEL
Excerpted from "Energy Farming in America," by Lynn Osburn
BIOMASS CONVERSION to fuel has proven economically feasible, first
in laboratory tests and by continuous operation of pilot plants in
field tests since 1973. When the energy crop is growing it takes in
C02 from the air, so when it is burned the C02 is released, creating
a balanced system.
Biomass is the term used to describe all biologically produced
matter. World production of biomass is estimated at 146 billion
metric tons a year, mostly wild plant growth. Some farm crops and
trees can produce up to 20 metric tons per acre of biomass a year.
Types of algae and grasses may produce 50 metric tons per year.
This biomass has a heating value of 5000-8000 BTU/lb, with
virtually no ash or sulfur produced during combustion. About 6% of
contiguous United States land area put into cultivation for biomass
could supply all current demands for oil and gas.
The foundation upon which this will be achieved is the emerging
concept of "energy farming," wherein farmers grow and harvest crops
for biomass conversion to fuels.
PYROLYSIS IS THE TECHNIQUE of applying high heat to organic matter
(ligno-cellulosic materials) in the absence of air or in reduced air.
The process can produce charcoal, condensable organic liquids
(pyrolytic fuel oil), non-condensable gasses, acetic acid, acetone,
and methanol. The process can be adjusted to favor charcoal,
pyrolytic oil, gas, or methanol production with a 95.5% fuel-to-feed
efficiency.
Pyrolysis has been used since the dawn of civilization. Ancient
Egyptians practiced wood distillation by collecting the tars and
pyroligneous acid for use in their embalming industry.
Methanol-powered automobiles and reduced emissions from coal-fired
power plants can be accomplished by biomass conversion to fuel
utilizing pyrolysis technology, and at the same time save the
American family farm while turning the American heartland into a
prosperous source of clean energy production.
Pyrolysis has the advantage of using the same technology now used
to process crude fossil fuel oil and coal. Coal and oil conversion
is more efficient in terms of fuel-to-feed ratio, but biomass
conversion by pyrolysis has many environmental and economic
advantages over coal and oil.
Pyrolysis facilities will run three shifts a day. Some 68% of the
energy of the raw biomass will be contained in the charcoal and fuel
oils made at the facility. This charcoal has nearly the same heating
value in BTU as coal, with virtually no sulfur.
Pyrolytic fuel oil has similar properties to no. 2 and no. 6 fuel
oil. The charcoal can be transported economically by rail to all
urban area power plants generating electricity. The fuel oil can be
transported economically by trucking creating more jobs for
Americans. When these plants use charcoal instead of coal, the
problems of acid rain will begin to disappear.
When this energy system is on line producing a steady supply of
fuel for electrical power plants, it will be more feasible to build
the complex gasifying systems to produce methanol from the cubed
biomass, or make synthetic gasoline from the methanol by the addition
of the Mobil Co. process equipment to the gasifier.
FARMERS MUST BE ALLOWED TO GROW an energy crop capable of
producing 10 tons per acre in 90-120 days. This crop must be woody
in nature and high in lignocellulose. It must be able to grow in all
climactic zones in America.
And it should not compete with food crops for the most productive
land, but be grown in rotation with food crops or on marginal land
where food crop production isn't profitable.
When farmers can make a profit growing energy, it will not take
long to get 6% of continental American land mass into cultivation of
biomass fuel--enough to replace our economy's dependence on fossil
fuels. We will no longer be increasing the C02 burden in the
atmosphere. The threat of global greenhouse warming and adverse
climactic change will diminish.
To keep costs down, pyrolysis reactors need to be located within a
50 mile radius of the energy farms. This necessity will bring life
back to our small towns by providing jobs locally.
HEMP IS THE NUMBER ONE biomass producer on planet earth: 10 tons
per acre in approximately four months. It is a woody plant
containing 77% cellulose. Wood produces 60% cellulose.
This energy crop can be harvested with equipment readily
available. It can be "cubed" by modifying hay cubing equipment.
This method condenses the bulk, reducing trucking costs from the
field to the pyrolysis reactor. And the biomass cubes are ready for
conversion with no further treatment.
Hemp is drought resistant, making it an ideal crop in the dry
western regions of the country. Hemp is the only biomass resource
capable of making America energy independent. And our government
outlawed it in 1938.
Remember, in 10 years, by the year 2000, America will have
exhausted 80% of her petroleum reserves. Will we then go to war with
the Arabs for the privilege of driving our cars; will we stripmine
our land for coal, and poison our air so we can drive our autos an
extra 100 years; will we raze our forests for our energy needs?
During World War II, our supply of hemp was cut off by the
Japanese. The federal government responded to the emergency by
suspending marijuana prohibition. Patriotic American farmers were
encouraged to apply for a license to cultivate hemp and responded
enthusiastically. Hundreds of thousands of acres of hemp were grown.
The argument against hemp production does not hold up to scrutiny:
hemp grown for biomass makes very poor grade marijuana. The 20 to 40
million Americans who smoke marijuana would loath to smoke hemp grown
for biomass, so a farmer's hemp biomass crop is worthless as
marijuana.
It is time the government once again respond to our economic
emergency as they did in WWII to permit our farmers to grow American
hemp so this mighty nation can once again become energy independent
and smog free.
For more information on the many uses of hemp, contact BACH, the
Business Alliance for Commerce in Hemp, Box 71093, LA, CA 90071-0093,
213/288-4152.
--excerpt from Herer, "Emperor Wears No Clothes," 1991 edition, p. 136
For an updated version of "Energy Farming In America," "Books In Print"
lists "Ecohemp: Economy and Ecolgy with Hemp," Access Unlimited,
Frazier Park, CA, 805/632-2644.
[3] The device invented was named the decorticator and in the mid 1930s it
was poised to do for hemp what the cotton gin had done for cotton:
create a fast and economically feasible way of "removing the fiber-
bearing cortex from the rest of the stalk, making hemp fiber available
for use without a prohibitive amount of human labor." ("Popular
Mechanics," February, 1938)
[4] from "The Emperor Wears No Clothes," p. 23:
MAN-MADE FIBER . . .
THE TOXIC ALTERNATIVE TO NATURAL FIBERS.
The late 1920s and 1930s saw continuing consolidation of power into
the hands of a few large steel, oil and chemical (munitions) companies.
The U.S. federal government placed much of the textile production for
the domestic economy in the hands of their chief munitions maker,
DuPont.
The processing of nitrating cellulose into explosives is very similar
to the process for nitrating cellulose into synthetic fibers and
plastics. Rayon, the first synthetic fiber, is simply stabilized
guncotton, or nitrated cloth, the basic explosive of the 19th century.
"Synthetic plastics find application in fabricating a wide variety of
articles, many of which in the past were made from natural products,"
beamed Lammot DuPont ("Popular Mechanics," June 1939, pg. 805).
"Consider our natural resources," the president of DuPont continued,
"The chemist has aided in conserving natural resources by developing
synthetic products to supplement or wholly replace natural products."
DuPont's scientists were the world's leading researchers into the
processes of nitrating cellulose and were in fact the largest processor
of cellulose in the nation in this era.
The February, 1938 "Popular Mechanics" article stated "Thousands of
tons of hemp hurds are used every year by one large powder company for
the manufacture of dynamite and TNT." History shows that DuPont had
largely cornered the market in explosives by buying up and
consolidating the smaller blasting companies in the late 1800s. By
1902 they controlled about two-thirds of industry output.
They were the largest powder company, supplying 40% of the munitions
for the allies in WWI. As cellulose and fiber researchers, DuPont's
chemists knew hemp's true value better than anyone else. The value of
hemp goes far beyond line fibers; although recognized for linen,
canvas, netting and cordage, these long fibers are only 20% of the
hempstalks' weight. 80% of the hemp is in the 77% cellulose hurd, and
this was the most abundant, cleanest resource of cellulose (fiber) for
paper, plastics and even rayon.
The empirical evidence in this book shows that the federal
government--through the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act--allowed this munitions
maker to supply synthetic fibers for the domestic economy without
competition. The proof of a successful conspiracy among these corporate
and governing interests is simply this: In 1991 DuPont was still the
largest producer of man-made fibers, while no citizen has legally
harvested a single acre of textile grade hemp in over 50 years.
An almost unlimited tonnage of natural fiber and cellulose would have
become available to the American farmer in 1937, the year DuPont
patented nylon and the polluting wood-pulp paper sulfide process. All
of hemp's potential value was lost.
Simple plastics of the early 1900s were made of nitrated cellulose,
directly related to DuPont's munitions-making processes. Celluloid,
acetate and rayon were the simple plastics of that era, and hemp was
well known to cellulose researchers as the premier resource for this
new industry to use. Worldwide, the raw material of simple plastics,
rayon and paper could be best supplied by hemp hurds.
Nylon fibers were developed between 1926-1936 by the noted Harvard
chemist Wallace Carothers, working from German patents. These
polyamides are long fibers based on observed natural products.
Carothers, supplied with an open-ended research grant from DuPont, made
a comprehensive study of natural cellulose fibers. He duplicated
natural fibers in his labs and polyamides--long fibers of a specific
chemical process--were developed.
