595 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
595 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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PO BOX 1031
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Mesquite, TX 75150
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June 28, 1991
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GRAV3.ASC
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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All About Gravitational Waves
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by Gregory Hodowanec
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Reproduced without permission from
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Radio-Electronics magazine April 1986
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by The Trace - June 1, 1991
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Abstract:
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Are gravitational waves the source of noise in electronic devices?
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The author believes so, and describes a simple circuit to detect the
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waves.
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The author has developed a new cosmology that predicts the existance
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of a new type of gravitational signal. We are publishing the
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results of some of his experiments in the hope that it will foter
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experimentation as well as alternate explanations for his results.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Einstein predicted the existence of gravity waves - the counterpart
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of light and radio waves - many years ago. However, he predicted
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the existence of quadrature-type gravity waves. Unfortunately, no
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one has been able to detect quadrature-type gravity waves.
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Consequently, the author developed, over the years, a new cosmology,
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or theory of the universe, in which monopole gravity waves are
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predicted. The author's theory does not preclude the existence of
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Einsteinian gravity waves, but they are viewed as being extremely
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weak, very long in wavelength, and therefore very difficult to
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detect unequivocally. Monopole signals, however, are relatively
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strong, so they are much more easily detected.
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Monopole gravity waves have been detected for many years; it's just
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that we've been used to calling them 1/f "noise" signals or flicker
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noise. Those noise signals can be seen in low-frequency electronic
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circuits. More recently, such signals have been called Microwave
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Background Radiation (MBR); most scientists believe that to be a
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relic of the so-called "big bang" that created the universe.
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In the author's cosmology, the universe is considered to be a
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finite, spherical, closed system; in other words, it is a black
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body.
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Monopole gravity waves "propagate" any distance in Planck time,
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which is about 10^-44 seconds; hence, their effects appear
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everywhere almost instantaneously. The sum total of background flux
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Page 1
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in the universe gives rise to the observed microwave temperature, in
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our universe, of about three degrees kelvin.
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Sources of monopole gravity waves include common astrophysical
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phenomena like supernovas, novas, starquakes, etc., as well as
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earthly phenomena like earthquakes, core movements, etc. Those
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sorts of cosmic and earthly events cause delectable temporary
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variations in the amount of gravitational-impule radiation present
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in the universe.
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Novas, especially supernovas (which are large exploding stars), are
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very effective generators of oscillatory monopole gravity waves.
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Those signals have a Gaussian waveshape and a lifetime of only a few
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tens of milliseconds. They can readily impart a portion of their
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energy to free particles like molecules, atoms, and electrons.
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The background flux, in general, is fairly constant. Variations in
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the backgrouns flux are caused by movements of large mass
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concentrations like galaxies, super-galaxies, and black holes.
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These movements create gravitational "shadows," analogous to optical
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shadows. When the earth-moon-sun alignment is just right, the
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gravtational shadow of a small, highly concentrated mass -- a black
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hole, for example -- can be detected and tracked from the Earth.
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So, keeping those facts in mind, let's look at several practical
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methods of detecting gravitational energy.
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Electrons and Capacitors
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------------------------
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As stated above, gravity-wave energy can be imparted to ordinary
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objects. Of special interest to us are the loosely-bound electrons
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in ordinary capacitors. Perhaps you have wondered how a discharged
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high-valued electrolytic capacitor (say 1000 uF at 35 volts) can
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develop a charge even though it is disconnected from an electrical
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circuit.
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While some of that charging could be attributed to a chemical
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reaction in the capacitor, I believe that much of it is caused by
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gravity-wave impulses bathing the capacitor at all times. And the
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means by which gravity waves transfer energy is similar to another
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means of energy transfer that is well known to readers of Radio-
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Electronics: the electric field.
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As shown in Fig. 1-a, the presence of a large mass near the plates
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of a capacitor causes a polarized alignment of the molecules in the
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capacitor, as though an external DC voltage had been applied to the
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capacitor, as shown in Fig. 1-b.
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You can verify that yourself:
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Drop a fully-discharged 1000-uF, 35-volt electrolytic
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capacitor broadside on a hard surface from a height of
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two or three feet.
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Then measure the voltage across the capacitor with a high-
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impedance voltmeter.
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Page 2
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You will find a voltage of about 10 to 50 mV. Drop the
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capacitor several times on opposite sides, don't let it
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bounce, and note how charge builds up to a saturation level
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that may be as high as one volt.
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In that experiment, the energy of free-fall is converted to
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polarization energy in the capacitor. The loosely-bound electrons
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are literally "jarred" into new polarization positions.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Vangard note...
