595 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
595 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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PO BOX 1031
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Mesquite, TX 75150
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October 17, 1990
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listed on KeelyNet as GRAVITY2.ZIP
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courteously shared by Joseph Misiolek
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\/ Tommy's Holiday Camp Remote Online Systems +1 604 598-4259 \/
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Title : Gravity Paper
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Keywords: GRAVITY ELECTRONICS RESONANCE
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This is an ASCII file of an unpublished paper. The paper
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presents a hypothesis that gravity is the result of a distortion
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in space-time This paper does not present basic information and
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an understanding of college/university level physics and
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electronics is required. Comments are requested and should be
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addressed to the address of the person posting this paper.
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A DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEW
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by John R. Majka
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Edited by Francis J. Ernest
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AN EXPERIMENT
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Let us assume that there is a charged particle in free space. There
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is an observer which is at rest with respect to the charged
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particle.
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This observer "sees" the gravitational field and the electric field
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of this particle.
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Let us now add a second observer. The second observer is exactly
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like the first observer except that it is travelling at some
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constant speed, v, which is less than the speed of light, with
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respect to the first observer and the charged particle.
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This second observer also "sees" the gravitational field and the
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electric field of the charged particle. However, this second
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observer also "sees" a magnetic field surrounding the charged
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particle.
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Now, we will add a third observer which is identical to the first
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two observers except that this observer is travelling at the speed
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of light relative to the first observer and to the charged particle
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.
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According to the Theory of Relativity, the third observer must "see"
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an electromagnetic wave at the location of the charged particle
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since their relative speed is the speed of light.
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Page 1
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At the same time, the three observers see the charged particle
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differently.
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At a relative speed of zero, the observer "sees" a mass and an
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electric field.
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At a relative speed other than zero but less than that of light, the
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second observer "sees" a mass, an electric field and a magnetic
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field.
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At a relative speed of light, the third observer "sees" an
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electromagnetic wave with no gravitational field and no electric
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field other than that associated with the electromagnetic wave
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itself.
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HYPOTHESIS
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The hypothesis is that as the relative speed of a charged particle
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increases from zero to that of light, the particle appears to change
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to an electromagnetic wave because of the expansion of the magnetic
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field. This magnetic field combines with some of the static
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electric field, in proportion to the energy of the magnetic field,
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to form an electromagnetic wave.
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At the speed of light, the electric field is entirely combined with
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the magnetic field and the particle appears as an electromagnetic
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wave.
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At speeds less than that of light, the magnetic field of the
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electromagnetic wave collapses. The collapsing field distorts or
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twists space-time which appears to us as a gravitational field.
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Thus, it is the distortion of space-time which appears to us as
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"mass" rather than "mass" causing the distortion.
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JUSTIFICATION
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Energy Density
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This hypothesis seems to be justified by equations from classical
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physics. The equation describing the energy density of the
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particle's magnetic field, Um , is:
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Um = B2 / ( 2uo )
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where uo is the magnetic permeability of free space
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The equation describing the energy density of the particle's
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electric field, Ue , is:
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Ue = eo E2
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where eo is the electric permittivity of free space
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The total energy, Ut, of the electric and magnetic field of a
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particle travelling at some speed, v, is the sum of these two
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equations. Converting to like terms and combining terms, the total
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energy equation is:
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Page 2
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Ut = ( eo E2 / 2) ( 1 + v2 /c2 )
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If we now let V = C, the equation becomes:
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Ut = eo E2
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which is also the energy density equation of an electromagnetic
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wave.
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Classical physics equations also show that the direction of the
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magnetic field of a charged particle, travelling at some speed, is
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such that the Poynting Vector cross product is satisfied.
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That is, E x H = I.
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Duality
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The hypothesis is also supported by experiments which have shown
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that charged particles travelling at a high speed exhibit duality.
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That is, when travelling at high speeds, charged particles exhibit
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particle characteristics and electromagnetic wave characteristics.
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If, as is hypothesized, the magnetic field combines with a portion
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of the static electric field to create an electromagnetic wave,
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duality is expected.