Coal tar and petroleum based chemicals were employed, and different
devices, spinnerets and processes were patented. This new type of
textile, nylon, was to be controlled from the raw material stage, as
coal, to the completed product; a patented chemical product. The
chemical company centralized the production and profits of the new
"miracle" fiber.
The introduction of nylon, the introduction of high-volume machinery
to separate hemp's long fiber from the cellulose hurd, and the
outlawing of hemp as "marijuana" all occurred simultaneously.
The new man-made fibers (MMFs) can best be described as war material.
The fiber making process has become one based on big factories,
smokestacks, coolants and hazardous chemicals, rather than one of
stripping out the abundant, naturally available fibers.
Coming from a history of making explosives and munitions, the old
"chemical dye plants" now produce hosiery, mock linens, mock canvas,
latex paint and synthetic carpets. Their polluting factories make
imitation leather, upholstery and wood surfaces, while an important
part of the natural cycle stands outlawed.
The standard fiber of world history, America's traditional crop,
hemp, could provide our textiles, paper and be the premier source for
cellulose. The war industries--DuPont, Allied Chemical, Monsanto,
etc.,--are protected from competition by the marijuana laws. They make
war on the natural cycle and the common farmer.
Shan Clark
_______________________________________________________________________
Sources:
"Encyclopedia of Textiles" 3rd Edition by the editors of "American
Fabrics and Fashions Magazine," William C. Legal, Publisher Prentice-
Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1980; "The Emergence of Industrial
America Strategic Factors in American Economic Growth Since 1870,"
Peter George, State University, NY; "DuPont" (a corporate
autobiography published periodically by E.I. DuPont De Nemours and Co.,
Inc. Wilmington, DE); "The Blasting Handbook," E.I. DuPont De Nemours
& Co. Inc., Wilmington, DE; "Mechanical Engineering Magazine," Feb.
1938; "Popular Mechanics," Feb. 1938; "Journal of Applied Polymer
Science," Vol. 47, 1984; "Polyamides, the Chemistry of Long Molecules"
(author unknown) U.S. Patent #2,071,250 (Feb. 16, 1937), W.H.
Carothers; "DuPont Dynasties," Jerry Colby; "The American Peoples
Encyclopedia," the Sponsor Press, Chicago, 1953.
[5] Dewey and Merrill, "Bulletin #404, Hemp Hurds As Paper-Making
Material," U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C., October 14, 1916.
from the prophetic "Conclusions" section of this USDA Bulletin:
There appears to be little doubt that under the present system of
forest use and consumption the present supply cannot withstand the
demands placed upon it. By the time improved methods of forestry have
established an equilibrium between production and consumption, the
price of pulp wood may be such that a knowledge of other available raw
materials may be imperative.
Semicommercial paper-making tests were conducted, therefore, on hemp
hurds, in cooperation with a paper manufacturer. After several trials,
under conditions of treatment and manufacture which are regarded as
favorable in comparison with those used with pulp wood, paper was
produced which received very favorable comment both from investigators
and from the trade which according to official test would be classed as
a No. 1 machine finished printing paper. (p. 25)
"This remarkable new pulp technology for papermaking was invented in
1916 by our own U.S. Department of Agriculture chief scientists,
Lyster H. Dewey, Botanist in Charge of Fiber-Plant Investigations, and
Jason L. Merrill, Paper-Plant Chemist, Paper-Plant Investigations.
As the USDA bulletin suggested, this process had to stay in the
laboratory until the invention of decorticating and havesting
machinery allowed for its economic utilization.
Until this time, hemp paper had only been made from rags and stalk
fibers while the fiber and cellulose-rich hurds were burnt to
fertilize the soil.
Some cannabis plant strains regularly reach tree-like heights of 20
feet or more in one growing season.
The new paper process used hemp "hurds"--77% of the hemp stalk's
weight, which was then a wasted by-product of the fiber-stripping
process. In 1916, USDA Bulletin No. 404, reported that one acre of
cannabis hemp, in annual rotation over a 20-year period, would produce
as much pulp for paper as 4.1 acres of trees being cut down over the
same 20-year period. This process would use only 1/4 to 1/7 as much
polluting sulfur-based acid chemicals to break down the glue-like
lignin that binds the fibers of the pulp, or even none at all using
soda ash. The problem of dioxin contamination of rivers is avoided in
the hemp paper making process, which does not need to use chlorine
bleach (as the wood pulp paper making process requires) but instead
safely substitutes hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching process.
All this lignin must be broken down to make pulp paper. Hemp pulp
is only 4% lignin, while trees are 18-30% lignin. Thus hemp provides
four times as much pulp with at least four to seven times less
pollution. . . .
As we have seen, this hemp pulp-paper potential depended on the
invention and the engineering of new machines for stripping the hemp
by modern technology. This would also lower demand for lumber and
reduce the cost of housing, while at the same time helping
re-oxygenate the planet.
As an example: If the new (1916) hemp pulp paper process were legal
today, it would soon replace about 70% of all wood pulp paper,
including computer printout paper, corrugated boxes and paper bags."
-- Herer, "The Emperor Wears No Clothes", 1991 edition, pp. 20-22,
118-122.
[6] complete text below of "New Billion-Dollar Crop," "Popular Mechanics,"
Febraury, 1938, followed by "Pinch Hitters for Defense" (12/41)
describing Henry Ford's new auto bodies consisting entirely of plastics
made from vegetables producing cellulose fibers (of which hemp is the
most efficient of all vegetables), followed by an two excerpts from
"The Emperor" about "Paints and Varnishes" and "Building Materials and
Housing:"
NEW BILLION-DOLLAR CROP
Popular Mechanics
February, 1938
AMERICAN farmers are promised a new cash crop with an annual value of
several hundred million dollars, all because a machine has been
invented which solves a problem more than 6,000 years old. It is
hemp, a crop that will not compete with other American products.
Instead, it will displace imports of raw material and manufactured
products produced by underpaid coolie and peasant labor and it will
provide thousands of jobs for American workers throughout the land.
The machine which makes this possible is designed for removing the
fiber-bearing cortex from the rest of the stalk, making hemp fiber
available for use without a prohibitive amount of human labor.
Hemp is the standard fiber of the world. It has great tensile
strength and durability. It is used to produce more than 5,000
textile products, ranging from rope to fine laces, and the woody
"hurds" remaining after the fiber has been removed contain more than
seventy-seven per cent cellulose, and can be used to produce more
than 25,000 products, ranging from dynamite to Cellophane.
Machines now in service in Texas, Illinois, Minnesota and other
states are producing fiber at a manufacturing cost of half a cent a
pound, and are finding a profitable market for the rest of the stalk.
Machine operators are making a good profit in competition with
coolie-produced foreign fiber while paying farmers fifteen dollars a
ton for hemp as it comes from the field.
From the farmers' point of view, hemp is an easy crop to grow and
will yield from three to six tons per acre on any land that will grow
corn, wheat, or oats. It has a short growing season, so that it can
be planted after other crops are in. It can be grown in any state of
the union. The long roots penetrate and break the soil to leave it
in perfect condition for the next year's crop. The dense shock of
leaves, eight to twelve feet above the ground, chokes out weeds. Two
successive crops are enough to reclaim land that has been abandoned
because of Canadian thistles or quack grass.
Under old methods, hemp was cut and allowed to lie in the fields
for weeks until it "retted" enough so the fibers could be pulled off
by hand. Retting is simply rotting as a result of dew, rain and
bacterial action. Machines were developed to separate the fibers
mechanically after retting was complete, but the cost was high, the
loss of fiber great, and the quality of fiber comparatively low.
With the new machine, known as a decorticator, hemp is cut with a
slightly modified grain binder. It is delivered to the machine where
an automatic chain conveyor feeds it to the breaking arms at the rate
of two or three tons per hour. The hurds are broken into fine pieces
which drop into the hopper, from where they are delivered by blower
to a baler or to truck or freight car for loose shipment. The fiber
comes from the other end of the machine, ready for baling.
From this point on almost anything can happen. The raw fiber can
be used to produce strong twine or rope, woven into burlap, used for
carpet warp or linoleum backing or it may be bleached and refined,
with resinous by-products of high commercial value. It can, in fact,
be used to replace the foreign fibers which now flood our markets.
Thousands of tons of hemp hurds are used every year by one large
powder company for the manufacture of dynamite and TNT. A large
paper company, which has been paying more than a million dollars a
year in duties on foreign-made cigarette papers, now is manufacturing
these papers from American hemp grown in Minnesota. A new factory in
Illinois is producing fine bond papers from hemp. The natural
materials in hemp make it an economical source of pulp for any grade
of paper manufactured, and the high percentage of alpha cellulose
promises an unlimited supply of raw material for the thousands of
cellulose products our chemists have developed.
It is generally believed that all linen is produced from flax.
Actually, the majority comes from hemp--authorities estimate that
more than half of our imported linen fabrics are manufactured from
hemp fiber. Another misconception is that burlap is made from hemp.
Actually, its source is usually jute, and practically all of the
burlap we use is woven by laborers in India who receive only four
cents a day. Binder twine is usually made from sisal which comes
from Yucatan and East Africa.