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We must be careful before jumping to such conclusions without
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regard for the more natural property of the piezo-electric
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effect. Capacitor construction can consist of a variety of
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materials, many of which include a metal foil. Note that all
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metal has a crystalline structure, therefore, all metals to some
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degree possess piezo-electric properties.
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The Piezo-electric property is most easily demonstrated by the
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use of any crystal, most commonly quartz. When a crystal is
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subjected to bursts of electrical energy occurring at sonic
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rates, the crystal will convert the electrical energy into
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mechanical movement which then percusses the air at the rate of
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the electrical frequencies, i.e. a speaker.
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The inverse of this process can be used to convert mechanical
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pressure into electrical energy. Any abrupt mechanical shock
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applied to the crystal will therefore produce electricity, a
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process Keely referred to as "shock excitation."
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In regard to the dropping of the capacitor to allow it to strike
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the floor, the question follows, is the striking on the floor in
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actuality converting the abrupt mechanical shock into electrical
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energy which then does not bleed off until discharged?
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If in fact the movement of a capacitor through space will induce
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a charge on the plates of the capacitor, then we can see some
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interesting possibilities. Most important of all the direction
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towards a free energy device using the moving plates of a
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capacitor. Maybe this is the secret of the Testatika, the M-L
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convertor and others which use electrostatic chopping.
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A more interesting experiment, indeed, a proof of the claim,
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would be to spin one or more capacitors at various diameters and
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speeds and monitor the developed voltage. This could very well
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lead to some quantitative observations.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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In a similar manner, gravitational impulses from space "jar"
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electrons into new polarization positions.
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Here's another experiment:
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Monitor a group of similar capacitors that have reached
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equilibrium conditions while being bathed by normal
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background gravitational impulses.
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You'll observe that, over a period of time, the voltage
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Page 3
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across all those open-circuited capacitors will be equal, and
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that it will depend only on the average background flux at
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the time. Temperature should be kept constant for that
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experiment.
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I interpret those facts to mean that a capacitor develops a charge
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that reflects the monopole gravity-wave signals existing at that
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particular location in the universe. So, although another device
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could be used, we will use a capacitor as the sensing element in the
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gravity-wave detectors described next.
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The simplest detector
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---------------------
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Monopole gravity waves generate small impulse currents that may be
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coupled to an op-amp configured as a current-to-voltage converter,
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as shown in Fig. 2. The current-to-voltage converter is a nearly
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lossless current-measuring device.
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It gives an output voltage that is proportional to the product of
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the input current (which can be in the picoampere range) and
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resistor R1. Linearity is assured because the non-DC-connected
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capacitor maintains the op-amp's input terminals at virtual ground.
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The detector's output may be coupled to a high-impedance digital or
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analog voltmeter, an audio amplifier, or an oscilloscope. In
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addition, a chart recorder could be used to record the DC output
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over a period of time, thus providing a record of long-term "shadow-
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drift" effects.
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Resistor R2 and capacitor C2 protect the output of the circuit;
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their values will depend on what you're driving. To experiment, try
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a 1k resistor and a 0.1 uF capacitor.
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The output of the detector (Eo) may appear in two forms, depending
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on whether or not stabilizing capacitor Cx is connected. When it
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is, the output will be highly amplified 1/f noise signals, as shown
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in Fig. 3-a.
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Without Cx, the circuit becomes a "ringing" circuit with a slowly-
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decaying output that has a resonant frequency of 500-600 Hz for the
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component values shown. In that configuration, the circuit is a
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Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) circuit, as astrophysicists call it; it
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will now actually display the amplitude variations (waveshapes) of
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the passing gravitational-impulse bursts, as shown in Fig. 3-b.
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An interesting variation on the detector may be built by increasing
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the value of sensing capacitor C1 to about 1000-1600 uF. After
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circuit stability is achieved, the circuit will respond to almost
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all gravity-wave signals in the universe. By listening carefully to
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the audio output of the detector you can hear not only normal 1/f
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noise, but also many "musical" sounds of space, as well as other
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effects that will not be disclosed here.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Vangard note...
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Several years earlier, Hodowanec was claiming that he had
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actually made contact with someone on the planet Mars. He
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said the signals eventually evolved into intelligible
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Page 4
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patterns which indicated there was a decimated civilization
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still in existence on the planet.
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We have the papers and will list them in the near future for
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those who might be interested...this is what he refers to in
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the comment "other effects that will not be disclosed here"
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and was due to the national nature of the magazine in which
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the article was published.
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He says a cone of receptivity from or to Mars was the reason
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that the signals could only be detected at certain locations
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on either planet. In other words, you must be in the right
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place at the right time and with the right equipment. The
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signals essentially used modulated gravitational waves.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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An improved detector
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--------------------
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Adding a buffer stage to the basic circuit, as shown in Fig. 4,
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makes the detector easier to work with. The IC used is a common
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1458 (which is a dual 741). One op-amp is used as the detector, and
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the other op-amp multiplies the detector's output by a factor of 20.
