443 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
443 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
I want first to express my personal opinion that freebasing is
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a very bad thing to do for your body and mind. I have seen a few
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people hooked on it, and it is not a nice thing to see. I strongly
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disrecommend doing it. It is easy to overdose and die of cardiac
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arrest. Some people doing freebase will exhibit the same kind of
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behavior as those rats whose pleasure centers are electrically
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stimulated: they will do it until either the supply runs out, or until
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they die.
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The recipes are readily available. In fact, a few years ago,
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police officers would go to great lengths explaining how crack was
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made when given interviews (at least in Montreal)! There was also an
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article in Time a few years ago explaining the procedures.
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I have never tried any of those procedures or smoked freebase,
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and will never do it. The information I post comes from a used booklet
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I bought a long time ago ("Cocaine Handbook", by Davis).
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Crack is actually a impure form of freebase. Procedures for
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both substances are based on the fact that while cocaine hydrochloride
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is very soluble in water, base cocaine is almost insoluble.
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freebase:
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mix about 1 g of coke in 10 ml of water in a small vial.
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Slowly add drops of ammonia to the solution. A white milky precipitate
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will form. Stop adding ammonia when additional drops no longer result
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in precipitation. Add 5 ml of ethyl ether, close vial, and shake. The
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precipitate (freebase) will dissolve in the ether. Siphon off the
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ether with a pipette (ether and water don't mix), and slowly drip it
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on a plate. As the ether evaporates, white crystals will form. This is
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the evil freebase. Crush the crystals and put under a heat lamp for at
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least 24 hrs to let the solvent evaporate.
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ETHYL ETHER IS EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. IN THE PRESENCE OF AIR IT
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CAN FORM PEROXIDES WHICH WILL SPONTANEOUSLY EXPLODE! ALSO, ETHER CAN
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"CRAWL" FROM AN OPEN BOTTLE AND TRIGGER AN EXPLOSION MANY FEET AWAY.
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This is how Richard Pryor almost died. A lot of untrained
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people killed themselves doing that procedure, and this is why crack
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is now more popular.
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crack:
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mix 2 parts ok coke HCL for 1 part baking soda in 20 ml of
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water. Heat solution gently until white precipitates form, and stop
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heating when precipitation stops. Filter and keep precipitate. wash
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precipitate once with water (this procedure usually omitted in street
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product). Dry 24 hours under heat lamp. Voila. The product is much
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less pure (there is lots of baking soda left) but the procedure is
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safer.
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=============================================================================
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Date: Fri, 13 Nov 92 09:21:26 -0500
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From: (anonymous)
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Subject: Crack / Rock Cocaine
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Let me first say that this is also freebase. Its not as pure
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as the other recipe and has a *much smaller return* than using
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ammonia (no one really does the ether part, just ammonia and heat it).
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[previous crack "recipe" deleted -cak]
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After gentle heating, it will float to the top, any excess soda
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will precipitate to the bottom. Given that, you'd never filter
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it, and the 24 hour heat lamp thing is unrealistic, too. Note that
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what you're trying to do is start and sustain a chemical reaction
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(bonding the hcl with the base-soda) so as long as the reaction
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is happening you don't have to continue heating.
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=============================================================================
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In article <1993Mar4.215558.9171@midway.uchicago.edu> bagg@midway.uchicago.edu writes:
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>I suspect that freebase cocaine is probably not too bad for your lungs.
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After writing this, I bopped onto Medline and yanked the following abstracts
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for the sake of thoroughness:
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1. Khalsa ME; Tashkin DP; Perrochet B.
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Smoked cocaine: patterns of use and pulmonary consequences.
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Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1992 Jul-Sep, 24(3):265-72.
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(UI: 93058148)
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Abstract: This article offers a perspective on the use of volatilized
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alkaloidal cocaine in its freebase and crack forms and on the pulmonary
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consequences of such use. The inhalational route of administration of
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freebase and crack cocaine exposes the lung to their combustion products,
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raising concern about possible adverse pulmonary effects. A brief
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historical review of cocaine and its methods of use precedes the
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presentation of data concerning current modes and patterns of use and some
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pulmonary complications of crack and freebase use. Results from a
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systematic study of a large sample of cocaine users document a high
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frequency of occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms in temporal
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association with cocaine smoking. No relationship was detected between the
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prevalence of acute pulmonary symptoms and identifiable aspects of
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techniques of cocaine administration. These results suggest that the
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respiratory consequences of alkaloidal cocaine are most likely attributable
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to the inhaled cocaine itself, rather than to variable characteristics of
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usage.
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2. Oh PI; Balter MS.
