595 lines
29 KiB
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595 lines
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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PO BOX 1031
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Mesquite, TX 75150
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December 29, 1990
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KEELY1.ASC
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John Keely's Perpetual Motion Machine
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It's a universal human desire to want to get something for nothing.
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Unfortunately, just about everything worthwhile turns out to have
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some sort of price tag-especially the power needed to run a motor.
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That hasn't stopped inventors from trying, for a good many centuries
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now, to get something for nothing by inventing a so-called perpetual
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motion machine. Such a machine is not intended to go on moving
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forever, as the name might imply.
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Rather, its purpose is to do useful work without drawing on an
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external energy source, or, at the very least, to give off more
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energy than is needed to run it.
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Modern physics casts a very doubtful eye on such an enterprise. The
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first law of thermodynamics holds that it's impossible to create
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energy, and no one has yet managed to find a loophole in that law.
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Such seeming perpetual motion machines as have been built all turn
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out to have some secret power source, or to be drawing on energy in
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some way that even the inventor perhaps does not realize.
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The laws of thermodynamics, though, are simply the result of
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centuries of observation. They report on the nature of things, but
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they are not universal laws handed down by some infallible
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authority. Many clever men have entertained sneaking hopes that
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there might somewhere be an exception to them.
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Most of the early perpetual motion machines depended on gravity to
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generate energy. One type consisted of a closed wheel divided by
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spokes into compartments, each compartment containing a weighted
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ball.
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The idea was that once the wheel was given a starting push, the
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weight of the balls would keep it turning indefinitely. Eventually,
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though, energy lost through friction tends to slow the wheel down
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and halt it-requiring another push to start the wheel going again.
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Not very productive!
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As early as the thirteenth century, a Parisian architect observed,
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"Many a time have skilful workmen tried to contrive a wheel that
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shall turn of itself," and he suggested a way to do it by weighting
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it with quicksilver or with "an uneven number of mallets." Leonardo
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da Vinci apparently experimented along these lines several hundred
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years later, without results.
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Page 1
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In the seventeenth century, the Marquis of Worcester built an
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elaborate wheel fourteen feet across, weighted by metal balls of
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fifty pounds apiece.
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A German inventor a century later constructed a similar device, but
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in neither case was perpetual motion achieved. A mill turned by
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waterpower is a classic producer of energy. The mill will only turn
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so long as the millstream is flowing; in order to get energy out of
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the system, energy must go in, and if the stream runs dry, the mills
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stops.
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A number of inventors tackled the problem of constructing a
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recycling mill system; water would run past the mill's wheel, making
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it turn, and then somehow would be lifted back to its starting point
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to turn the wheel again. Alas, the lifting process required energy
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too, and so the inventors who tried to build such installations
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found that they were out of luck so far as free energy was
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concerned.
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Many other ingenious-sounding gadgets were designed, based on this
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principle and that, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. All
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of them foundereed on the same point. No matter what method was
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used to keep the motor going, that method demanded energy in some
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fashion. Every one of these perpetual motion machines required an
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energy input.
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Then a clever Yankee named John Worrell Keely came along in 1872 and
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showed the world how it could be done.
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Keely proposed to use the energy of atoms as his power source.
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Nobody in 1872, least of all Keely, knew anything about the
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phenomenon we call radioactivity, which makes possible the release
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of energy from heavy elements like uranium. He meant to draw energy
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from simpler, more easily available substances-such as water.
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All atoms, Keely said, were in CONSTANT VIBRATION. (Which is true,
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by the way.) The trick was to harness and CHANNEL THIS RANDOM
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VIBRATION.
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Keely claimed to be able to make the atoms in a given substance
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vibrate together, IN UNISON. He could then draw on the "etheric
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force" of these vibrating atoms to run any motor of any size.
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In 1872, Keely began to seek funds for his invention. He went on a
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far-ranging lecture tour, telling the world his wonderful tale. The
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great discovery, he declared, had had its origin when he picked up a
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violin and fiddled a few notes.
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The notes set in motion HARMONIC VIBRATIONS, and he saw, in a flash
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of inspiration, how the VIBRATIONS OF ATOMS COULD BE USED TO CREATE
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ENERGY.