All of these products, now imported, can be produced from home-
grown hemp. Fish nets, bow strings, canvas, strong rope, overalls,
damask tablecloths, fine linen garments, towels, bed linen and
thousands of other everyday items can be grown on American farms.
Our imports of foreign fabrics and fibers average about $200,000,000
per year; in raw fibers alone we imported over $50,000,000 in the
first six months of 1937. All of this income can be made available
for Americans.
The paper industry offers even greater possibilities. As an
industry it amounts to over $1,000,000,000 a year, and of that eighty
per cent is imported. But hemp will produce every grade of paper,
and government figures estimate that 10,000 acres devoted to hemp
will produce as much paper as 40,000 acres of average pulp land.
One obstacle in the onward march of hemp is the reluctance of
farmers to try new crops. The problem is complicated by the need for
proper equipment a reasonable distance from the farm. The machine
cannot be operated profitably unless there is enough acreage within
driving range and farmers cannot find a profitable market unless
there is machinery to handle the crop. Another obstacle is that the
blossom of the female hemp plant contains marijuana, a narcotic, and
it is impossible to grow hemp without producing the blossom. Federal
regulations now being drawn up require registration of hemp growers,
and tentative proposals for preventing narcotic production are rather
stringent.
However, the connection of hemp as a crop and marijuana seems to
be exaggerated. The drug is usually produced from wild hemp or
locoweed which can be found on vacant lots and along railroad tracks
in every state. If federal regulations can be drawn to protect the
public without preventing the legitimate culture of hemp, this new
crop can add immeasurably to American agriculture and industry.
"Popular Mechanics Magazine" can furnish the name and address of the
maker of, or dealer in, any article described in its pages. If you
wish this information, write to the Bureau of Information, inclosing
a stamped, self-addressed envelope.
* * * * *
Pinch Hitters for Defense
Popular Mechanics
December, 1941
Over in England it's saccharine for sugar; on the continent it's
charcoal "gasogenes" in the rumble seat instead of gasoline in the
tank. Here in America there's plenty of sugar, plenty of gasoline.
Yet there's an industrial revolution in progress just the same, a
revolution in materials that will affect every home.
After twelve years of research, the Ford Motor Company has
completed an experimental automobile with a plastic body. Although
its design takes advantage of the properties of plastics, the
streamline car does not differ greatly in appearance from its steel
counterpart. The only steel in the hand-made body is found in the
tubular welded frame on which are mounted 14 plastic panels, 3/16
inch thick. Composed of a mixture of farm crops and synthetic
chemicals, the plastic is reported to withstand a blow 10 times as
great as steel without denting. Even the windows and windshield are
of plastic. The total weight of the plastic car is about 2,000
pounds, compared with 3,000 pounds for a steel automobile of the same
size. Although no hint has been given as to when plastic cars may go
into production, the experimental model is pictured as a step toward
materialization of Henry Ford's belief that some day he would "grow
automobiles from the soil."
When Henry Ford recently unveiled his plastic car, result of 12
years of research, he gave the world a glimpse of the automobilie of
tomorrow, its tough panels molded under hydraulic pressure of 1,500
pounds per square inch from a recipe that calls for 70 percent of
cellulose fibers from wheat straw, hemp and sisal plus 30 percent
resin binder. The only steel in the car is its tubular welded frame.
The plastic car weighs a ton, 1,000 pounds lighter than a comparable
steel car. Manufacturers are already taking a low-priced plastic car
to test the public's taste by 1943.
* * * * *
6. Paints and Varnishes
For thousands of years, virtually all good paints and varnishes
were made with hemp seed oil and/or linseed oil.
For instance, in 1935 alone, 116 million pounds (58,000 tons)
[National Institute of Oilseed Products congressional testimony
*against* the 1937 Marijuana Transfer Tax Law] of hemp seed were
used in America just for paint and varnish. As a comparison, consider
that the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), along with all America's
state and local police agencies, claim to have seized for all of 1988,
651.5 tons of American-grown marijuana--seed, plant, root, dirt clump
and all.[National Narcotics Intelligence Consumer's Committee, NNICC
Report, 1988 DEA office relase, El Paso, TX, April, 1989.] The hemp
drying oil business went principally to DuPont petro-chemicals.
[Sloman, Larry, "Reefer Madness," Grove Press, New York, NY, 1979,
pg. 72.]
Congress and the Treasury Department were assured through secret
testimony given by DuPont in 1935-37 directly to Herman Oliphant,
Chief Counsel for the Treasury Dept., that hemp seed oil could be
replaced with synthetic petro-chemical oils made principally by
DuPont.
Oliphant was solely responsible for drafting the Marijuana Tax Act
that was submitted to Congress.[Bonnie, Richard and Whitebread,
Charles, "The Marijuana Conviction," Univ. of Virginia Press, 1974.]
(See complete story in Chapter 4, "The Last Days of Legal Cannabis.")
-- Herer, "The Emperor Wears No Clothes," 1991 edition, p. 8.
* * * * *
11. Building Materials And Housing
Because one acre of hemp produces as much cellulose fiber pulp as
4.1 acres of trees (Dewey & Merrill, "Bulletin #404," U.S. Dept. of
Ag., 1916), hemp is the perfect material to replace trees for pressed
board, particle board and cor concrete construction molds.
Practical, inexpensive construction material which is fire
resistant, with excellent thermal and sound insulating qualities, can
be made using a process called Environcore.(c) This process,
developed by Mansion Industries, applies heat and compression to
agricultural fiber to create strong construction paneling, replacing
dry wall and plywood. (See Appendix, p. 172. [Vincent H. Miller, "A
Grass House In Your Future?," "Freedom Network News," June/July 1989])
Hemp has been used throughout history for carpet backing. Hemp
fiber has potential in the manufacture of strong, rot resistant
carpeting--eliminating the poisonous fumes of burning synthetic
materials in a house or commercial fire, along with allergic reactions
associated with new synthetic carpeting.
Plastic plumbing pipe (PVC pipes) can be manufactured using
renewable hemp cellulose as the chemical feedstocks, replacing non-
renewable petroleum-based chemical feedstocks.
So we can envision a house of the future built, plumbed, painted and
furnished with the world's num,ber one renewable resource--hemp.
-- Herer, "The Emperor Wears No Clothes," 1991 edition, p. 10.
[7] Most people think with the Cold War over, nuclear weapons, and, the
nuclear industry as a whole, will simply become a thing of the past.
This is NOT the perspective of the people who run the nuclear weapons
labs--the heart of the nuclear industry. DOE plans for creating an
"assembly line" for international commerce in enriched uranium for
foreign atomic power plants are swinging into high gear at the same
time the justification for the existence of the nuclear establishment
over the past 50 years--communism--is no more.
The following Fact Sheet by the Western States Legal Foundation is
only one indicator of what the DOE and the Nuclear Weapons Complex
intend to do to create a "thriving" international commerce in enriched
high-level radioactive materials, the most long-lived biologically
toxic matter existent on earth. And, as has consistently happened
throughout the history of the development of nuclear technology in the
United States, all this is being done in secret without ANY meaningful
public debate. Who's interests are truly being served here?
Teaching all people in the industrial nations how hemp IS our
lifeline to the future--how it IS the renewable, cheap, and clean
vegetable source to meet humanity's energy needs instead of the
astronomically expensive and lethally polluting source that nuclear
technology is--this is what we must be about.
And when people respond by saying, "Yes, but what are you going to
use if we don't further develop and employ nuclear?--Petroleum and coal
are too dirty and solar isn't technologically feasible yet." That's
when you respond by explaining why alcohol prohibition of the 1920s was
rescinded by FDR in the 30s, why hemp prohibition must be rescinded
now, and how hemp is THE world's premier renewable natural resource
that is only waiting for us to re-exercise our own best intelligence to
employ it to solve our energy "crisis".
WESTERN STATES LEGAL FOUNDATI0N
1440 BROADWAY, SUITE #500, OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA 94612
PHONE: 510/839-5877 FAX: 510/839-5397
FACTSHEET
---------
URANIUM-ATOMIC VAPOR LASER ISOTOPE SEPARATION
(U-AVLIS)
LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY
This factsheet is prepared by the Western States Legal Foundation
(WSLF), a non-profit environmental and peace organization which has
actively monitored Department of Energy (DOE) operations at Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) since 1982. WSLF, in association
with other public interest organizations, is evaluating DOE's proposal
to commence commercial-scale demonstration of a uranium-enrichment
facility known as U-AVLIS. DOE recently announced that U-AVLIS
operations pose "no significant environmental impact" to the
surrounding community.
What Is U-AVLIS?
----------------
Over the past sixteen years, DOE has conducted research into the
expansion of commercial production of enriched uranium for export and
use in foreign atomic power plants. Alarmed by increasing competition
in the uranium export market by France and Japan (and possible entry
into the market by the Soviet Union), DOE has invested hundreds of
millions of dollars to develop a new technology to enrich fuel-grade
uranium. The objective of the commercial AVLIS program is to generate
a market capable of contributing over one billion dollars to the U.S.
balance of trade.