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Since the particle is only partially an electromagnetic wave, it
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should exhibit duality at speeds less than light.
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OBJECTIONS
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Mass Increase
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Bucherer Experiment
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The accepted theory is that mass increases as speed increases. The
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finding by Bucherer in 1908, that the electric field to mass (e/m)
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ratio is less for high speed particles, has been accepted as proof
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of an increase in mass.
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The hypothesis proposes that the reason for this finding is not that
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the mass has increased but rather that the electric field and the
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mass have decreased.
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That part of the electric field which combines with the magnetic
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field to create an electromagnetic field can not participate in
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static charge measurements.
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Therefore, those experiments measuring e/m will show a lower value
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for high speed particles than for slower particles.
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Momentum Selector
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Experiments with particle accelerators seem to show an increase in
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mass with an increase in the speed of a particle.
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After being accelerated, charged particles are passed through a
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velocity selector which passes only those particles which are
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Page 3
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travelling at a predetermined speed.
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Immediately, the particles are passed through a momentum selector
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which is a uniform magnetic field. This magnetic field produces a
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constant acceleration on the particle which causes the particle to
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travel in a circular path.
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The radius of the path is proportional to the linear momentum of the
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particle. Since momentum is proportional to the mass of the
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particle, it is assumed that the radius of the path is then
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proportional to the mass of the particle.
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Experiments have shown that the higher the speed of the particle,
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the greater the radius through the momentum selector. It has been
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assumed from these experiments that the greater radius is due to a
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greater mass.
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The hypothesis states that the apparent mass of the particle
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decreases with relative speed and that the magnetic field combines
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with a portion of the electric field to produce an electromagnetic
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wave.
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A decrease in apparent mass should be observed in particle
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accelerator experiments by a decrease in the radius of the path of
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the particle if mass were the determining factor.
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However, electromagnetic waves also have a linear momentum and this
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momentum is not affected by an external magnetic field.
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When passed through a momentum selector, an electromagnetic wave
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would pass straight through and not describe a circular path.
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Since the electromagnetic wave is characteristic of the particle,
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it's path is the same as the particle's path. The linear momentum
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of the electromagnetic wave adds to that of the particle and
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increases the radius of the path.
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CHARACTERISTIC VELOCITY OF SPACE
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It has been assumed that electromagnetic waves can travel only at
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the speed of light. The hypothesis proposes that there is an
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electromagnetic wave which is a characteristic of any charged
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particle travelling at any relative speed greater than zero and less
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than the speed of light.
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Since electromagnetic waves travel through transmission lines and
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through space, it is possible to model their propagation through
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space by a transmission line analogy.
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Transmission lines and space share common parameters. The most
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notable are the parameters of distributed inductance (or magnetic
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permeability) in henries per meter, distributed capacitance (or
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electric permittivity) in farads per meter, characteristic
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impedance in Ohms and characteristic velocity in meters per second.
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Models of transmission lines are basic in the study of electricity
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and electronics. A model circuit diagram describing a typical, real
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transmission line is shown in Figure 1.
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Page 4
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The inductance, L, is in terms of henries per meter. The
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capacitance , C, is in terms of farads per meter and the resistance,
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R, is in terms of Ohms per meter.
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Note that the circuit diagram basically consists of one RLC circuit
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repeated for the length of the transmission line. The resistance,
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R, is responsible for losses in transmission lines.
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In an "ideal" transmission line, without losses, the resistance is
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ignored. Since it seems that an electromagnetic wave travels
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through space without losses, we may assume that the model for an
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ideal transmission line is adequate for an analysis of free space.
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Also, since the circuit segment is repeated for the length of the
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transmission line, the analysis of one segment is sufficient.
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Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram for an ideal transmission line.
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Circuit modeling involves determining the voltages and currents
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through the circuit. By Ohms Law (E = I x Z), the voltages and
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currents are related through impedances. (Note: Impedance is
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mathematically treated as a resistance.