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He set up the Keely Motor Company in New York and held a meeting at
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the plush Fifth Avenue Hotel. It was attended by bankers,
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businessmen, engineers, lawyers-a group of wealthy, adventurous
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individuals looking for a good investment. This was an era when
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great fortunes were being made in America by sharp-witted men.
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John D. Rockefeller was building his billion-dollar oil empire; Jay
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Page 2
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Gould, the Vanderbilts, E.H. Harriman, and others were earning
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millions from their railroad operations; and Andrew Carnegie was
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growing rich manufacturing steel. Miraculous inventions were just
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around the corner; Alexander Graham Bell and his telephone, Thomas
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Alva Edison and electric lights, phonographs, motion pictures. The
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Wright Brothers would soon be dreaming of airplanes. Other men
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would seek ways to build gasoline-powered "horseless carriages."
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And here was John Worrell Keely, offering a fantastic new source of
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power!
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The investors flocked to his side. The day after his first meeting
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at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, Keely was given ten thousand dollars to
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continue his research, with the assurance that more funds would be
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forthcoming as he needed them.
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He had awed his audience with phrases like "quadruple negative
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harmonics," "etheric disintegration," and "atomic triplets." He
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explained that his machine was a "hydro-pneumatic, pulsating vacuum
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engine," which was hooked up to a device he called a "liberator."
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The "liberator" was a series of HIGHLY SENSITIVE TUNING FORKS, whose
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vibrations disintegrated air and water, liberating "etheric force"
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of great power.
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Keely demonstrated a model of his vacuum engine. He poured a glass
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of water into its intake, and moments later the engine rumbled to
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life. A gauge attached to it showed that a pressure of fifty
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thousand pounds per square inch had been created.
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The audience gasped as etheric force ripped thick cables apart, bent
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iron bars, and fired bullets through foot-deep planks. The whole
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thing seemed incredible.
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Speaking glibly and rapidly, Keely reeled off the wonders of his
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invention:
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"With these three agents alone [air, water and machine], unaided
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by any and every compound, heat, electricity and galvanic
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action, I have produced in an unappreciable time by a simple
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manipulation of the machine, a VAPORIC SUBSTANCE at one
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expulsion of a volume of ten gallons having an elastic energy of
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10,000 pounds to the square inch....It has a vapor of so fine an
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order IT WILL PENETRATE METAL....It is LIGHTER THAN HYDROGEN and
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more powerful than steam or ANY EXPLOSIVES KNOWN....I once drove
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an engine 800 revolutions a minute of forty horsepower with LESS
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THAN A THIMBLEFUL OF WATER and kept it running fifteen days WITH
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THE SAME WATER."
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This, obviously, was NOT the same old perpetual motion that all
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intelligent people knew was an impossibility. Keely was not
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depending on such hopeless methods as weighted wheels or endlessly
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cycling water. A man had only to look in the ENCYCLOPAEDIA
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BRITANNICA to find out why those devices COULD NOT WORK. No, Keely
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had something brand new-etheric force.
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The stockholders of the Keely Motor Company smiled knowingly at one
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another, quietly congratulating themselves for their perception and
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farsightedness. They all knew that John W. Keely was going to make
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them millionares.
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Page 3
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Which financial backing assured, Keely set up a laboratory at 1420
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North Twentieth Street in Philadelphia, and this became the
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headquarters of the Keely Motor Company.
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Money poured in, and he began to build full-scale machines. Within
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two years, on November 10, 1974, Keely was showing off to a proud
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group of stockholders his first "vibratory generator."
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This was a preliminary model for an even more ambitious machine, on
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which he would spend the next fourteen years. A newspaperman who
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attended the 1874 demonstration of the wonderful machine wrote that
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the generator operated,
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"out of a bath tub from which a stream of water, passing
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through a goose-quill, sets the entire contrivance in
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motion."
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The years went by, Keely toiled on. The Keely Motor Company showed
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no profits and paid no dividends, but Keely explained that he was
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still deep in research and development. One day soon, he said, the
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patience of the stockholders would be rewarded by a golden flow of
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cash.
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Some of the stockholders were restless. By now, Bell's telephone
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was in public use, Edison had produced wonder after profitable
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wonder, and the first sputtering automobiles were chugging down
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highways at a hesitant pace. Meanwhile, their hero, Keely, had not
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yet put his motor into commercial use.
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The investors journeyed down to Philadelphia regularly. Keely
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received them graciously, showed them around the laboratory,
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demonstrated his machines. He invited them to watch him at work.
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"You won't disturb me," he assured them as he became involved with
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humming generators and throbbing tuning forks.
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From time to time, of course, Keely required new funds for "further
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research." The stockholders usually obliged. Keely would call a
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meeting of the board of directors, and generally would enhance his
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progress report by throwing in a few new technical terms each time.
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The old investors voted new funds; fresh capital came into the
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company too, from men anxious to get in on the eventual bonanza.
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With power from his motor, Keely declared, it would be possible to
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send a train of cars from Philadelphia to San Francisco with no fuel
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OTHER THAN A SINGLE CUP OF WATER. (Actually, Keely was being
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conservative, We now know that if the energy contained in a gallon
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of water could be COMPLETELY LIBERATED, it could keep trains or
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ocean liners running for several years instead of just a few trips.)
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One of Keely's most enthusiastic backers was a well-to-do widow
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named Mrs. Clara Jessup Bloomfield-Moore. Whenever the other
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stockholders fretted at the lack of results, Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore
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urged them to have faith in Keely. She invested heavily in the
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company herself, and encouraged friends to do the same.
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Then, too, she wrote glowing, hig-flown articles about Keely that
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appeared in the most widely read magazines of the day. In one, she
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said that Keely's etheric force was "like the sun behind the clouds,
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the source of all light though itself unseen. It is the latent
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basis of all human knowledge..."
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Page 4
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As president of the Keely Motor Company, Keely found it necessary to
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live in high style at the stockholders' expense. It would not do,
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he told them, for the head of such an important enterprise to dress
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shabbily, to ride in broken-down carriages, or to live in a squalid
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house. They agreed. So a good deal of the investors' money went to
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support Keely in a manner he thought suitable for a company
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president. The rest was spent on ever more complex machinery.
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His new prize was a "shifting resonator"-a forbidding-looking affair
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of wires, tubes, and adhesive plates, enclosed in a hollow brass
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sphere. This was linked by a series of wires to the famous motor
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itself, and to a transmitter that bristled with steel rods in such
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numbers that it looked like a mechanical porcupine.
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The resonator, Keely explained, carried SEVER DIFFERENT KINDS OF
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VIBRATION, each "being capable of infinitesimal division." Keely
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would set the whole contraption going in a variety of ways;
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sometimes by playing a few notes on his violin, sometimes with a
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zither or a harmonica, sometimes by striking an ordinary tuning
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fork. Whatever the method, etheric force came forth, starting the
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motor.
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The motor itself was a sturdy IRON HOOP encircling a DRUM with EIGHT
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SPOKES. When etheric force began to radiate, the big drum would
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begin to spin rapidly-dramatic testimony to the power of Keely's
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machine.
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Keely declined to take out any patents on his masterpiece, however.
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Some of the stockholders were worried by this. Should he not
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protect their rights with a patent?
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No, Keely said. A patent application would have to contain the
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essential information about the workings of his invention. But the
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invention, though it obviously worked, was not quite ready for
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commercial development.
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Keely told the investors that he feared some unscrupulous pirate
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might study his patent application, steal his basic ideas, adapt
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them in some slightly different form, and beat the Keely Motor
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Company to the market. It was far better, he insisted, to keep
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every detail of the project a secret until the grand moment arrived
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when etheric force could be put to moneymaking use. Otherwise,
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there was a good chance that the investment of the stockholders, and
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Keely's long years of toil, would all go for nothing.
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By this time, many leading scientists and engineers had heard about
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Keely's wonderful motor, and they wanted to know how it worked. Was
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there such a thing as etheric force? Did Keely's vibrators really
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tap the energy of the atoms? Perhaps-but Keely's refusal to explain
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his methods was suspicious. Other engineers began to wonder about
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the possibility of a hoax. Was there some way of duplicating
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Keely's results through known techniques?
