661 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
661 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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September 2, 1993
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TEDGRAV.ASC
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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This EXCELLENT file shared with KeelyNet courtesy of Ray Berry.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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ON GRAVITATION
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by: O. Tedenstig
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Idungatan 37,
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19551 M„rsta, Sweden
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Date: 2/7-1993
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ABSTRACT: This paper describes the process of gravitation in terms
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of an inflow process of matter into material bodies, with
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a rate over time corresponding to Hubble's cosmical
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constant, H. The source of this flux is the thermal
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radiation in space of 2.7 K, known as the background
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radiation of space.
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SOME HISTORICAL FACT
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Newton was one of those men who understood that celestial objects
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were effected by an invisible force, the same force which attracts
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earth-bounded objects to the surface of the earth. With the aid of
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astronomical data for planets and stars, he formulated the
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gravitational law of force between massed objects. It is given by
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the relation :
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2
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F= M1.M2.G/D
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The formula asserts that the attracting force between two objects is
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in direct proportion to the product of their masses and in inverse
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proportion to the square of the relative distance between them,
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multiplied by a cosmic constant, G, the gravity constant, determined
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by Newton himself on an empirical basis.
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Commonly, we experience the force of gravity as a very strong force
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by comparison with other force effects known in nature. However, in
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fact, the force of gravity is the weakest force of them all. If we,
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for instance, compute the force developed on the same piece of
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matter, firstly in respect to the gravitational force and then in
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respect to the electrostatic force actuated at the same distance, we
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will find a large discrepancy. With the purpose of elucidating this
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fact, we may make a small calculation of the force relationship
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between these two kind of forces. We take two electrons as our
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reference masses. Using Coulomb's law of force we get :
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Page 1
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2 2
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e (1.602E-19) -28 2
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Fe= -------- 2 = --------------- 2 = 2.3x10 /D
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4.Phi.Eo.D 4.Phi.8.85E-12.D
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where we are making use of the MKS system of units. From Newton's
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law of gravity, we have :
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2 2
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me.G (9.106E-31) . 6.67E-11 -71
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Fg= ----2- = -----------2------------ = 5.53x10
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D D
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Hence the relation between these two forces is :
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-28 -71 42
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Fe/Fg = 2.3x10 /5.53x10 = 4x10 approximately
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What is known, Newton himself never suggested any origin and cause
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for the force of gravity. He accepted that this force was of
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cosmical nature, an action-at-a-distance, activated by some unknown
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physical mechanism inherent in the nature of matter. In spite of all
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efforts since the days of Newton, this deep secret of nature still
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remains unsolved.
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A remarkable property of the G-force is that this force does not
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seem to be activated by any properties of matter unless the matter
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content: as for example, chemical structure, heat, mass density,
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electrical or magnetic charge, state of aggregation (solid, liquid
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or gaseous states), content of energy, state of motion, and so on.
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Only the matter content together with the relative distance between
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bodies actuates the gravity force.
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But there have been speculations about other factors which may
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supersede these facts. For some years ago Roland von E”tv”s'
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experiment of 1889 regarding the true equivalence between "heavy"
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and "inertial" mass was repeated and there was reported some small
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discrepancies. However, up to now, these results have not been
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finally confirmed.
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There exist also speculations that the gravitational force is not
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constant according to time. For instance, Dirac's theory of 1938
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contains such a supposition, but no experiments have confirmed it as
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yet.
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In modern physics one tries to connect particle physics with the
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existence of different kinds of forces existing in the physical
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world, including the force of gravity. The idea is that the gravity
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force is caused by intermediating particles, gravitinos, in a
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similar way to that in which photons create electromagnetical
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interacting forces. Not even these theories have proven successful.
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And at last, Einsteins' general theory of relativity, which include
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the gravitation, described only as a curvature in the space time,
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hence any active force at all. Perhaps this theory describes
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gravitation in a more proper and exact mathematical way than
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Newton's theory, but it does not in any way explain gravity as a
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physical phenomenon.
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Page 2
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THE NEW THEORY
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Common background
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One important reason why the riddle of gravity has not yet been
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finally solved is perhaps that the gravity process is of a very
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complex nature and where so many other things in fundamental physics
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are involved in its final solution.