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Cocaine induced eosinophilic lung disease.
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Thorax, 1992 Jun, 47(6):478-9.
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(UI: 92358464)
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Abstract: A patient developed fever, bronchoconstriction, hypoxaemia, pulmonary
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infiltrates, and serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia on two
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occasions after inhaling crack cocaine. Transbronchial biopsy specimens
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showed normal lung parenchyma but a dense eosinophilic infiltrate within
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the bronchial wall. Both episodes resolved promptly after treatment with
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corticosteroids. Eosinophilic lung disease may be a steroid responsive
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complication of crack cocaine abuse.
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3. Perper JA; Van Thiel DH.
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Respiratory complications of cocaine abuse.
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Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 1992, 10:363-77.
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(UI: 92270885)
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Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial.
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Abstract: Upper respiratory and pulmonary complications of cocaine addiction
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have been increasingly reported in recent years, with most of the patients
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being intravenous addicts, users of freebase, or smokers of "crack." The
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toxicity of cocaine is complex and is exerted via multiple central and
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peripheral pathways. Recurrent snorting of cocaine may result in ischemia,
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necrosis, and infections of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, and adjacent
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structures. Pulmonary complications of cocaine toxicity include pulmonary
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edema, pulmonary hemorrhages, pulmonary barotrauma, foreign body
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granulomas, cocaine related pulmonary infection, obliterative
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bronchiolitis, asthma, and persistent gas-exchange abnormalities.
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Respiratory manifestations are nonspecific and include shortness of breath,
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cough, wheezing, hemoptysis, and chest pains. Severe respiratory
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difficulties have been reported in neonates of abusing mothers. In the
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absence of a cocaine-abuse history, it may be difficult to recognize the
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etiological role of cocaine, especially in the absence of needle tracks
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pointing to previous intravenous drug abuse and/or negative toxicology.
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4. Ferre C; Sirvent JM; Vidaller A.
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[Hemoptysis and pulmonary infiltrates following crack poisoning (letter)].
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Medicina Clinica, 1992 Mar 7, 98(9):358.
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Language: Spanish.
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(UI: 92261122)
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Pub type: Letter.
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5. Tashkin DP; Khalsa ME; Gorelick D; Chang P; Simmons MS; Coulson AH; Gong H
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Jr.
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Pulmonary status of habitual cocaine smokers.
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American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1992 Jan, 145(1):92-100.
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(UI: 92117426)
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Abstract: We determined the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung
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dysfunction in a large sample of habitual smokers of freebase cocaine
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("crack") alone and in combination with tobacco and/or marijuana. In
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addition, we compared these findings with those in an age- and race-matched
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sample of nonusers of crack who did or did not smoke tobacco and/or
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marijuana. A detailed respiratory and drug use questionnaire and a battery
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of lung function tests were administered to (1) a convenience sample of 202
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habitual smokers of cocaine (cases) who denied intravenous drug abuse and
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(2) a reference sample of 99 nonusers of cocaine (control subjects). The
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cocaine smokers (85% black) included the following: 68 never-smokers of
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marijuana, of whom 43 currently smoked tobacco and 25 did not, and 134
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ever-smokers of marijuana (42 current and 92 former), of whom 92 currently
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smoked tobacco and 42 did not. The control subjects (96% black) included
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the following: 69 never-smokers of marijuana, of whom 26 currently smoked
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tobacco and 43 did not, and 30 ever-smokers of marijuana (18 current and 12
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former), of whom 21 currently smoked tobacco and 9 did not. Cases smoked an
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average of 6.5 g cocaine per week for a mean of 53 months. The median time
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of the most recent use of crack prior to study was 19 days (range less than
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1 to 180 days). After controlling for the use of other smoked substances,
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frequent crack use was associated with: (1) a high prevalence of at least
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occasional occurrences of acute cardiorespiratory symptoms within 1 to 12 h
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after smoking cocaine (cough productive of black sputum [43.7%], hemoptysis
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[5.7%], chest pain [38.5%], usually worse with deep breathing, and cardiac
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palpitations [52.6%]) and (2) a mild but significant impairment in the
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diffusing capacity of the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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6. O'Donnell AE; Mappin FG; Sebo TJ; Tazelaar H.
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Interstitial pneumonitis associated with "crack" cocaine abuse.
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Chest, 1991 Oct, 100(4):1155-7.
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(UI: 92006753)
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Abstract: A 33-year-old woman developed acute bilateral pulmonary infiltrates
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after the intense use of rock cocaine (crack). She subsequently had
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progressive deterioration of pulmonary function to the point of being
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ventilator-dependent. Open lung biopsy showed a chronic interstitial
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pneumonia with extensive accumulation of free silica within histiocytes
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associated with mild pulmonary fibrosis. This pattern of interstitial
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pneumonia has not been previously reported in crack users.