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It differs from a resistance in that there are no energy losses
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through an impedance.) Figure 3 shows the same circuit with the
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impedances of the circuit elements.
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The values of the impedances are shown in typical electrical
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analysis notation. Since the impedance of an inductor varies
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directly with the frequency of the current through it or voltage
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applied to it, the impedance is in terms of the frequency, jw.
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Since the impedance of a capacitor varies inversely with the
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frequency of the current through it or voltage applied to it, the
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impedance is in terms of the inverse frequency, 1/jw. (In
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electrical analysis, since the symbol "i" is used to represent
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current flow, the symbol "j" is used to represent the square root of
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-1 and the symbol, w or omega, is used to represent frequency where
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w = 2 pi f.)
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It can be seen that this circuit is also the circuit of a series L-C
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circuit. To go from a transmission line model to a series L-C
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circuit model all we need do is change the terms of the parameters
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from henries/meter and farads/meter to henries and farads. The
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normalized transfer function, H(jw), of such a circuit is:
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H(jw) = 1/( w2 - wo2)
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The symbol w represents the frequency of the signal applied to the
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circuit. The symbol wo represents the resonant frequency of the
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circuit and it is numerically equal to the square root of (1/LC).
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The resonant frequency is the frequency preferred by the circuit.
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If a signal was applied to the circuit and it was not at the
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resonant frequency, the circuit would offer an impedance to the
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signal.
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If a signal at the resonant frequency was applied to the circuit,
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Page 5
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the circuit would offer no impedance. The reason for this is that
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the impedance of the inductor (jw) varies directly with the
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frequency of the applied signal.
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The impedance of the capacitor (1/jw) varies inversely with the
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frequency of the applied signal. At the resonant frequency, the
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magnitude of the impedance offered by the inductor and the capacitor
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are equal.
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Impedances due to inductors and capacitors are vector quantities.
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The direction of the inductor's impedance vector varies directly
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with the frequency of the applied signal in the positive direction.
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The direction of the capacitor's impedance vector also varies
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directly with the frequency of the applied signal but in the
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negative direction.
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At resonance, the magnitudes of the impedances are equal but the
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vectors are 180 degrees out of phase with each other and thus
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cancel. At resonance, the circuit offers no impedance.
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The values for L and C in a series L-C circuit are in terms of
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henries and farads. The resonant frequency, wo, is equal to the
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square root of (1/LC).
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The resonant frequency, then, is in terms of 1/second or Hertz.
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If we were to substitute henries per meter and farads per meter for
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the values of the circuit elements, then resonance would be in terms
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of meters per second.
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Instead of a resonant frequency we would have a resonant velocity.
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Indeed, for transmission lines, the velocity of propagation is the
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square root o (1/LC).
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The speed of light is the square root of (1/uoeo) which are the
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magnetic permeability and electric permittivity of free space.
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Therefore, we may assume that the speed of light is the resonant
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velocity of free space.
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The series L-C circuit does not forbid frequencies other than the
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resonant frequency but it does provide an impedance to them.
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Similarly, we may assume that the universe does not forbid speeds
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other than the speed of light but would provide an impedance to
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them.
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Electromagnetic waves, which are characteristic of charged
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particles, can travel at speeds other than the speed of light.
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We should note that the series L-C circuit does not prohibit
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frequencies greater than the resonant frequency.
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Since the analogy between series L-C circuits and free space has
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held in other circumstances we may assume that space also does not
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prohibit speeds greater than resonant speed but will provide an
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impedance to them.
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Page 6
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STEADY-STATE IMPEDANCES
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The hypothesis predicts that electromagnetic waves can travel at
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speeds other than at the speed of light.
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At light speed, the universe offers no impedance to the propagation
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of electromagnetic waves.
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At other than light speeds, it is expected that the universe will
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provide an impedance to these waves.
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We are familiar with speeds less than light. At a zero relative
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speed, the "stopped" electromagnetic wave appears as a "particle"
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and exhibits a gravitational field and an electric field.