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Potentiometer R3 is used to adjust the output to the desired level.
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When used unshielded, the circuits presented here are not only
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sensitive detectors of gravitational impulses, but also of
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*electromagnetic* signals ranging from 50-500 GHz! Hence, these
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circuits could be used to detect many types of signals, including
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radar signals.
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To detect only gravity waves, and not EMI, the circuit should be
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shielded against all electromagnetic radiation. Both circuits are
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low in cost and easy to build. Assembly is non-critical, although
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proper wiring practices should be followed.
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Initially, you should use the op-amps specified; don't experiment
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with other devices until you attain satisfactory results with the
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devices called for. Later you can experiment with other components,
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like low-power op-amps, especially CMOS types, which have diodes
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across their inputs to protect them against high input voltages.
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Those diodes make them much less sensitive to electromagnetic
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radiation, so circuits that use those devices may be used to detect
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gravity-waves without shielding.
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The circuit in Fig. 4 is the QND or ringing type, but the feedback
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resistance is variable from 0.5 to 2 megohms. That allows you to
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tune the circuit to the natural oscillating frequency of different
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astrophysical events.
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Huge supernova bursts, for example, have much larger amplitudes, and
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much lower frequencies of oscillation than normal supernovas and
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novas. Hence you can tune the detector for the supernova burst rate
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that interests you. With the component values given in Fig. 4, the
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resonant frequency of the circuitcan be varied between 300-900 Hz.
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The circuit of Fig. 4, or a variant thereof, was used to obtain all
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the experimental data discussed below.
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Page 5
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In addition, the circuits that we've described in this article were
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built in an aluminum chassis and then located within an additional
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steel box to reduce pickup of stray EMI. Power and output
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connections were made through filter-type feedthrough capacitors.
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In the QND mode, coupling the detector's output to an audio
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amplifier and an oscilloscope gives impressive sound and sight
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effects.
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Fluctuations generally reflect passing gravitational shadows. The
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author has taken much data of the sort to be discussed; let's
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examine a few samples of that data to indicate the kind of results
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you can expect, and ways of interpreting those results.
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Sample scans
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Shown in Fig. 5 is an unusual structure that was repeated exactly
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the next day, but four minutes earlier. The pattern was followed
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for several weeks, moving four minutes earlier per day.
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That confirms the observation that the burst response of the
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detector was related to our location on earth with respect to the
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rest of the universe. The change of four minutes per day
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corresponds with the relative movements of the earth and the body
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that was casting the "shadow."
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The plot of Fig. 6 appears to be a supernova, probably in our own
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galaxy, caught in the act of exploding. The plot of Fig. 7 was made
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four days after another supernova explosion; that plot reveals that
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that supernova left a well-developed black hole and "ring"
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structure.
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You may find it interesting to consider that visual indications of
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those supernovas will not be seen for several thousand years! As
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such, it might be "quite a while" before we get a visual
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confirmation of our suspected supernova!
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Last, Fig. 8 shows a plot of the moon's gravitational shadow during
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the eclipse of May 30, 1984. Note that the gravitational shadow
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preceded the optical shadow by about eight minutes!
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That gives credence to our claim that gravitational effects
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propagate instantaneously. Relatedly, but not shown here, a deep
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shadow is consistently detected whenever the center of the galaxy
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appears on the meridian (180 degrees) hinting of the existence of a
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"black hole" in that region.
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Conclusions
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-----------
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In this article we discussed the highlights of a new theory of the
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universe that predicts the existence of monopole gravity waves. We
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then presented details of a circuit that can be used to detect
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monopole gravity waves.
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The author has monitored those signals for ten years so is confident
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that you will be able to duplicate those results. Needless to say,
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the subject of gravity waves is a largely unexplored one, and there
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is much yet to be learned.
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Page 6
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Perhaps this article will inspire you to contribute to that
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knowledge. In your experiments, you might consider trying the
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following: Operate several detector circuits at the same time and
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record the results.
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Separate the detectors -- even by many miles --and record their
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outputs. In such experiments, the author found that the circuits'
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outputs were very similar. Those results would seem to count out
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local EMI or pure random noise as the cause of the circuit response.
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For more information on the subject of gravity you might consult
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_Gravitation_ by C. Misner, K. Thorne, and J. Wheeler, published by
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W.H. Freeman and Co., 1973. Also, the article, "Quantum Non-
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Demolition Measurements" in _Science_, Volume 209, August 1 1980
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contains useful information on the QND type of measurement used
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here.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Sidebar: Rhysmonic Cosmology
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Ancient and Renaissance physicists postulated the existence of an
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all-pervasive medium they called the _ether_. Since the advent of
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sub-atomic physics and relativity, theories of the ether have fallen
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into disuse.