AVLIS, which stands for Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation, is
a technology capable of enriching uranium and plutonium for weapons use
as well as for nuclear fuel. LLNL recently operated a pilot Special
Isotope Separation (SIS) facility designed to vaporize and refine
plutonium (for weapons use), utilizing AVLIS technology. U-AVLIS is
the commercial counterpart to the weapons-related SIS program.
In the U-AVLIS facility, uranium is vaporized and ionized with
high energy lasers. The desirable U-235 isotope is then collected in
the separator, and the remaining U-238 ("depleted uranium") is
discarded. In 1991, DOE completed construction of the Uranium
Demonstration system (UDS), a plant-scale pilot U-AVLIS facility for
demonstration of "large scale, integrated uranium enrichment." Should
the program prove successful, DOE plans to start full scale plant
construction in 1993 and production by 1997.
What Are The Possible Environmental Impacts from U-AVLIS?
---------------------------------------------------------
The United States still has no effective long-term solution to the
disposal of radioactive waste associated with nuclear power plants.
The end product of AVLIS' vast subsidy to the nuclear power industry is
thousands of tons of more radioactive waste, with nowhere to go. The
problem of nuclear waste disposal is even more acute in foreign nations
which are to be the primary end-user of AVLIS-produced enriched
uranium.
According to DOE's recent environmental assessment for the U-AVLIS
demonstration project, the U-AVLIS facility will annually generate up
to 40,000 kilograms of solid radioactive waste, 20,000 liters of liquid
radioactive waste, and 60,000 liters of mixed liquid radioactive and
non-radioactive hazardous waste. U-AVLIS will *triple* the amount of
liquid radioactive waste produced at LLNL, and will account for roughly
one out of three barrels of "mixed" waste to accumulate at LLNL without
any effective means at disposal. U-AVLIS itself is anticipated to use
thousands of gallons of hazardous laser dye solutions, and process
thousands of kilograms of uranium. The maximum capacity of molten
uranium in U-AVLIS is 600 kilograms, and some 5000 kilograms will be
stored in the facility at any one time. Transportation of uranium in
and out of LLNL is conservatively estimated to quadruple during U-AVLIS
operations.
LLNL is listed on the National Priorities List as a Superfund site
based on serious groundwater contamination. Throughout its operation,
LLNL has had a documented record of releasing radioactive and hazardous
materials into the air, water and soil. The Department of Health
Services has repeatedly cited LLNL for numerous violations of hazardous
waste laws. The state of Nevada has threatened to return thousands of
barrels of waste illegally shipped for storage to the Nevada Test site.
In 1990, an internal DOE investigation (the "Tiger Team") pinpointed
numerous failures of management to effectively handle the serious
hazardous waste problems associated with LLNL operations. U-AVLIS
presents its own special risks of accidents, including accidental
spillage of laser dyes, and spontaneous combustion of molten uranium,
in close proximity to the Livermore population of 56,000 and a greater
Bay Area population of 5 million.
Proliferation Risks
-------------------
WSLF believes that the planned export of thousands of pounds of
enriched uranium will encourage the proliferation not only of risky
atomic power technology, but nuclear weapons as well. The United
States, in concert with the AVLIS program, is actively encouraging the
market for enriched uranium through "safe" atomic power programs
abroad. AVLIS itself is also subject to copying by other nations,
where it can be used to develop plutonium or uranium based bombs.
What Environmental Review Has Been Done?
----------------------------------------
Almost none. DOE has prepared three brief "environmental
assessments" under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for the
U-AVLIS program. The two earlier assessments are "classified" and not
available to the public. In May 1991, DOE released a cursory
assessment for the demonstration phase of the U-AVLIS, concluding that
the project was without significant environmental impacts. No public
hearing has ever been held concerning U-AVLIS. DOE's current position
is that it need not prepare a full environmental impact statement (EIS)
or conduct a public hearing until it is ready to "deploy U-AVLIS on a
commercial scale." WSLF demands that DOE prepare a full environmental
impact statement and hold public hearings on the environmental risks
associated with U-AVLIS.
[8] Transcript of the original 1942 United States Department of Agriculture
Film, "Hemp for Victory" extolling some of the many uses of this
ancient plant and premier world resource:
HEMP FOR VICTORY
-- 1942 --
Reprinted from "High Times," October 1989
Long ago when these ancient Grecian temples were new, hemp was
already old in the service of mankind. For thousands of years, even
then, this plant had been grown for cordage and cloth in China and
elsewhere in the East. For centuries prior to about 1850 all the ships
that sailed the western seas were rigged with hempen rope and sails.
For the sailor, no less than the hangman, hemp was indispensable.
A 44-gun frigate like our cherished Old Ironsides took over 60 tons
of hemp for rigging, including an anchor cable 25 inches in
circumference. The Conestoga wagons and prairie schooners of pioneer
days were covered with hemp canvas. Indeed the very word canvas comes
from the Arabic word for hemp. In those days hemp was an important
crop in Kentucky and Missouri. Then came cheaper imported fibers for
cordage, like jute, sisal and Manila hemp, and the culture of hemp in
America declined.
But now with Philippine and East Indian sources of hemp in the hands
of the Japanese, and shipment of jute from India curtailed, American
hemp must meet the needs of our Army and Navy as well as of our
Industry. In 1942, patriotic farmers at the government's request
planted 36,000 acres of seed hemp, an increase of several thousand
percent. The goal for 1943 is 50,000 acres of seed hemp.
In Kentucky much of the seed hemp acreage is on river bottom land
such as this. Some of these fields are inaccessible except by boat.
Thus plans are afoot for a great expansion of a hemp industry as a part
of the war program. This film is designed to tell farmers how to
handle this ancient crop now little known outside Kentucky and
Wisconsin.
This is hemp seed. Be careful how you use it. For to grow hemp
legally you must have a federal registration and tax stamp. This is
provided for in your contract. Ask your county agent about it. Don't
forget.
Hemp demands a rich, well-drained soil such as is found here in the
Blue Grass region of Kentucky or in central Wisconsin. It must be
loose and rich in organic matter. Poor soils won't do. Soil that will
grow good corn will usually grow hemp.
Hemp is not hard on the soil. In Kentucky it has been grown for
several years on the same ground, though this practice is not
recommended. A dense and shady crop, hemp tends to choke out weeds.
Here's a Canada thistle that couldn't stand the competition, dead as a
dodo. Thus hemp leaves the ground in good condition for the following
crop.
For fiber, hemp should be sewn closely, the closer the rows, the
better. These rows are spaced about four inches. This hemp has been
broadcast. Either way it should be sewn thick enough to grow a slender
stalk. Here's an ideal stand: the right height to be harvested
easily, thick enough to grow slender stalks that are easy to cut and
process.
Stalks like these here on the left wield the most fiber and the best.
Those on the right are too coarse and woody. For seed, hemp is planted
in hills like corn. Sometimes by hand. Hemp is a dioecious plant.
The female flower is inconspicuous. But the male flower is easily
spotted. In seed production after the pollen has been shed, these male
plants are cut out. These are the seeds on a female plant.
Hemp for fiber is ready to harvest when the pollen is shedding and
the leaves are falling. In Kentucky, hemp harvest comes in August.
Here the old standby has been the self-rake reaper, which has been used
for a generation or more.
Hemp grows so luxuriantly in Kentucky that harvesting is sometimes
difficult, which may account for the popularity of the self-rake with
its lateral stroke. A modified rice binder has been used to some
extent. This machine works well on average hemp. Recently, the
improved hemp harvester, used for many years in Wisconsin, has been
introduced in Kentucky. This machine spreads the hemp in a continuous
swath. It is a far cry from this fast and efficient modern harvester,
that doesn't stall in the heaviest hemp.
In Kentucky, hand cutting is practicing in opening fields for the
machine. In Kentucky, hemp is shucked as soon as safe, after cutting,
to be spread out for retting later in the fall.
In Wisconsin, hemp is harvested in September. Here the hemp
harvester with automatic spreader is standard equipment. Note how
smoothly the rotating apron lays the swaths preparatory to retting.
Here it is a common and essential practice to leave headlands around
hemp fields. These strips may be planted with other crops, preferably
small grain. Thus the harvester has room to make its first round
without preparatory hand cutting. The other machine is running over
corn stubble. When the cutter bar is much shorter than the hemp is
tall, overlapping occurs. Not so good for retting. The standard cut
is eight to nine feet.
The length of time hemp is left on the ground to ret depends on the
weather. The swaths must be turned to get a uniform ret. When the
woody core breaks away readily like this, the hemp is about ready to
pick up and bind into bundles. Well-retted hemp is light to dark grey.
The fiber tends to pull away from the stalks. The presence of stalks
in the bough-string stage indicates that retting is well underway.
When hemp is short or tangled or when the ground is too wet for
machines, it's bound by hand. A wooden bucket is used. Twine will do
for tying, but the hemp itself makes a good band.
When conditions are favorable, the pickup binder is commonly used.
The swaths should lie smooth and even with the stalks parallel. The
picker won't work well in tangled hemp. After binding, hemp is shucked
as soon as possible to stop further retting. In 1942, 14,000 acres of
fiber hemp were harvested in the United States. The goal for the old
standby cordage fiber, is staging a strong comeback.