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7. Susskind H; Weber DA; Volkow ND; Hitzemann R.
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Increased lung permeability following long-term use of free-base cocaine
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(crack).
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Chest, 1991 Oct, 100(4):903-9.
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(UI: 92006781)
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Abstract: The clearance of inhaled 99mTc DTPA aerosol from the lungs is used as
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an index of lung epithelial permeability. Using the radioaerosol method, we
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investigated the effects of long-term "crack" (free-base cocaine)
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inhalation on lung permeability in 23 subjects. Eighteen control subjects
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(12 nonsmokers and 6 cigarette smokers) with no history of drug use were
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also studied. Subjects inhaled approximately 150 muCi (approximately 5.6
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MBq) of 99mTc DTPA aerosol and quantitative gamma camera images of the
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lungs were acquired at 1-min increments for 25 minutes. Regions of interest
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(ROIs) were selected to include the following: (1) both lungs; (2) each
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individual lung; and (3) the upper, middle, and lower thirds of each lung.
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99mTc DTPA lung clearance was determined from the slopes of the respective
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time-activity plots for the different RIOs. Radioaerosol clearance
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half-times (T1/2) for the seven nonsmoking crack users (61.5 +/- 18.3
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minutes) were longer than for the seven cigarette-smoking crack users (27.9
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+/- 16.9 minutes) and nine cigarette-smoking crack plus marijuana users
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(33.5 +/- 21.6 minutes). T1/2 for the nonsmoking crack users was
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significantly shorter (p less than 0.001) than for the nonsmoking control
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group (123.8 +/- 28.7 minutes). T1/2 for the cigarette-smoking drug users
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was similar to that of the cigarette-smoking control group (33.1 +/- 17.8
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minutes), suggesting a similar mechanism of damage from the smoke of crack
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and tobacco. From these groups, one nonsmoker and 11 cigarette smokers
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displayed biexponential 99mTc DTPA clearances, indicative of greater lung
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injury than found in the usual cases of monoexponential clearance. The
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upper lungs of all crack users groups cleared faster than the lower lungs.
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The faster and biexponential clearance properties of inhaled 99mTc DTPA
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aerosol were the principal functional abnormalities found in all the drug
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users. In contrast, 19 of 23 crack users had normal spirometry and gas
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exchange. These results indicate that 99mTc DTPA may provide a sensitive
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and useful assay to evaluate the physiologic effects of cocaine inhalation
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in the lung.
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8. McCarroll KA; Roszler MH.
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Lung disorders due to drug abuse.
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Journal of Thoracic Imaging, 1991 Jan, 6(1):30-5.
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(UI: 91116637)
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Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Academic.
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Abstract: Drug-related diseases of the lungs have been noted with increasing
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frequency in urban patients. These entities are also being seen in smaller
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urban and suburban settings, however. The spectrum of pathology is also
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changing coincident with the marked increase in crack cocaine use. The
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incidence of abnormal chest radiographs in cocaine users admitted with
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pulmonary complaints has ranged from 12% to 55%. Findings have included
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focal air space disease, atelectasis, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and
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pulmonary edema. Pulmonary complications related to injections of illicit
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drugs have included pulmonary infection, pulmonary edema, particulate
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embolism, and talcosis. The "pocket shot" places the patient at risk for a
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unique set of complications. Radiologists should be aware of this wide
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spectrum of pulmonary disease that may be related to this increasingly
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frequent social problem.
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9. Smart RG.
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Crack cocaine use: a review of prevalence and adverse effects.
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American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 1991, 17(1):13-26.
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(UI: 91247446)
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Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial.
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Abstract: Crack is a potent form of cocaine which results in rapid and striking
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stimulant effects when smoked. This paper reviews epidemiological research
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on the extent of use as well as reports of adverse effects. Crack is used
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by a small minority of adult and student populations but by a large
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proportion of cocaine users and heavy drug-using groups. Use does not
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appear to be increasing in general populations, but there are no trend
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studies for high-risk groups. Crack users tend to be young, heavy polydrug
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users, many of whom have serious drug abuse problems. The adverse reactions
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to crack are similar to those of cocaine and include effects on offspring,
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neurological and psychiatric problems, as well as pulmonary and cardiac
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abnormalities. However, two adverse reactions unique to crack have been
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reported. One relates to lung infiltrates and bronchospasm. The other
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involves neurological symptoms among children living in crack smoke-filled
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rooms. There is a need for improved treatment and preventive programs for
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crack use.