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Rhysmonic cosmology postulates the existence of rhysmons, which are
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the fundamental particles of nature, and which pervade the universe,
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as does the ether.
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Each rhysmon has the attributes of size, shape, position, and
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velocity; rhysmons are arranged in space in a matrix structure, the
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density of which varies according to position in the universe.
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The matrix structure of rhysmons in free space gives rise to the
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fundamental units of length, time, velocity, mass, volume, density,
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and energy discovered by physicist Max Planck.
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Fundamental postulates of the Rhysmonic Universe can be summarized
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as follows:
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o The universe is finite and spherical
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o Euclidean geometry is sufficient to describe Rhysmonic
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Space.
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o The edge of the universe is a perfect reflector of energy.
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o Matter forms only in the central portion of the universe.
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The matrix structure of rhysmons allows the instantaneous
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transmission of energy along a straight line, called an energy
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vector, from the point of origin to the edge of the universe, where
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it would be reflected according to laws similar those giverning
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spherical optics.
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In Rhysmonic Cosmology, mass, inertia, and energy are treated as
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they are in classical mechanics. Mass arises, according to the
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author, because "particles in rhysmonic cosmology must be the result
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of changes in the `density' of the rhysmonic structure, since the
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universe is nothing more than rhysmons and the void."
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In a "dense" area of the universe, such as the core of a particle, a
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number of rhysmons are squeezed togther. This means that every
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Page 7
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particle has a correlating anti-particle, or an area of
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correspondingly low density. In addition, a particle has an excess
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of outward-directed energy vectors, and an anti-particle has an
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excess of inward-directed energy vectors. Those vectors are what we
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usually call electric charge.
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Gravity is not a force of attraction between objects; rather, two
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objects are impelled towards each other by energy vectors impinging
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on the surfaces of those objects that do not face each other.
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Netwon's laws of gravitation hold, although their derivation is
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different than in Newton's system.
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Gravitational waves arise in various ways, but, in general, a large
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astronomical disturbance, such as the explosion of a supernova,
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instantaneously modulates the rhysmonic energy vectors. That
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modulation might then appear, for example, superimposed on the
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Earth's gravitaional-field flux -- and it would be detectable by
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circuits like those described here.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Diagrams
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--------
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Fig. 2 - A Basic gravity-wave
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detector is very simple. The
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- - - - )| - - - -- - - - -. charge build-up on capacitor C1
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. Cx 470pF . is due to gravity-wave impulses
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. . amplified by IC1 for output.
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. .
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. .
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. R1 1.3M . R2 see text
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o----v^v^v^----------------o -----v^v^v^------------------O DC
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| | | Output
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| ^ | |
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| _ | +9V | |
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| 2| \_|7 | |
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o---------| \_ | |
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_|_ |IC1 \_ 6 | | C2 see text
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___ C1 | 741 _>--------o---o-----|(---------------------O Audio
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| .22 3| _/ Output
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o---------| _/4
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| |_/ |
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| v -9V
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|-----------------------------------------------------------O Gnd
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Page 8
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O
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Output
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R1 500K R2 1.5M R5 100K |
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-----^v^v^v------^v^v^v-- |----^v^v^v----------------------o
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| ^ | | |
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| | | | |
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| _ |___| | _ ^ +9V |
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| 2| \_ | | 6| \_ | |
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o---------| \_ | o------| \_|8 |
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_|_C1 |IC1-a\_ 1 | >R4 |IC1-b\_ 7 |
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___ .22 |1/2 _>-----o >5K |1/2 _>-----------------|
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| 3|1458_/ | > 5|1458_/
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o---------| _/ R3> | |---| _/ |4
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| |_/ 10K><---| | |_/ |
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| > | v -9V
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| | |
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|-----------------------o-------o-----------------------------O Gnd
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Fig. 4 -- A buffered output stage makes the gravity-wave detector
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easier to use.
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Parts List - Simple Detector Parts List - Buffered Detector
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All resistors 1/4-watt, 5%. All fixed resistors 1/4-watt, 5%.
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R1 - 1.3 megohm R1 - 500,000 ohms
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R2 - see text R2 - 1.5 megohms, potentiometer
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Capacitors R3 - 10,000 ohms, potentiometer
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C1 - 0.22 uF R4 - 5000 ohms
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C2 - see text R5 - 100,000 ohms
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Cx - see text Capacitors
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Semiconductors C1 - 0.22 uF
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IC1 - 741 op-amp Semiconductors
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IC1 - 1458 dual op-amp
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
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as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
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Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
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Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
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Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
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Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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If we can be of service, you may contact
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Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Page 9
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