This is Kentucky hemp going into the dryer over mill at Versailles.
In the old days braking was done by hand. One of the hardest jobs
known to man. Now the power braker makes quick work of it.
Spinning American hemp into rope yarn or twine in the old Kentucky
river mill at Frankfort, Kentucky. Another pioneer plant that has been
making cordage for more than a century. All such plants will presently
be turning out products spun from American-grown hemp: twine of
various kinds for tying and upholster's work; rope for marine rigging
and towing; for hay forks, derricks, and heavy duty tackle; light
duty firehose; thread for shoes for millions of American soldiers;
and parachute webbing for our paratroopers.
As for the United States Navy, every battleship requires 34,000 feet
of rope. Here in the Boston Navy Yard, where cables for frigates were
made long ago, crews are now working night and day making cordage for
the fleet. In the old days rope yarn was spun by hand. The rope yarn
feeds through holes in an iron plate. This is Manila hemp from the
Navy's rapidly dwindling reserves. When it is gone, American hemp
will go on duty again: hemp for mooring ships; hemp for tow lines;
hemp for tackle and gear; hemp for countless naval uses both on ship
and shore. Just as in the days when Old Ironsides sailed the seas
victorious with her hempen shrouds and hempen sails. Hemp for victory.
[9] Introduction from "Marijuana: Medical Papers," Tod H. Mikuriya, M.D.,
Medi-Comp Press, 1973, pp. xiii-xxvii, describing some of the recent
history of western medical explorations into the salutory medicinal
benefits of hemp drugs--a history that is almost completely unknown to
people at the end of the 20th century, but, throughout the majority of
the 19th century, was commonly known and experienced by much of the
population:
Introduction
Medicine in the Western World has forgotten almost all it once knew
about therapeutic properties of marijuana, or cannabis.
Analgesia, anticonvulsant action, appetite stimulation, ataraxia,
antibiotic properties and low toxicity were described throughout
medical literature, beginning in 1839, when O'Shaughnessy introduced
cannabis into the Western pharmacopoeia.
As these findings were reported throughout Western medicine, cannabis
attained wide use. Cannabis therapy was described in most
pharmacopoeial texts as a treatment for a variety of disease
conditions.
During the second half of the 1800s and in the present century,
medical researchers in some measure corroborated the early reports of
the therapeutic potential of cannabis. In addition, much laboratory
research has been concerned with bioassay, determination of the mode of
action, and attempts to solve the problems of insolubility in water and
variability of strength among different cannabis specimens.
"Recreational" smoking of cannabis in the twentieth century and the
resultant restrictive federal legislation have functionally ended all
medical uses of marijuana.
In light of such assets as minimal toxicity, no buildup of tolerance,
no physical dependence, and minimal autonomic disturbance, immediate
major clinical reinvestigation of cannabis preparations is indicated in
the management of pain, chronic neurologic diseases, convulsive
disorders, migraine headache, anorexia, mental illness, and bacterial
infections.
Recently declassified secret U.S. Defense Department studies
reconfirm marijuana's congeners to have therapeutic utility.
Cannabis indica, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis americana, Indian hemp and
marijuana (or marihuana) all refer to the same plant. Cannabis is used
throughout the world for diverse purposes and has a long history
characterized by usefulness, euphoria or evil--depending on one's point
of view. To the agriculturist cannabis is a fiber crop; to the
physician of a century ago it was a valuable medicine; to the
physician of today it is an enigma; to the user, a euphoriant; to the
police, a menace; to the traffickers, a source of profitable danger;
to the convict or parolee and his family, a source of sorrow.
This book is concerned primarily with the medicinal aspects of
cannabis.
The Chinese emperor Shen-nung is reported to have taught his people
to grow hemp for fiber in the twenty-eighth century B.C. A text from
the period 1500-1200 B.C. documents a knowledge of the plant in China-
-but not for use as fiber. In 200 A.D., the use of cannabis as an
analgesic was described by the physician Hoa-tho.[44]
In India the use of hemp preparations as a remedy was described
before 1000 B.C. In Persia, cannabis was known several centuries
before Christ. In Assyria, about 650 B.C., its intoxicating properties
were noted.[44]
Except for Herodotus' report that the Scythians used the smoke from
burning hemp seeds for intoxication, the ancient Greeks seemed to be
unaware of the psychoactive properties of cannabis. Dioscorides in the
first century A.D. rendered an accurate morphologic description of the
plant, but made no note of intoxicating properties.[10]
In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Arabic writers described
the social use of cannabis and resultant cruel but unsuccessful
attempts to suppress its non-medical use.[44]
Although Galen described the use of the seeds for creating warmth, he
did not describe the intoxicating qualities of hemp. Of interest is
the paucity of references to hemp's intoxicating properties in the lay
and medical literature of Europe before the 1800s.[44]
The therapeutic use of cannabis was introduced into Western medicine
in 1839, in a forty-page article by W. B. O'Shaughnessy, a thirty-
year-old physician serving with the British in India.[27] His
discussion of the history of the use of cannabis products in the East
reveals an awareness that these drugs had not only been used in
medicine for therapeutic purposes, but had also been used for
recreational and religious purposes.
O'Shaughnessy is not primarily known for his discovery of hemp drugs,
but rather for his basic studies on intravenous electrolyte therapy in
1831, and his introduction of the telegraph into India in the
1850s.[26]
After studying the literature on cannabis and conferring with
contemporary Hindu and Mohammedan scholars O'Shaughnessy tested the
effects of various hemp preparations on animals, before attempting to
use them to treat humans. Satisfied that the drug was reasonably safe,
he administered preparations of cannabis extract to patients, and
discovered that it had analgesic and sedative properties.
O'Shaughnessy successfully relieved the pain of rheumatism and stilled
the convulsions of an infant with this strange new drug. His most
spectacular success came, however, when he quelled the wrenching muscle
spasms of tetanus and rabies with the fragrant resin. Psychic effects
resembling a curious delirium, when an overdose was given, were treated
with strong purgatives, emetics with a blister to the nape of the neck,
and leeches on the temples.[27]
The use of cannabis derivatives for medicinal purposes spread rapidly
throughout Western medicine, as is evidenced in the report of the
Committee on Cannabis Indica of the Ohio State Medical Society,
published in 1860. In that report physicians told of success in
treating stomach pain, childbirth psychosis, chronic cough, and
gonorrhea with hemp products.[25] A Dr. Fronmueller, of Fuerth, Ohio,
summarized his experiences with the drug as follows:
I have used hemp many hundred times to relieve local pains of an
inflammatory as well as neuralgic nature, and judging from these
experiments, I have to assign to the Indian hemp a place among
the so-called hypnotic medicines next to opium; its effects are
less intense, and the secretions are not so much suppressed by
it. Digestion is not disturbed; the appetite rather increased;
sickness of the stomach seldom induced; congestion never. Hemp
may consequently be employed in inflammatory conditions. It
disturbs the expectoration far less than opium; the nervous
system is also not so much affected. The whole effect of hemp
being less violent, and producing a more natural sleep, without
interfering with the actions of the internal organs, it is
certainly often preferable to opium, although it is not equal to
that drug in strength and reliability. An alternating course of
opium and Indian hemp seems particularly adapted to those cases
where opium alone fails in producing the desired effect.[25]
Because cannabis did not lead to physical dependence, it was found to
be superior to the opiates for a number of therapeutic purposes.
Birch, in 1889, reported success in treating opiate and chloral
addiction with cannabis,[5] and Mattison in 1891 recommended its use to
the young physician, comparing it favorably with the opiates. He
quoted his colleague Suckling:
With a wish for speedy effect, it is so easy to use that
modern mischief-maker, hypodermic morphia, that they [young
physicians] are prone to forget remote results of incautious
opiate giving.
Would that the wisdom which has come to their professional
fathers through, it may be, a hapless experience, might serve
them to steer clear of narcotic shoals on which many a patient
has gone awreck.
Indian hemp is not here lauded as a specific. It will, at
times, fail. So do other drugs. But the many cases in which it
acts well, entitle it to a large and lasting confidence.
My experience warrants this statement: cannabis indica is,
often, a safe and successful anodyne and hypnotic.[23]
In their study of the medical applications of cannabis, physicians of
the nineteenth century repeatedly encountered a number of difficulties.
Recognizing the therapeutic potential of the drug, many experimenters
sought ways of overcoming these drawbacks to its use in medicine, in
particular the following:
Cannabis products are insoluble in water.
The onset of the effects of medicinal preparations of cannabis takes
an hour or so; its action is therefore slower than that of many other
drugs.
Different batches of cannabis derivatives vary greatly in strength;
moreover, the common procedure for standardization of cannabis samples,
by administration to test animals, is subject to error owing to
variability of reactions among the animals.
There is wide variation among humans in their individual responses to
cannabis.
Despite these problems regarding the uncertainty of potency and
dosage and the difficulties in mode of administration, cannabis has
several important advantages over other substances used as analgesics,
sedatives, and hypnotics:
The prolonged use of cannabis does not lead to the development of
physical dependence. [11, 13, 14, 24, 39, 44]
There is minimal development of tolerance to cannabis products.