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In the series L-C circuit, the impedance encountered by a signal
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with a frequency of zero Hertz is provided entirely by the
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capacitance. As the frequency of the signal is increased, the
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impedance of the capacitor is reduced.
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Similarly, as the speed of a particle increases, the effects of the
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static electric field are decreased.
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Similarly, we may compare the impedance of the inductor to the
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magnetic field of a particle in relative motion.
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At zero Hertz, there is no impedance offered by the inductor and a
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"particle" at zero relative speed has no magnetic field. As the
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frequency of the applied signal to the circuit is increased, the
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impedance provided by the inductor is increased.
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As the speed of the particle increases, the effects of the magnetic
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field are increased.
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At frequencies less than the resonant frequency, the impedance of
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the circuit is due primaily to the capacitor.
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At speeds less than that of light, the electric field is dominant
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and the magnetic field is a function of the electric charge.
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At frequencies greater than the resonant frequency, the impedance of
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the circuit is due primarily to the inductor. We may then assume
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that, by analogy, at speeds greater than the speed of light, the
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magnetic field will dominate and will appear to be as constant as
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the electric field at sub-light speeds.
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At these speeds, it may appear that the electric field is a function
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of the magnetic field.
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To repeat for clarity:
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The impedance offered by the capacitor is analogous to the
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electric field of a charged particle and the impedance
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offered by the inductor is analogous to the magnetic field
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of a charged particle in motion.
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NON-STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS
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Let us assume a series L-C circuit, as described above, with no
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Page 7
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applied signal. The inductor does not have an initial magnetic
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field nor does the capacitor have an initial electric field.
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Now let us apply a signal of zero Hertz and the circuit will
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oscillate at its resonant frequency.
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In a real circuit, resistances cause the oscillation to dampen. In
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an ideal circuit, the oscillation does not die out and continues
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forever.
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If we assume the creation of a particle, we would see that this
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particle causes a disturbance which propagates as an electromagnetic
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wave.
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Now we change the frequency of the applied signal. Again the
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circuit will respond with an oscillation at it's resonant frequency.
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Similarly, if we accelerate a charged particle, an electromagnetic
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wave is generated. Indeed, any change in the frequency of the
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applied signal to a series L-C circuit will generate transient
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oscillations just as acceleration of a charged particle will
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generate electromagnetic waves.
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GRAVITY
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The electric and magnetic fields of a particle have been associated
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with the impedances offered by the capacitor and inductor of an
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analogous series L-C circuit.
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The hypothesis proposes that the mass of a particle is due to the
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collapse of the magnetic field of the particle.
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Mass is not recognized directly but a gravitational field is. A
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gravitational field is probably not a different form of a magnetic
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field.
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The gravitational field is, most likely, a result of the collapsed
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magnetic field.
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It is possible that the collapsed magnetic field pulls or twists the
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fabric of space-time in such a way as to form what we call a
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gravitational field.
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As the speed of the charged particle increases, the magnetic field
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expands and decreases its pull or twist which causes a decrease in
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the gravitational field.
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At speeds greater than light, the hypothesis predicts that the
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effects of the electric and magnetic fields will be reversed.
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At these speeds, it is likely that the magnetic fields will become
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polar and the electric fields will become circular, that is, a
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magnetic monopole will result.
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At speeds much greater than that of light, the electric field may be
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expected to collapse.
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This collapsed electric field may also pull or twist the fabric of
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space-time and form a type of field not now known.
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Page 8
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Vangard Notes
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Our researches into the nature of gravity tend to support this
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paper. It appears that ANY FORM OF ENERGY (i.e., acoustic,
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electric, magnetic, motional (scalar) fields, etc...) can be
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properly driven to alter the energy/mass relationship to
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generate free energy, anti-gravity, matter transport or matter
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integration - disintegration - transport.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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If you have comments or other information relating to such topics as
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this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the Vangard
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Sciences address as listed on the first page. Thank you for your
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consideration, interest and support.
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Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
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Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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If we can be of service, you may contact
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Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Page 9
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