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Our basic idea is that the force emanates from a free thermal or
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electromagnetic field in space, disturbing elementary particles in
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"ordinary matter" by an inflow process. We identify this field as
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the thermal background radiation at 2.7 øK and the rate of inflow
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equal to the Hubble constant, H, with an approximate value of 3x10E-
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18 s^-1.
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Also involved as a base hypothesis is that light is made up of pure
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particles having mass, meaning that all of Newton's fundamental laws
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work on them. That means that light hitting the surface of a
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particle will create impact forces as well as even thermal energy on
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them.
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It will here be accentuated, that there is not the impact force from
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the free thermal field which directly causes the gravity force. The
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base potential which creates the enormeous gravity forces is
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actuated by the vacuum itself with a pseudo material mass density of
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1/Eo (see ref. 7 .....).
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MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION
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With the help of Stefan Boltzman's law, we begin by converting this
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mechanical impact energy of the thermal field, colliding with
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elementary particles in matter, to entities of mechanical energy
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according to :
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1) =================
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4
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dP/dA = T.S
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=================
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where S is Stefan Boltzman's constant, T is absolute temperature in
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space, dA is the interaction area of the target, dP is the thermal
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or mechanical effect developed on the target. If the inflowing
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amount of matter from the cosmical field per unit time is denoted by
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the symbol, dm , and the velocity by which this matter interacts
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with an elementary particle is denoted as , v, we can compute the
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mechanical energy generated by the inflowing matter as :
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2) =====================
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2
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dp= 1/2.(dm/dt).v
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=====================
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We suppose here that the interaction velocity of the inflow is lower
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than the limit velocity of light, c, in this case Newton's formula
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for kinetic energy is valid. The common hydromechanical formula for
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a material inflow over area, dA , as function of the flowing
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density, qf, velocity, v , and time , t , is given by :
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Page 3
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3) ==================
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dm = v.qf.dA.dt
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==================
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We insert the result of 3) into 2) and obtain :
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4) ====================
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3
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dP/dA = 1/2.qf.v
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====================
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We combine 4) with 1), obtaining :
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5) ====================
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4
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qf= 2.T .S/v
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====================
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Now we have an expression that provides relations between the mass
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density, qf , of the thermal field, T , as a function of the
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interacting velocity, v, and Stefan Boltzman's constant, S.
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The next step is to find a process by which the inflow matter from
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the thermal field reacts with elementary particles in "solid
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matter". Mass in "normal solid matter" mainly consist of protons and
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neutrons, the mass content of all electrons being negligible in this
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context. It is therefore here natural to state that the interacting
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velocity, v, is equal to, or nearly equal to, the spinning velocity
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of a proton and that this inflow matter will create disturbances in
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the spinning movement of these fundamental particles, causing a
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slowing down effect on them.
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Hence, each hit of a randomly inflowing electromagnetic particle
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from the field ( a photon ) in the first step will cause a
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disturbing effect on the form of a retardation of the spinning
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movements and as a secondary effect, an absorbing of matter into the
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particle as a consequence of change in balance between particle and
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the surrounding vacuum space (space with density 1/Eo = 1x10e11
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kg/m^3 , see ref.7 )
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Further, this absorption of matter will create a corresponding
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absence of matter around the body and this effect is spread in the
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vicinity, disturbing another mass body situated at some distance
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from it by a pushing effect.
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Our hypothesis is that a mass quantity of, dmt , is absorbed by a
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body of mass, m ,during time, dt. During time, T, the absorbed mass
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constitutes the mass of the body by itself, hence the time where the
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body has doubled its own mass.
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6) ===============
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dt/T = dmt/m
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===============
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Page 4
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We designate the relation 1/T by the symbol R, representing that the
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frequency by which the mass body doubles its mass content in the
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gravitational field. This gives :
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7) ==================
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R = dma/(m.dt)
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==================
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Out hypothesis now is that R corresponds to Hubble's cosmical
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constant, H , having the same definition, namely the dimension of
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frequency 1/t or s^-1 . The retardation effect of spin movements in
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matter in relation to the amount of the inflowing matter from the
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thermal field and the mass content of the particle itself, gives :
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8) ======================
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dmt/mp = dv/v = H.dt
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======================
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where we denote the rest mass of a proton by mp and the retardation
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of velocity derivative as, dv . Using out inflow mass formula (3),
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we put the absorbed mass dmt equal to :
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9) ====================
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dmt= qf.Ap.v.dt
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====================
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Combining (9) with (8) gives :
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10) ========================
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H.dt = qf.Ap.v.dt/mp
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========================
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which can be rewritten as :
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11) ========================
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qf = H.mp/(Ap.v)
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========================
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Now we have found two expressions, (11,5) for the thermal field mass
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density, denoted by , qf . We combinde these two expressions and
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solve out the interesting velocity, v , out from it :
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12) ===========================
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4
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v = SQRT(2.T .S.Ap/(H.mp)
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===========================
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The last step is to deduce Newton's gravitational law of force. We
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Page 5
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make use of our hypothesis of the absorption effect in matter. Our
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base hypothesis is, that matter is absorbed at a rate, R ,
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equivalent to the Hubble constant, according to (7) above.