(Loewe notes a slight "beginner's habituation" in dogs, during the
first few trials with the drug, as the only noticeable tolerance
effect.[20]) [11, 13, 14, 24, 44]
Cannabis products have exceedingly low toxicity.[9, 21, 22, 24] (The
oral dose required to kill a mouse has been found to be about 40,000
times the dose required to produce typical symptoms of intoxication in
man.)[21]
Cannabis produces no disturbance of vegetative functioning, whereas
the opiates inhibit the gastrointestinal tract, the flow of bile and
the cough reflex.[1, 2, 24, 44, 46]
Besides investigating the physical effects of medicinal preparations
of cannabis, nineteenth-century physicians observed the psychic effects
of the drug in its therapeutic applications.[4, 27, 33] They found
that cannabis first mildly stimulates, and then sedates the higher
centers of the brain. Hare suggested in 1887 a possible mechanism of
cannabis' analgesic properties:
During the time that this remarkable drug is relieving pain a
very curious psychical condition manifests itself; namely, that
the diminution of the pain seems to be due to its fading away in
the distance, so that the pain becomes less and less, just as the
pain in a delicate ear would grow less and less as a beaten drum
was carried farther and farther out of the range of hearing.
This condition is probably associated with the other well-
known symptom produced by the drug; namely, the prolongation of
time.[16]
Reynolds, in 1890,[33] summed up thirty years of his clinical
experience using cannabis, finding it useful as a nocturnal sedative in
senile insomnia, and valuable in treating dysmenorrhea, neuralgias
including tic douloureux and tabetic symptoms, migraine headache and
certain epileptoid or choreoid muscle spasms. He felt it to be of
uncertain benefit in asthma, alcoholic delirium and depressions.
Reynolds thought cannabis to be of no value in joint pains that were
aggravated by motion and in cases of true chronic epilepsy.
Reynolds stressed the necessity of titrating the dose of each
patient, increasing gradually every third or fourth day, to avoid
"toxic" effects:
The dose should be given in minimum quantity, repeated in not
less than four or six hours, and gradually increased by one drop
every third or fourth day, until either relief is obtained, or
the drug is proved, in such case, to be useless. With these
precautions I have never met with any toxic effects, and have
rarely failed to find, after a comparatively short time, either
the value or the uselessness of the drug.[33]
Concerning migraine headache, Osler stated in his text: Cannabis
indica is probably the most satisfactory remedy.[11, 28]
In his definitive survey of the literature and report of his own
studies, deceptively titled "Marihuana, America's New Drug Problem,"
Walton notes that cannabis was widely used during the latter half of
the nineteenth century, and particularly before new drugs were
developed:
This popularity of the hemp drugs can be attributed partly to
the fact that they were introduced before the synthetic hypnotics
and analgesics. Chloral hydrate was not introduced until 1869
and was followed in the next thirty years by paraldehyde,
sulfonal and the barbitals. Antipyrine and acetanilide, the
first of their particular group of analgesics, were introduced
about 1884. For general sedative and analgesic purposes, the
only drugs commonly used at this time were the morphine
derivatives and their disadvantages were very well known. In
fact, the most attractive feature of the hemp narcotics was
probably the fact that they did not exhibit certain of the
notorious disadvantages of the opiates. The hemp narcotics do
not constipate at all, they more often increase than decrease
appetite, they do not particularly depress the respiratory center
even in large doses, they rarely or never cause pruritis or
cutaneous eruptions and, most important, the liability of
developing addiction is very much less than with opiates.[44]
The use of cannabis in American medicine was seriously affected by
the increased use of opiates in the latter half of the nineteenth
century. With the introduction of the hypodermic syringe into American
medicine from England in 1856 by Barker and Ruppaner, the use of the
faster acting, water-soluble opiate drugs rapidly increased. The Civil
War helped to spread the use of opiates in this country; the injected
drugs were administered widely--and often indiscriminately--to relieve
the pain of maimed soldiers returning from combat. (Opiate addiction
was once called the "army disease."[41]) As the use of injected
opiates increased, cannabis declined in popularity.
Cannabis preparations were still widely available in legend and
over-the-counter forms in the 1930s. Crump (Chairman, Investigating
Committee, American Medical Association) in 1931 mentioned the
proprietaries "Piso's Cure," "One Day Cough Cure" and "Neurosine" as
containing cannabis.[44] In 1937 Sasman listed twenty-eight
pharmaceuticals containing cannabis.[36] Cannabis was still recognized
as a medicinal agent in that year, when the committee on legislative
activities of the American Medical Association concluded as follows:
. . . there is positively no evidence to indicate the abuse of
cannabis as a medicinal agent or to show that its medicinal use
is leading to the development of cannabis addiction. Cannabis at
the present time is slightly used for medicinal purposes, but it
would seem worthwhile to maintain its status as a medicinal agent
for such purposes as it now has. There is a possibility that a
re-study of the drug by modern means may show other advantages to
be derived from its medicinal use.[32]
Meanwhile, in Mexico, the poor were smoking marijuana to relax and to
endure heat and fatigue. (Originally marijuana was the Mexican slang
word for the smoking preparation of dried leaves and flowering tops of
the Cannabis sativa plant--the indigenous variety of the hemp plant.)
The recreational smoking of marijuana may have started in this
country in New Orleans in about 1910, and continued on a small scale
there until 1926, when a newspaper ran a six-part series on the use of
the drug.[44] The fad subsequently spread up the Mississippi and
throughout the United States, faster than local and state laws could be
passed to discourage it. The use of "tea" or "muggles" blossomed into
a minor "psychedelic revolution" of the 1920s. Narcotics officers
encouraged the enactment of local prohibitory laws and eventually
succeeded in bringing about restrictive Federal legislation. In 1937
Congress passed the Marihuana Tax Act, the finale to a series of
prohibitory acts in the individual states. Under the new laws, the
already dwindling use of cannabis as a therapeutic substance in
medicine was brought to a virtual halt. In 1941, cannabis was dropped
from the "National Formulary and Pharmacopoeia."
Around the time of the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act, Walton
postulated sites of action for cannabis drugs. Cortical areas, he
found, are affected at low dosage, while at high dosage there seems to
be a depressant effect on the thalamo-cortical pathways. Hyperemia of
the brain appears to be a local phenomenon, unless centers controlling
vasodilation might be located in the thalamo-cortical region. Similar
possible mechanisms are suggested for the phenomenon of mild
hypoglycemia, usual hunger and thirst and occasional lacrimation and
nausea.[44]
Despite restrictive legislation, a few medical researchers have had
the opportunity to continue the investigation of the therapeutic
applications of cannabis in recent years. In his study of the medical
applications of cannabis for Mayor La Guardia's committee, Dr. Samuel
Allentuck reported, among other findings, favorable results in treating
withdrawal of opiate addicts with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a
powerful purified product of the hemp plant.[1, 24]
An article in 1949, buried in a journal of chemical abstracts,
reported that a substance related to THC controlled epileptic seizures
in a group of children more effectively than diphenylhydantoin
(Dilantin(R)), a most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant.[9]
A number of experimenters, believing that cannabis products might be
of value in psychiatry, have investigated the applications of various
forms of them in the treatment of mental disorders. Cannabis had been
used in the nineteenth century to treat mental illness.[19, 25, 45, 46]
However, aside from some rather equivocal clinical studies, primarily
in the treatment of depression,[29, 30, 35, 39] and another report of
success in treating withdrawal from alcohol and opiate addiction,[42]
no significant contemporary psychiatric studies involving cannabis
therapy have been reported to date.
Many current "authoritative" publications unequivocally state that
there is no legitimate medical use for marijuana. As compared with the
1800s, this century has seen very little medical research on the array
of some twenty chemicals that are found in the hemp plant.[37]
Today's readers may tend to be skeptical about a report of a cure for
gonorrhea published over a century ago.[19, 25] Such findings may bear
reinvestigation, however, in the light of a report from Czechoslovakia
in 1960 that cannabidiolic acid, a product of the unripe hemp plant,
has bacteriocidal properties.[7] Some of the therapeutic applications
reported in the early medical papers have been corroborated by later
investigators, but for the most part the therapeutic aspects of
cannabis remain to be re-explored under modern clinical conditions.
In the past twenty years, clinical and basic research on cannabis
have dwindled to practically nothing. The record of tax stamps issued
by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics for cannabis research, as compared
with those for research on narcotic drugs, tells the story of the
twenty-year "drought" in the investigation of cannabis products:[43]
Users for Purposes of Research,
Instruction, or Analysis
Year Narcotic Drugs Marijuana
1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5
1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 ..
1943 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 43
1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 ..
1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 87
1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078 ..
1953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 18
1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 ..
1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6
1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 ..
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 16
The rising non-medical use of marijuana both floated and was buoyed
by the "psychedelic revolution" of the mid 1960s. The panicked
reaction included a renewed scientific interest in the drug.
Eleven studies funded by the National Institute of Mental Health
1967 concerning cannabis were either specialized animal experiments,
part of an observational sociologic study of a number of drugs, or
explorations of chemical detection methods. No human studies were
included.
