textfiles/computers/xdi.tec

ID:XD XDI Specification for DESQview
Quarterdeck Technical Note
by Daniel Travison

Q: How can my device driver/TSR work better with DESQview?

DESQview's External Device Interface

DESQview version 2.26 (and above), can issue informative messages to third
party software in order for that software to monitor certain DESQview
operations such as starting a task or swapping out a process. These
messages can be useful for determining when to allocate/deallocate
resources (e.g., memory) on a process by process basis, communicating with
tasks running within DESQview, rescheduling tasks, tracking DESQview's task
switching, etc.

DESQview provides this information through the External Device Interface
(XDI) - Quarterdeck's specification for communicating with external
drivers.

An XDI driver may be implemented either as a DOS device driver (loaded by
CONFIG.SYS), a Terminate and Stay Resident program (TSR) loaded before or
after DESQview, or as a DESQview shared program (shared among several
processes).  For the rest of this documentation, the term 'driver' will
normally refer to a program that uses the XDI irrespective of its method of
implementation (device driver, TSR or shared program).  Also, any number of
XDI drivers can be loaded.  When DESQview starts, it simply attaches itself
to the XDI chain and starts sending XDI messages to to previously loaded
XDI drivers.

Within the XDI, there are 15 subfunctions (messages). Fourteen of these
messages inform the driver what action DESQview has just performed or
is about to perform.  Your driver can choose to ignore the message and pass
it on to the next driver in the chain, perform/schedule work based on the
message, or save information for later use (e.g., the current mapping
context).

      XDI_CHECK_PRESENCE      Check for XDI driver presence
      XDI_RESERVED_SUBFUNC    XDI driver custom subfunction
      XDI_START_DV            DV system initialization complete
      XDI_END_DV              DV system termination
      XDI_START_PROC          DV process creation
      XDI_END_PROC            DV process termination
      XDI_START_TASK          Task creation
      XDI_END_TASK            Task termination
      XDI_SAVE_STATE          Task state save
      XDI_RESTORE_STATE       Task state restore
      XDI_KEYBOARD            Change of keyboard focus
      XDI_PROCESS_DVP         Processing of DVP file complete
      XDI_SWAPPING_OUT        Swap out of DV process
      XDI_SWAPPED_IN          Swap in of DV process
      XDI_FAILED_DVP          DV process creation failure

An XDI driver can schedule second level handlers to make API calls, collect
data, transfer data, dispatch tasks, perform initialization/termination
when DESQview is started and quit.

The fifteenth subfunction, XDI_RESERVED_SUBFUNC provides a method for
applications to communicate with your driver without needing to grab an
additional interrupt vector.  Additionally, this interface does not require
DESQview to be loaded.  In other words, if DESQview is not loaded, the
application and XDI driver will still be able to communicate.

Q: When would I want to use the XDI specification?

If your driver needs to write into an application's address space then you
need to ensure that the address is valid when you perform the write. (e.g.,
The DOS SETDTA call requires the caller provide a pointer to a buffer that
will be filled in at a later time.  A communications handler might use a
similar interface but perform the update at interrupt time.)  With
DESQview, this buffer may get mapped in and out to accomodate running
multiple programs. If your driver attempts to write into this buffer when
DESQview has mapped some other application into it (e.g., at interrupt
time) then you will be corrupting the unknown application. The XDI allows
your driver to determine when the write operation is safe or specifically
request that DESQview map the application in to allow safe access to the
application's address space.

Another example is the use of Multiplex boards.  Multiplex boards have two
important features: One, they provide access to multiple external devices
(e.g., modems) using a single IRQ and two, they provide a software
interface for applications.  The software interface removes the need for
the application to manage the hardware directly.  In the case of a
multiplex board providing additional serial ports, the user will often want
to run more than one program at a time to take advantage extra serial
ports. (e.g., A number of BBS systems provide the option for running
multiple copies at once and also support drivers for multiplex boards.)
The programmer writing the driver will need to accomodate simultaneous
access to the driver as well as provide a reliable software interface.

Other issues addressed by the XDI:

   1) Allocation of a software interrupt to allow the application to
      communicate with the driver.  With more and more device drivers and
      TSR's available, it is important to prevent possible conflicts with
      other software. The XDI specification uses the multiplex interrupt
      (INT 2Fh) as a basis for sharing a single interrupt using a well
      defined interface.  Once the application has 'logged' itself with the
      driver (XDI_RESERVED_SUBFUNC), the driver might provide an ID for
      future use or simply manage it internally based on which process
      DESQview has mapped in when the software interrupt is called.  This
      portion of the interface functions in the same manner whether
      DESQview is loaded or not.  When DESQview is not present, the driver
      does not need to be concerned with the mapping context.

   2) Allocation of memory/application that needs to be accessible at any
      given time.  This might be a buffer for incoming data.  Normally, the
      driver would need to allocate all of its memory needs during its
      initialization code.  DESQview allows an XDI driver to allocate
      COMMON memory (memory that does not get mapped out) during an XDI
      call.  This allows the driver to allocate only the memory necessary
      when a new application starts.  It DESQview is not present, the
      application would allocate a buffer out of its own data space. A
      check for DESQview would be all that is necessary for the application
      to determine whether it needs to allocate a buffer or allow the
      driver to allocate it from COMMON memory.

   3) Preventing reentrancy during non-reentrant sections of code.  In a
      perfect world, all of your driver's code would be reentrant.  Since
      this may not be practical without unreasonble code or CPU overhead,
      the XDI driver can temporarily suspend multitasking to perform its
      critical work.  This does not mean that the XDI allows you to write
      non-reentrant handlers but it can solve some sticky issues that arise
      when you need to support simultaneous access.

   4) The application can not keep up with the data rate.  There will be
      times when the application can not empty the driver's buffer faster
      than the driver can fill it.  The user may have started up a few
      extra applications and the CPU is too slow to give everyone enough
      time. The XDI driver could consider some percentage of the buffer as
      a threshold. When this threshold is reached the driver can
      temporarily override DESQview's dispatcher and force the
      application's 'buffer management' routine to execute at the next
      context switch.

   5) The driver needs to know when the application exits to allow proper
      cleanup.  Normally, the application itself would call the driver to
      initiate cleanup.  Occasionally this will not occur (e.g., the user
      shut down the application via DESQview's Close Window menu
      selection).  DESQview notifies the XDI driver when a process ends to
      allow the driver to determine if it needs to perform any cleanup for
      the process.

There are other areas where an XDI driver would be of use; resource
tracking on a process by process basis, modifying the .DVP when each
process starts, allocating additional system memory for the process at
startup, tracking CPU usage, or even displacing DESQview's dispatcher.

Q: How do I find out more about the XDI?

DESQview's XDI is fully documented in Quarterdeck's API Reference Manual
(versions 1.20 and later).  Included is a sample XDI driver (POKEXDI.ASM)
that can be used as a template for designing your own. Contact Quarterdeck
for information on obtaining a copy of our API Reference Manual or upgrading
and older API Reference Manual.

        Copyright (C) 1990 by Quarterdeck Office Systems
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