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10. Forrester JM; Steele AW; Waldron JA; Parsons PE.
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Crack lung: an acute pulmonary syndrome with a spectrum of clinical and
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histopathologic findings.
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American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1990 Aug, 142(2):462-7.
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(UI: 90343162)
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Abstract: In this report, we review the hospital course of four patients who
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presented with an acute pulmonary syndrome after inhaling freebase cocaine
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and compare them with previously described case reports. Two patients had
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prolonged inflammatory pulmonary injury associated with fever, hypoxemia,
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hemoptysis, respiratory failure, and diffuse alveolar infiltrates. Lung
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tissue specimens from both patients revealed diffuse alveolar damage,
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alveolar hemorrhage, and interstitial and intraalveolar inflammatory cell
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infiltration notable for the prominence of eosinophils. Immunofluorescent
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staining performed on one of the biopsy specimens showed a striking
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deposition of IgE in both lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages. Both
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patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids and rapidly improved.
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In contrast, two patients presented acutely with diffuse pulmonary alveolar
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infiltrates associated with dyspnea and hypoxemia, but without fever, and
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within 36 h of discontinuing cocaine their pulmonary infiltrates and
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symptoms had spontaneously resolved. Our report further supports the
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finding that an acute pulmonary syndrome can occur after inhalation of
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freebase cocaine. Furthermore, the lung injury may respond to systemic
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corticosteroid therapy when it is associated with a prominent inflammatory
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cell infiltration.
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11. Hannan DJ; Adler AG.
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Crack abuse. Do you known enough about it?
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Postgraduate Medicine, 1990 Jul, 88(1):141-3, 146-7.
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(UI: 90310821)
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Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial.
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Abstract: Crack use has increased dramatically because the drug is cheap,
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highly addictive, and easy to use. As a result, an increased frequency of
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cocaine-related medical problems has been noted. The effects of crack abuse
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on fetal outcome and neurobehavioral development are becoming more
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apparent. In addition, the role of crack use in furthering transmission of
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sexually transmitted diseases has been documented, and the implications for
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AIDS transmission have been speculated on. Crack use enhances social
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disorganization, particularly in poor urban areas, where increased child
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abuse, neglect, and prostitution are common. Ever present are the financial
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incentives to increase the number of crack users. Cocaine was once
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considered a drug for the elite, rich, and famous. Crack clearly has
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changed that notion.
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12. Tashkin DP.
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Pulmonary complications of smoked substance abuse.
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Western Journal of Medicine, 1990 May, 152(5):525-30.
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(UI: 90273700)
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Pub type: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial.
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Abstract: After tobacco, marijuana is the most widely smoked substance in our
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society. Studies conducted within the past 15 years in animals, isolated
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tissues, and humans indicate that marijuana smoke can injure the lungs.
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Habitual smoking of marijuana has been shown to be associated with chronic
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respiratory tract symptoms, an increased frequency of acute bronchitic
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episodes, extensive tracheobronchial epithelial disease, and abnormalities
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in the structure and function of alveolar macrophages, key cells in the
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lungs' immune defense system. In addition, the available evidence strongly
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suggests that regularly smoking marijuana may predispose to the development
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of cancer of the respiratory tract. "Crack" smoking has become increasingly
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prevalent in our society, especially among habitual smokers of marijuana.
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New evidence is emerging implicating smoked cocaine as a cause of acute
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respiratory tract symptoms, lung dysfunction, and, in some cases, serious,
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life-threatening acute lung injury. A strong physician message to users of
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marijuana, cocaine, or both concerning the harmful effects of these smoked
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substances on the lungs and other organs may persuade some of them,
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especially those with drug-related respiratory complications, to quit
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smoking.
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13. Brody SL; Slovis CM; Wrenn KD.
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Cocaine-related medical problems: consecutive series of 233 patients [see
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comments].
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American Journal of Medicine, 1990 Apr, 88(4):325-31.