Of the fifty-six projects funded during the next fiscal years 1968-69
only two used humans.[52] The next year was somewhat less cautious
with eight out of thirty-five projects devoted to clinical studies.[53]
Some of the preliminary results are in from these studies. Much is
still unpublished.
According to Harris, the toxicity factor of marijuana derivatives is
over two hundred and that chronic smoking of marijuana is less harmful
to the lungs than tobacco cigarettes.[49]
Domino described the cross tolerance of THC and alcohol in
pigeons[47] corroborating Jones' clinical observations.[50, 51] These
rediscoveries demand therapeutic trial.
In August 1971 certain secret Defense Department documents were
declassified. While at NIMH as a consulting research psychiatrist in
1967 I had become aware of the existence of clandestine research at
Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland.
From 1954-59 Dr. Van M. Sim was in charge of the project. He
reported to "Medical World News:" "Marijuana . . . is probably the
most potent anti-epileptic known to medicine today."[49]
Dr. Harold F. Hardman, then with the Defense contracting group at the
University of Michigan's Department of Pharmacology reported effects of
profound hypothermia and felt marijuana derivatives to be potentially
quite useful in brain and traumatic surgery.[48]
The principal focus was, however, on the possible use of THC homologs
as incapacitating agents. Besides the aforementioned government agency
and university, the private sector was represented by the Arthur D.
Little Company of Cambridge, Massachusetts.[55]
Recently in the course of a study of effects on driving, it was
incidentally discovered that cannabis lowers intraocular pressure, thus
being possibly useful in the treatment of glaucoma.[56]
Thus, a helix is made. Modern technologic methods confirm
O'Shaughnessy's observations 130 years ago. After swinging away from
the knowledge of marijuana's properties through the worship of new
synthetics, an unrelated rise of marijuana use socially, illegalization
and removal from availability for clinical use, medicine rediscovers
marijuana.
The flame of knowledge is at a low ebb, kept alive by isolated
scientists and clinicians; it is now being rekindled by these recent
circumscribed revelations.
Unless existing restrictive state and federal laws governing
marijuana are changed, there will be no future for either modern
scientific investigation or controlled clinical trial by present-day
methods.
The tide is turning. The Federal Bureau of Narcotic and Dangerous
Drugs, National Institute of Mental Health and The Food and Drug
Administration Joint Committee recently authorized human therapeutic
trial of cannabis products. We may now look forward to reinvestigation
of the numerous possible medical uses of marijuana.[54]
A concerted effort is indicated for full-scale investigations where
knowledge is lacking. Acute and chronic effects of cannabis should be
restudied by modern methods. Metabolic pathways of action and
detoxification need exploration by the pharmaceutical means of today.
Chronic toxicity studies must be undertaken to examine possible long-
term effects of cannabis use. (Cunningham in 1893 found no gross
central nervous system changes with chronic administration of hemp
drugs to primates over several months.[8])
Medical science must again confront the problems of cannabis'
insolubility in water and its variable strength. Since human and
animal responses vary a great deal, individual doses must be titrated.
The popular "double blind" type of study methods will require revision.
The reporting of personal drug experience was once acceptable to the
scientific community.[15, 22, 25, 29, 34, 39, 44] Humans who are drug
"sophisticates" will again become indispensable to psychoactive drug
research, as wine tasters are to the wine industry, for only humans can
verbally report the subtle and complex effects of these substances.
Government agencies having stimulated little significant clinical
research in this field, the pharmaceutical industry should take the
initiative in starting basic research and clinical studies into the
purified congeners of cannabis for their chemical properties,
pharmacologic qualities and therapeutic applications.
"Possible Therapeutic Applications of
Tetrahydrocannabinols and Like Products"
Analgesic-hypnotic [16, 18, 19, 23, 25, 27,33, 45]
Appetite stimulant [18, 25, 27]
Antiepileptic-antispasmodic [9, 18, 27, 33, 40, 45, 49]
Prophylactic and treatment of the neuralgias, including migraine
and tic douloureux [3, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 25, 28, 31, 33, 38, 40, 45]
Antidepressant-tranquilizer [6, 16, 18, 19, 23, 25, 31, 33, 40, 45]
Antiasthmatic [18, 25, 45]
Oxytocic [25, 45]
Antitussive [3, 16, 25, 38, 45]
Topical anesthetic [8]
Withdrawal agent for opiate and alcohol addiction [5, 23, 24, 38,
42, 45, 47, 50, 51]
Childbirth analgesic [12]
Antibiotic [7]
Intraocular hypotensive [56]
Hypothermogenic [48]
Medicine, being an empiric art, has not hesitated in the past to
utilize a substance first used for recreational purposes, (Morton
"discovered" ether for anesthetic purposes after observing medical
students at "ether frolics" in 1846. [Howard W. Haggard: "Devils,
Drugs and Doctors," Harper and Row, New York, 1929, p. 99.]) in the
pursuit of the more noble purposes of healing, relieving pain and
teaching us more of the workings of the human mind and body. The
active constituents of cannabis appear to have remarkably low acute and
chronic toxicity factors and might be quite useful in the management of
many chronic disease conditions. More reasonable laws and regulations
controlling psychoactive drug research are required to permit
significant medical inquiry to begin so that we can fill the large gaps
in our knowledge of cannabis.
REFERENCES
1. Adams, Koger: "Marihuana," "Bulletin of the New York Academy of
Medicine," 18:705-29, Nov. 1942.
2. Ames, Frances: "A clinical and metabolic study of acute
intoxication with cannabis sativa and its role in the model psychoses,"
"J. of Mental Science," 104:972-99, Oct. 1958.
3. Anderson, G. S. D.: "Remarks on the remedial virtues of cannabis
indica, or Indian hemp," "Boston Med. and Surg. J.," 67:427-30, 1863.
4. Bell, John: "On the haschisch or cannabis indica," "Boston Med.
and Surg. J.," 56:209-16, 229-36, 1857.
5. Birch, Edward A.: "The use of Indian hemp in the treatment of
chronic chloral and chronic opium poisoning," "Lancet," 1:625, 30 Mar.
1889.
6. Boyd, E. S., and Merritt, D. A.: "Effects of a
tetrahydrocannabinol derivative on some motor systems in the cat,"
"Arch. Internat. de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie," 153:1-12, 1965.
7. CIBA Foundation Study Group, "Hashish--Its Chemistry and
Pharmacology," 1964, pp. 45, 49.
8. Cunningham, D. D.: Report by Brigade-Surgeon--Lieut. Col. D. D.
Cunningham, F.R.S., C.I.E., on the nature of the effects accompanying
the continued treatment of animals with hemp drugs and with dhatura;
"from" "Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission," 1893-4, Government
Central Printing Office, Simla, India, 1894, Vol. 3, pp. 192-96.
9. Davis, J. P., and Ramsey, H. H.: "Antiepileptic action of
marihuana-active substances," "Federat. Proc.," 8:284-85, Mar. 1949.
10. Dioscorides, Pedanius: "The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides," Edited
by Robert T. Gunther, Hafner Publishing Co., New York, 1959, pp. 390-
91.
11. Eddy, N. B., Halbach, H., Isbell, H., and Seevers, M. H.: "Drug
dependence: its significance and characteristics. "Psychopharmacology
Bull.," 3:1-12, July 1966.
12. "Effects of alcohol and cannabis during labor," "JAMA," 94:1165,
1930.
13. Goodman, L. S., and Gilman, A.: "The Pharmacological Basic of
Therapeutics," 2nd Edition, Macmillan, New York, 1955.
14. Goodman, L. S., and Gilman, A.: "The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics," 3rd Edition, Macmillan, New York, 1965.
15. Hamilton, H. C., Lescohier, A. W., and Perkins, R. A.: "The
physiological activity of cannabis sativa. Comparison of extracts from
Indian and American-grown drug upon human subjects," "J. Amer. Pharm.
Assoc.," 2:22-30, 1913.
16. Hare, Hobart Amory: "Clinical and physiological notes on the
action of cannabis indica," "Therap. Gaz.," 11:225-28, 1887.
17. Hare, H. A., and Chrystie, W.: "A System of Practical
Therapeutics," Lee Brothers and Co., Philadelphia, 1892, Vol. 3.
18. "Indian Materia Medica," edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Book
Depot, Bombay, 1954.
19. "Lilly's Hand Book of Pharmacy and Therapeutics," Eli Lilly and
Co., Indianapolis, 1898, p. 32.
20. Loewe, S.: "The active principles of cannabis and the
pharmacology of the cannabinols," "Archiv fur Experim. Pathologie und
Pharmakologie," 211:175-93, 1950.
21. Loewe, S.: "Studies on the pharmacology and acute toxicity of
compounds with marihuana activity," "J. Pharmacol. and Experim.
Therap.," 88:154-61, Oct. 1946.
22. Marshall, C. R.: "A contribution to the pharmacology of cannabis
indica," "JAMA," 31:882-91, 15 Oct. 1898.
23. Mattison, J. B.: "Cannabis indica as an anodyne and hypnotic,"
"St. Louis Med. and Surg. J.," 61:265-71, Nov. 1891.