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Yes, said the magazine SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. In 1884, it ran an
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article describing a series of experiments aimed at discrediting
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Keely. Everything that Keely had done, the magazine said, could be
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duplicated using compressed air as the source of energy. Did Keely
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have a hidden compressed-air supply somewhere near his motor?
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Page 5
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Keely sidestepped the attacks. The other engineers, he told his
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backers, were petty, envious, disappointed men.
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Unable to meet his enigmatic challenge, they were reduced to trying
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to pull him down to their level. He reminded them how scoffers had
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laughed at the inventors of the steamship, the telegraph, and the
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telephone. Every startling new advance, Keely said, was accompanied
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by this sort of sniping by prejudiced, ignorant men.
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The hubbub died down. Keely went on experimenting, his secret
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undivulged. Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore, though her loyalty to Keely
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remained unshaken, came to him with a suggestion.
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Perhaps, she said, Keely ought to take Thomas Edison in as a partner
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and confide the secret in him. Edison was the world's most famous
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inventor; nobody dared to sneer at him any more. If Edison lent his
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great prestige to the Keely Motor Company, it would mean an end to
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the attacks on Keely himself.
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Keely may have seen that it would be good public relations to make
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use of Edison's name, but he refused to hear of the idea. He would
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tell his secret to no one, CERTAINLY not to Edison. He had no need
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for another man's prestige, he insisted. Those who attacked him
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today would praise him wildly tomorrow. And he went on asking the
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stockholders for money and building ever more grandiose machines.
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He printed up a mysterious chart, as occult as anything ever drawn
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by a medieval astrologer, and handed it out to his long-suffering
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investors. It showed overlapping circles, cones of radiating lines,
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various oddly shaped figures, and a series of musical notations.
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Supposedly, the secret of the etheric vibrations was contained on
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the chart, and many of the stockholders framed their copies and
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displayed them with great satisfaction. What did it all mean? No
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one knew. But it looked very profound, terribly significant.
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By 1898, Keely had kept his company running for twenty-six years
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without ever once putting a product on the market. It had not
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earned a penny in all that time.
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An army of investors had thrown hundreds of thousands of dollars
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into the Keely Motor Company, enabling its president and founder to
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live a comfortable and luxurious life while building his vibrators
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and liberators and generators.
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From year to year, he performed a delicate juggling act with the
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stockholders , persuading them that prosperity was just around the
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corner. And they believed him, for who could fail to be awed by the
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demonstrations he gave, by his glib talk, by his air of self-
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confidence?
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Then, in 1898, Keely died. And his secret had died with him, the
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horrified investors found out. Nowhere had he set down any clue to
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the workings of his motor.
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Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore, his most ardent supporter, followed him to
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the grave soon afterward. Upon her death, he son, Clarence B.
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Moore, rented the building that had housed Keely's laboratory.
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Page 6
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Clarence Moore had been forced to stand by helplessly for years
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while his mother showered Keely with cash; now he wanted to see just
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what the fast-talking inventor had been up to.
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Moore got together an investigating group consisting of a well-known
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electrical engineer and two professors from the University of
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Pennsylvania. They prowled through Keely's building.
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The liberators and generators and other apparatus had been carried
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away by Keely's supporters. But one clue of the mystery still
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remained.
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They found a big steel globe, weighing three tons, hidden in the
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cellar. It had an opening on its upper surface. Pipes and tubes
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lay nearby. It looked very much like some sort of compressed air
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device-just as the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN article had guessed, back in
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1884!
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Moore and his associates ripped up the flooring of the room in which
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Keely had conducted his demonstrations. Brass tubes ran downward
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through the floor, through cunningly designed holes in the walls, to
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the cellar-leading to the giant steel globe. The secret was out.
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Keely's motor had been powered by gusts of compressed air, rising
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from the globe in the cellar. PERHAPS he had controlled the
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apparatus by using a foot-operated pedal in the floor, THEY GUESSED.
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When he picked up his violin or harmonica to create the "harmonic
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vibrations" that supposedly triggered the motor, he MIGHT well have
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tapped on the pedal, as though beating time with his foot.
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For a quarter of a century, Keely's financial backers had solemnly
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swallowed his brand of hokum. They did not change their minds now.