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We begin by computing the total inflow of matter to a body with a
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total weight content of matter M1 and having the total interacting
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area of A1. By our mass flowing formula :
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13) ==================
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dM1 = qx.A1.t.v
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==================
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which is in agreement with the inflow formula (7,8), giving :
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14) =======================
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M1.H.t = qx.A1.t.v
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=======================
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From this result we can calculate the inflow density very near the
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limiting area of M1, giving :
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15) ==================
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qx = M1.H/(A1.v)
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==================
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However, this mass density will decline as a function of distance.
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The inflowing mass will be spread over an inflowing area at distance
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D , equal to Ad = 4.Phi.D^2 , giving the field mass density at
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distance, D :
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16) ============================
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qD = qx.A1/Ad = M1.H/(v.Ad)
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============================
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where Ad = 4.Phi.D^2 .
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Another mass body M2 situated at the point, D , because of the
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absorbed mass , M1, will be effected by a negative inflow since M1
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steals mass from M2. We compute this negative inflow to :
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17) =======================================
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dM2 = qD.A2.t.v ; A2 = (M2/mp).Ap
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=======================================
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where A2 is the total interacting area of M2. We multiply both sides
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by, v , giving :
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Page 6
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18) ==========================
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2
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dM2.v = qD.A2.t.v = F.t
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==========================
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Using the results of (16,17) gives :
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2 2 2
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F = qD.A2.v = M1.H/(v.Ad).A2.v = M1.H/(v.Ad).(M2/mp)).Ap.v =
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2
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(M1.M2/D ).(H.Ap.v/(4.Phi.mp)) or
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19) ===================================
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2
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F = (M1.M2/D ). (H.Ap.v/(4.Phi.mp)
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===================================
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Comparing this result with Newton's gravitation law of force, we can
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identify the expression within the parentheses as Newton's gravity
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constant, G . Hence :
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20) =========================
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G = (H.Ap.v/(4.Phi.mp))
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=========================
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The proton, being of torus form, having a radius of Rp gives the
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proton interacting area equal to Ap = 2.Phi.Rp.2.Ph.Rp, giving :
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21) ==========================
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2 2
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Ap = 4.Phi .Rp
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==========================
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Our hypothesis is, that electrons and protons have the SAME INHERENT
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MASS DENSITY, giving the proton radius :
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21) ==========================
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1/3
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Rp = (Mp/me) .re
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==========================
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We make a summary of important formulae that have been obtained,
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from which the gravity constant G , can be calculated :
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22) =============================
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1/3
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Rp = re.(Mp/me)
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2 2
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Ap = 4.Phi .Rp
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Page 7
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2 1/2
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v = T.(2.S.Ap/(H.mp))
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G = H.Ap.v/(4.Phi.mp)
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=================================
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where :
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-8
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S= 5.6703x10 Stefan Boltzman's constant
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o
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T= 2.7 K Thermal background radiation
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temperature
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-15
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re= 2.8179380(70)x10 m Classic electron radius
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-31
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me= 9.109534/47)x10 kg Electron rest mass
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8
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c= 2.99792458(1.2)x10 m/s Limit velocity of matter
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mp= 1836.15152(70) x me Proton rest mass
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-11
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G= 6.6720(41)x10 Newton's gravity constant
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-18
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H= 3 x 10 Hubble constant (approximative)
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On inserting given parameters, the following table is obtained :
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INSERTED VALUES CALCULATED VALUE OF G -11
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TO BE COMPARED WITH 6.6720x10
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o -18 -1 -1 2 -2
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T Kelvin Hx10 s ! G kg m s in the MKS(A) unit system
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-----------------------!------------------------------------------
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* ! -11
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2.7 3.0 ! 5.0x10
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* ! -11
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2.7 5.26 ! 6.67x10
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!