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(UI: 90224989)
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Abstract: PURPOSE: Little information describing common cocaine-related medical
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problems is available. This study examined the nature, frequency,
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treatment, incidence of complications, and emergency department deaths of
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patients seeking medical care for acute and chronic cocaine-associated
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medical problems. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 233
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hospital visits by 216 cocaine-using patients over a 6-month period during
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1986 and 1987 was studied. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to
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determine patient characteristics, nature of complications, treatment, and
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outcome. RESULTS: Patients most commonly used cocaine intravenously (49%),
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but freebase or crack use was also common (23.3%). Concomitant abuse of
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other intoxicants, especially alcohol, was frequently seen (48.5%). The
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vast majority of complaints were cardiopulmonary (56.2%), neurologic
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(39.1%), and psychiatric (35.8%); multiple symptoms were often present
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(57.5%). The most common complaint was chest pain though rarely was it
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believed to represent ischemia. Altered mental status was common (27.4%)
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and ranged from psychosis to coma. Short-term pharmacologic intervention
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was necessary in only 24% of patients, and only 9.9% of patients were
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admitted. Acute mortality was less than 1%. CONCLUSION: Most medical
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complications of cocaine are short-lived and appear to be related to
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cocaine's hyperadrenergic effects. Patients usually do not require
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short-term therapy or hospital admission. Acute morbidity and mortality
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rates from cocaine use in patients presenting to the hospital are very low,
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suggesting that a major focus in the treatment of cocaine-related
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emergencies should be referral for drug abuse detoxification and treatment.
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14. Wallach SJ.
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Medical complications of the use of cocaine.
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Hawaii Medical Journal, 1989 Nov, 48(11):461-2.
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(UI: 90077816)
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Abstract: There are many serious medical problems that are associated with the
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use of cocaine and "crack" cocaine.
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15. Eurman DW; Potash HI; Eyler WR; Paganussi PJ; Beute GH.
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Chest pain and dyspnea related to "crack" cocaine smoking: value of chest
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radiography.
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Radiology, 1989 Aug, 172(2):459-62.
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(UI: 89316319)
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Abstract: The chest radiographs of 71 patients who had chest pain or shortness
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of breath following the smoking of highly potent "crack" cocaine were
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retrospectively evaluated. Nine patients had abnormal findings on
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radiographs as follows: atelectasis or localized parenchymal opacification
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in four, pneumomediastinum in two, pneumothorax in one, hemopneumothorax in
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one, and pulmonary edema in one. Radiographic detection of these
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abnormalities was important in the clinical management of these patients.
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This spectrum of findings is presented with a discussion of the
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pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible.
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16. Cherukuri R; Minkoff H; Feldman J; Parekh A; Glass L.
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A cohort study of alkaloidal cocaine ("crack") in pregnancy.
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Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988 Aug, 72(2):147-51.
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(UI: 88276400)
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Abstract: The recent dramatic increase in the use of alkaloidal cocaine
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("crack") has led to concern about possible deleterious fetal effects
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associated with its use during pregnancy. Crack, which is not destroyed by
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heating, can be smoked, and delivers a large quantity of cocaine to the
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vascular bed of the lung, producing an effect similar to that from
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intravenous injection. To describe the association of crack use with
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pregnancy outcome, we conducted a retrospective matched cohort study of 55
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women who admitted to the use of crack during pregnancy and 55
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non-drug-using women who delivered during the same period. The groups were
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matched for age, parity, socioeconomic status, alcohol use, and presence or
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absence of prenatal care. A significantly larger number of women using
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crack delivered at 37 weeks or earlier (50.9 versus 16.4%; P = .001).
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Crack-exposed infants were 3.6 times more likely to have intrauterine
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growth retardation (P less than .006) and 2.8 times more likely to have a
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head circumference less than the tenth percentile for gestational age (P
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less than .007). Premature rupture of the membranes was 1.8 times more
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common in the crack group (P less than .03). Sixty percent of crack-using
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mothers received no prenatal care. Abnormal neurobehavioral symptoms were
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present in a minority of infants and were usually mild.
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17. Snyder CA; Wood RW; Graefe JF; Bowers A; Magar K.
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"Crack smoke" is a respirable aerosol of cocaine base [published erratum
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appears in Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988 Apr;29(4):835].
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Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1988 Jan, 29(1):93-5.
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(UI: 88177036)
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Abstract: The smoking of cocaine base [corrected] ("crack") has emerged as a
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significant substance abuse problem. A detailed characterization of cocaine
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smoke is a prerequisite for studies of its pharmacokinetics, abuse
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potential and toxicity. Model pipes were used to generate cocaine smoke
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analogous to that inhaled by human "crack" abusers. Using procedures to
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minimize pyrolysis, cocaine base smoke was determined to be 93.5% cocaine
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particles with the remainder being cocaine vapor. The average particle size
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generated from all model pipes was 2.3 mu which is small enough to ensure
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deposition into the alveolar region of the human lung. Although this
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particle size is eminently respirable [corrected] by primates, a much
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smaller fraction will reach the alveolar region of rodents. Special
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generating procedures would therefore be required to expose rodents to
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meaningful doses of airborne cocaine that mimic the rapid absorption
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achieved by "crack" smokers.
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