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They refused to accept Clarence Moore's expose'. Moore was
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"embittered," they declared, because his mother had invested heavily
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in Keely's company against his own wishes. He had deliberatesly set
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out to SMEAR THE DEAD KEELY by way of proving his mother's folly.
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Some of Keely's supporters went on insisting, to the end of their
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days, that if Keely had lived only a few more years he would have
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brought about a new industrial revolution.
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No one talks of etheric force today, and we have more effective ways
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of getting energy out of atoms. But the STRANGE THING about John
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Worrell Keely is that he had an undeniable knack for gadgetry. If
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he had so chosen, he might perhaps have made a real contribution to
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technology employing compressed air-which eventually came to have
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considerable industrial use. His years of research might have
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produced something of true benefit.
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Instead, he hoodwinked a group of foolish, money-hungry investors
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for a quarter of a century while doing nothing but constructing
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clever but useless machines. The investors probably got no more
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than they deserved. And Keely, who might have been another Edison,
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attained high rank in America's gallery of rogues.
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Page 7
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References
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Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Article, "Perpetual Motion," 14th editon
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Klein, Alexander. "Atomic Energy, 1872-1899: R.I.P." Included in
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Grand Deception, edited by Alexander Klein,
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Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott
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Company, 1955.
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MacDougall, Curtis D. - Hoaxes. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
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1958
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Schwartz, Julius. "John Worrell Keely," Fantastic Adventures,
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September, 1939.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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From Scientists and Scoundrels, A Book of Hoaxes
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by Robert Silverberg
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published by Thomas Y. Crowell Company
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Vangard notes...
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The above article shows a typical cascading of errors resulting
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from an incomplete understanding or study of Keely and his work.
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One of the most tedious is the continual claim that Keely
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claimed to be building a "perpetual motion machine." Keely AT
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NO TIME in his life said he was working on a "perpetual motion
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machine." In fact, he hotly denied it.
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His claim was that he could tap energy from the "interstitial
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regions of molecules and atoms." The contention that he was
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drawing energy from the vibrations which occur continually in
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all things, specifically on an atomic level is partially true.
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Keely said he could tap energy from any of several different
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levels, molecular, atomic or etheric. Energy from each level
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was of successively higher quality in that it was more potent.
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This was based on the fact that the frequencies would
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necessarily be much higher (thus of greater amplitude) as the
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physical size of the particles became smaller.
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Another MAJOR ERROR is the primitive contention that Keely was
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referring to ATOMIC ENERGY. Those of us who stay abreast of the
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newer discoveries clearly recognized ZERO POINT ENERGY and the
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TACHYON FIELD as being synonymous with "etheric force" and
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"ether."
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It is amazing that Keely recognized this so long ago and it is
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just now coming to a point of understanding and soon to become
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realization in practical devices.
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Yet another error is the statement that compressed air was the
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source of his power. No one challenged Keely nor DUPLICATED HIS
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FEATS during his lifetime. The steel globe was explained in a
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newspaper article many years earlier as being an old piece of
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equipment from his early researches.
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He had advanced far beyond requiring a STORAGE DEVICE for the
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Page 8
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etheric vapor and now GENERATED IT ON THE SPOT instead of
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requiring an accumulator.
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In the interest of openness and fairness, we include this file
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on KeelyNet because it is written in a popular fashion and gives
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some interesting observations on the reasons people think Keely
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was a fraud.
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We have long since come to the conclusion that Keely was
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advanced FAR BEYOND even modern physics. Unfortunately, he most
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likely DID CHEAT on some of his demonstrations in an effort to
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garner more money for his ever more intense researches.
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Over his lifetime, Keely developed COMPLETE SYSTEMS, not just
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isolated devices. During his research, he found a definite
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mind/matter link which was a major reason he could not release
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it to the public. The incredibly sensitive tuning of his
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devices acted to amplify the energy of the operator.
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We now KNOW that the effects can be achieved without using tuned
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masses but through the use of forced vibrations from magnetic,
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acoustic or electric techniques.
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If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
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as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
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Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
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Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
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Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
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Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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If we can be of service, you may contact
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Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346
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Page 9
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