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* The exact value of the Hubble constant is not known. New
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indications point in the direction that H is larger than
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3E-18, see ref. 5) and 6).
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THE COSMICAL DOPPLER RED SHIFT FROM DISTANT CELESTIAL OBJECTS.
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The idea that the gravity process is founded on an inflowing process
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in ordinary matter is here based on an interacting process with
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mainly elementary particles of protons and neutrons. It is not
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clear that the process can be applied to all sorts of matter, for
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instance light particles such as photons, but if we suppose that the
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gravity process is the same for all kinds of matter, some old
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classical problems of cosmology can be solved in an attractive way.
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Such old problems are: the red shift from distant celestial objects,
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Olber's paradox ;
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the creation of new matter in a steady state
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universe.
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Page 8
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The cosmological red shift from very distant celestial objects can
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then be interpreted as s slowing down effect of light travelling
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long distances (using the model of light as being a wave of matter,
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not a wave in a light-bearing aether).
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The wave-length of the travelling wave is constant but the frequency
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varies in time with the slowing down effect on the light velocity ;
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hence :
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23) =======================
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f1 = w/c ; f2 = w/c'
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=======================
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where c' = c-dc. This gives a small shift in frequency of light to
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24) ==============================
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df = f1 - f2 = fo.(1 - c/c');
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==============================
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The original mass of the outflowing photon from the source has the
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mass , m , and during the flight time , t , this mass has increased
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by an entity , dm. The mass impulse is supposed to be constant with
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time, giving :
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25) ===========================================
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m.c = (m+dm).c' ; c'/c = m/(m+dm) = 1+dm/m
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===========================================
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Using our definition of Hubble's constant, H=R, as in (7), this
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gives :
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26) =============================
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c'/c = dm/m = (dm/m)/t = 1+H.t
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==============================
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and according this with result of (24) :
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27) ===========================
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df = - f0.H.t
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===========================
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which shows a frequency Doppler shift of long travelling light from
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distant celestial objects as resulting from a slowing down effect on
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light.
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In the Hubble formula for cosmical red shift as a function of
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distance (time, t, is transformed to distance by d = c.t), a shift
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in frequency of light, as here calcualted, is replaced with an
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equivalent shift in wavelength. But that makes no difference in
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Page 9
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measurements made by spectrometers.
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Stretching this idea we can see the process by which new matter in
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the universe is continuously created by an inflow process from
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vacuum matter. During each period of about 10-15 billions of years,
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the mass in a body (the earth for example) has doubled its content;
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during the following period the original mass would have increased
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by four times its initial value ( a logarithmic mathematical
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function ).
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By the same process, long travelling light outburts from distant
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stars and galaxies will decline in time, losing their inherent
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energy. What remains is only a common electromagnetic noise which we
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now observe as the common background thermal radiation of 2.7 øK.
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Hence, this is the common link of distant interaction between
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celestial objects, resulting in the process of gravitation as here
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briefly described.
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REFERENCES :
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(1) A New Way to Physics, ISBN 91 97077534 1990, by O. Tedenstig
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Idungatan 37, 19551 M„rsta, Sweden
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(2) Broberg, Henrik : Energy, Matter and Gravitation in an
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Unlimited, Renewable Universe, ESA Journal, V.6, pp.207-32,
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1982
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(3) Rendle, A.B. ;: Gravitation and the Flowing Medium, Modal
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Research, Dorling Road, Gt. Bookham, Surrey, England
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(4) Miller, Gary C. : Gravitation, APGR's Journal, 501 Copeland,
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P.O. Box 223, Pocahentas, AR 72445, USA
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(5) New Scientist 4 January 1992, Astronomers double the age of
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Universe, John Gribbin
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(6) New Scientist 18 July 1992, Hawk-eyed Hubble double age of
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Universe, Ken Crosswell, Berkley.
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(7) A new model of interaction between matter and vacuum,
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Ove Tedenstig, Galilean Electrodynamics xxx/yyy 1993.
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If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
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as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
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Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
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Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
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Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
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Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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If we can be of service, you may contact
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Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346
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