24. "Mayor's Committee on Marihuana, The Marihuana Problem in the
City of New York," Jaques Cattell, Lancaster, Pa., 1944.
25. McMeens, R. R.: "Report of the committee on cannabis indica;
from Transactions of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State
Medical Society," Follett, Foster and Co., Columbus, Ohio, 1860, pp.
75-100.
26. Moon, J. B.: "Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy--the foundations
of fluid therapy and the Indian telegraph service." "New Eng. J. of
Med.," 276:283-84, 2 Feb. 1967.
27. O'Shaughnessy, W. B.: "On the preparations of the Indian hemp,
or gunjah," "Trans. Med. and Phy. Soc.," Bengal, 71-102, 1838-40;
421-61, 1842.
28. Osler, W., and McCrae, T.: "Principles and Practice of
Medicine," 8th Edition, D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1916, p. 1089.
29. Parker, C. S., and Wrigley, F.: "Synthetic cannabis preparations
in psychiatry: "(1) synhexyl," "J. of Mental Science," 96:176-79,
1950.
30. Pond, D. A.: "Psychological effects in depressive patients of
the marihuana homologue synhexyl," "J. Neurol. Neurosurg, Psychiat.,"
11:271-79, 1948.
31. Ratnam, E. V.: "Cannabis indica," "J. of the Ceylon Branch of
the Brit. Med. Assoc.," 13:30-34, 1916.
32. "Report of the Committee on Legislative Activities," "JAMA,"
108:2214-15, 1937.
33. Reynolds, J. Russell: "Therapeutical uses and toxic effects of
cannabis indica," "Lancet," 1:637-38, 22 Mar. 1890.
34. Robinson, Victor: "An Essay on Hasheesh--Historical and
Experimental," L. H. Ringer, New York, 1912.
35. Rolls, E. J., and Stafford-Clark, D.: "Depersonalization treated
by cannabis indica and psychotherapy," "Guy's Hospital Report,"
103:330-36, 1954.
36. Sasman, Marty: "Cannabis indica in pharmaceuticals," "J. of the
N.J. Med Soc.," 35:51-52, Jan. 1938.
37. Shulgin, Alexander T.: personal communication, 1968.
38. Stevens, A. A.: "Modern Materia Medica and Therapeutics," W. B.
Saunders and Co., Philadelphia, 1903, pp. 77-78.
39. Stockings, G. Taylor: "A new euphoriant for depressive mental
states," "Brit. Med J.," 1:918-22, 28 June 1947.
40. Suckling, C. W.: "On the therapeutic value of Indian Hemp,"
"Brit. Med. J.," 2:12, 1881.
41. Terry, C. E., and Pellens, M.: "The Opium Problem," Bureau of
Social Hygiene, Inc., New York, 1928, pp. 53-93.
42. Thompson, L. J. and Proctor, R. C.: "The use of pyrahexyl in the
treatment of alcoholic and drug withdrawal conditions," "N. Carolina
Med. J.," 14:520-23, Oct. 1953.
43. U.S. Treasury Dept., Bureau of Narcotics, "Traffic in Opium and
Other Dangerous Drugs for the Year Ended Dec. 31, 1965," U.S. Printing
Office, Washington, 1966, pp. 55-56.
44. Walton, Robert P.: "Marihuana: America's New Drug Problem," J.
B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1938, pp. 1-18, 86-157.
45. Waring, Edward John: "Practical Therapeutics," Lindsay and
Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1874, pp. 157-61.
46. Wood, G. B., and Bache, F.: "The Dispensatory of the United
States of America, 12th Edition," J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1866,
pp. 379-82.
47. Domino, Edward F., "Neuropharmacological Studies of Marijuana--
Some Synthetic and Natural THC Derivatives in Animals and Man," 1971.
Unpublished. 54 pp.
48. Hardman, Harold F., Domino, Edward F. and Seevers, Maurice T.,
"General Pharmacological Actions of Synthetic Tetrahydrocannabinol
Derivatives," 1971. Unpublished.
49. Berger, Alfred D., Marijuana. "Med. World News," July 16, 1971,
pp. 37-43.
50. Jones, Reese T., "Psychological Studies of Marijuana and Alcohol
in Man," "Psychopharmacologia," 18, 108-117, 1970.
51. Jones, Reese T ., "Tetrahydrocannabinol and the Marijuana Induced
Social `High' or the Effects of the Mind on Marijuana. Ann." "N.Y.
Acad. Sci.," 1972. In press.
52. "Grants Active During Fiscal Years 1968 and 1969 Center for
Studies in Narcotics and Drug Abuse," "National Institute of Mental
Health," 1969. Unpublished.
53. Ibid., 1970.
54. Bozetti, Louis: personal communication, January, 1972.
55. Arthur D. Little Company, "New Incapacitating Agents Quarterly
Report 15/16 Supplement." "Preclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology of
Candidate Agent 226, 169." "Papers on Tetrahydrocannabinols Cleared
for public release." The National Technical Information Service,
Department of Commerce, 1971.
56. Hepler, R. S. and Frank, I. R. "Marihuana Smoking and
Intraocular Pressure," "JAMA," Sept. 6, 1971. Vol. 217, no. 10.
_____________________________________________________________________________
A STRATEGY TO DEREGULATE AMERICAN HEMP
In 1937, a Special Interest Group Got the Cannabis Industry Banned by
Attacking "Marijuana" While Concealing the Many Valuable Uses of the Plant.
Today, a Public Interest Group, BACH, Intends to Deregulate Cannabis by
Promoting "Hemp" and Showing How Everyone Benefits From This Reform.
We start with a natural core constituency: Civil libertarians, Rock-n-
Roll/Rasta/Jazz music fans, paraphernalia makers and users, medical users,
sympathetic media and officials, Vietnam vets, entrepreneurs, the art
community and the "Sixties Generation." We can rapidly win over farmers,
economists, environmentalists, holistic/natural medicine advocates, the
unemployed, hunger relief projects, tax reformers and free market/anti-Big
Government forces and others.
THE FARMING COMMUNITY is our linchpin, linking the Northwest,
Midwest and South. It is in financial trouble and will be the
first major beneficiary of hemp commerce.
TEXTILE, FUEL, PAPER INDUSTRIES AND MARKETS, MEDICAL AND
RECREATIONAL USERS are concentrated in coastal and urbanized
population centers.
SHIPPING, INVESTORS, COMMODITIES MARKETS AND BANKS link these
regions, create a role for the Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC) in deregulating hemp and add to the financial pressure
for reform.
We anticipate strong resistance in pharmaceuticals and
plastics, where entrenched forces stand to lose a share of the
market when hemp products come into common use.
But this pressure will soon be offset by the support of hemp
industry consumers, investors and workers who benefit from new
spin-off industries.
CAMPAIGN SUMMARY
PHASE ONE: ORGANIZATION: Develop and target literature and lobby campaigns,
alert our consituency, explain the economic and social significance of this
reform to potential allies and win "celebrity" endorsements. We need to
demonstrate an interstate supply and demand network to establish the economic
vitality of hemp commerce, thereby drawing financial and political support
and setting the stage for ICC intervention against state laws that impede
trade.
PHASE TWO: PUBLIC RELATIONS: Launch a program of speaking engagements and
advertisments (PSAs and paid) to redefine the hemp debate, sway the general
public and create a climate of support based on people's self-interest. Our
goal is to disassociate hemp from "drugs" and align it with jobs, prosperity
and traditional American self-sufficiency.
PHASE THREE: DEREGULATION: Introduce non-threatening deregulation
legislation, support initiatives/referenda, set up test cases to pursue
legalization through the courts and use business pressure to win ICC action.
BACH Business Alliance for Commerce in Hemp
P.O. Box 71903, Los Angeles, CA 90071-0093
310/288-4152
_____________________________________________________________________________
--
"We are able to inform you that ancient grandfathers, the great stands
of cedar and redwoods, are in danger of extinction by chainsaws. The
maple, chief of trees, is dying from the top down, as was prophesied by
Ganiodaiio, Handsome Lake, in 1799. Great rivers and streams are filled
with chemicals and filth, and these great veins of life are being used
as sewers.
"We were told the female is sacred and carries the gift of life as our
Mother Earth, the family is the center of our life and that we must build
our communities with life and respect for one another.
"We were told the Creator loves children the most, and we can tell the
state of affairs of the nation by how the children are being treated.
"When we return to Onondaga, we will begin our Great Midwinter
ceremonies. We will tie the past year in a bundle and give thanks once
again for another year on this earth.
"This was given to us, and we have despoiled and polluted it. If we are
to survive, dear friends and colleagues, we must clean it up now or suffer
its consequences.
. . . But Lyons also remembered turning to Leon Shenandoah, chief of
the Grand Council of the Six Nations Confederacy. "My chief, he doesn't
say much, but I asked and he said, `They're not taking it serious enough.
I don't think they realize what's going to happen to them. What's coming.'
He would have liked to see less posturing. We have our prophecies. We
know what is coming down the road.'"
-- Onondaga Chief Oren Lyons, on the Global Forum he
helped organize on Environment and Development for
Survival held in Moscow, January 15 to 19, 1990.
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink