278 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
278 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
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| File Name : COMPULS1.ASC | Online Date : 09/19/94 |
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| Contributed by : Perry Mick | Dir Category : GRAVITY |
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| From : KeelyNet BBS | DataLine : (214) 324-3501 |
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| KeelyNet * PO BOX 870716 * Mesquite, Texas * USA * 75187 |
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| A FREE Alternative Sciences BBS sponsored by Vanguard Sciences |
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The following is taken from the summary at the end of a book called:
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'Radiational Theory of Gravitation and Structure of Matter, Gravitation as an
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Inexhaustible Source of Energy' by Jaromir Hrbek of the Czechoslovak Academy
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of Sciences.
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This book was published in 1978, and may be hard to locate in the U.S. because
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of its communist origins. I checked it out of the University of Oregon Science
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Library.
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The author makes a very good case against Newton-Einstein, but his replacement
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theory is a little harder to accept. However, here it is for everybody to
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evaluate for themselves.
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Perry J. Mick
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Raamco Avionics, Inc.
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P.O. Box 41271
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Eugene, Oregon 97404
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SUMMARY (P. 271)
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The treatise is divided into seven chapters.
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I. PREFACE
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The reader is informed about the reasons making the author publish his new
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theory more than 40 years after its foundation had been laid. Being a
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physician -- clinical neurologist and neurophysiologist -- he is but an amateur
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in physics and astronomy. A detailed discussion with experts in 1949 resulted
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in their refusal to accept the new conception. It should however be stressed
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that despite the great effort of many investigators the true explanation of the
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nature of gravitation has not been proposed for what now has been 5 centuries
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since Copernicus and 3 centuries since Newton. Let, therefore, a layman offer
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his contribution to the solution of this problem. He proposes (see Chapter VI)
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a number of experimental measurements to decide whether his new conception is
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right or wrong. Practical application of the gravitational energy, which
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according to this theory is possible, will play the role of the experimentum
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crucis.
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II. REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF COSMOLOGY AND STUDY OF THE NATURE OF GRAVITATION
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History shows that the questions of gravitational interaction between material
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bodies could not be studied at all before the victory of the heliocentric
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picture of our solar system made by Aristarchos and Copernicus.
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Starting from the synthesis of Galilei's dynamics of the motion of terrestrial
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bodies and Kepler's kinematics of the motion of celestial bodies Isaac Newton
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had laid the foundations of classical mechanics and mathematically formulated
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his law of gravitation perfectly verified in practice. Newton, however, tried
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to find the causam gravitatis in vain. Contrary to his own opinions, his
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collaborators introduced and spread the conception in the form traditionally
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held till today: Gravitation is regarded as a general immanent property of
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all matter (qualitas occulta). It is the ability of bodies to attract
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themselves (vis attractiva), even at distance and in empty space (actio in
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distans).
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The past almost 3 centuries have seen scores of attempts to explain gravitation
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by direct mechanical effect of the impacts of ether atoms or ether pressure,
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hydrodynamic, electrodynamic, thermodynamic, and other theories. All of them
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have failed after the proof that no presupposed ether exists.
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Within his general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein submitted mathematical
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description of the gravitational field and formulated a new law of gravitation
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containing Newton's law as a special case. Einstein did not deal with the
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nature of gravitation at all. Being an advocate of Mach's empirio-criticism
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and positivism he considered this problem as meaningless, inaccessible to
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scientific exploration. Further gravitational theories have also presented
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only different mathematical description of the gravitational effect.
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The true explanation of gravitation, i.e. interpretation of the material nature
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and causal conditioning of gravitational interaction between bodies has not
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been made yet.
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III. RADIATIONAL THEORY OF GRAVITATION
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The radiational theory of gravitation is based on the following premises:
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(1) There does not exist any empty space among material bodies and particles.
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There is no Newtonian absolute space (sensorium Dei), no Kantian space as
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a mere sensing form of intellect (sensorium Homini), no immaterial only
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force or effect field. Space (and space-time) is the form of the existence
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of matter. All space surrounding material macrosystems and minisystems is
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filled with material cosmic radiation. Radiation is the cosmogonically
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oldest and cosmologically most extensive state of matter (beside material
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macrosystems of the gaseous, liquid, and solid states). Radiation is
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independent (free, unbound) motion of individual smallest systems
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(minisystems) of matter. Material radiation covers a broad scale of
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radiational minisystems -- starting from zero units of the primitive
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substance through minisystems of the 1st, 2nd, etc. order up to
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infraphotons of the (n-2) order, infraelectrons and infranucleons of the
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(n-1) order, and the so-called elementary particles of the (n) order,
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particularly electrons and nucleons. There is no immaterial, only wave
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radiation. The wave properties of radiational material minisystems are
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manifestations of the inner motion of the constituents of the minisystems,
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i.e. of elements of a lower order bound in the studied minisystems. The
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structure of the minisystems can be of the following double type: (a) pair
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of oscillating elements, (b) "planetary" patterns with central nucleolus
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and orbiting elements.
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(2) The principal generators of radiation are all forms and evolutional stages
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of the whole cosmic mass -- metagalaxies, intergalactic provinces, galaxies
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and stars. It is cosmic radiation in the widest sense of the word (not the
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so-called cosmic or height corpuscular radiation!) filling the whole space
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of the Universe. The stream of this cosmic radiation flowing in from all
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directions is in the area of our planetary system mingling with radiation
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emitted by the Sun. But in principle, all material systems can be the
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source of radiation, though to a varying extent. This applies to planets,
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Earth and atoms of terrestrial bodies as well.
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(3) Mutual interaction between material radiation and condensed material
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systems is effectuated in four main ways: (a) emission of radiation, (b)
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incidence and reflection of radiation, (c) penetration of radiation
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(including refraction, diffraction, interference and polarization), and (d)
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absorption of radiation.
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(4) Minisystems of material radiation striking upon the body and reflected or
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absorbed show, among other effects, the mechanical effect, i.e.
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transferring part of their impulse to the body. If the body is acted upon
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by an asymmetric current of cosmic radiation (predominant from a certain
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direction) the total motion effect can be considerable since the number of
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radiational minisystems is immense and their velocities tremendous, though
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the mass of an individual minisystem may be negligibly small.
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(5) A body placed in the medium of cosmic radiation can bring about changes in
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the radiational field: (a) reflecting part of the afferent arrival of
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cosmic radiation, (b) absorbing part of the cosmic radiation and causing
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reduction of the radiation stream, producing permanent partial radiational
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shade (shielding), (c) emitting efferent stream of its own radiation (of
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various intensity). All the mass of the body participates in these events,
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not only the surface layers (as it is the case with optic phenomena).
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Explanation of the nature of gravitation. New law of gravitation.
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Gravitational interaction between material macrosystems is due to a special
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mutual intervention of at least two bodies in their relations to the
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radiational medium. These relations are illustrated by the analysis of four
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imagined situations:
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(1) All the existing matter of the Universe is condensed in a single body, all
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the remaining space being empty. Only the body's own emission of
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radiation, or its gradual condensation can become manifested in this case.
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The gravitational property of a solitary material system does not and
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cannot be manifested in any way.
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(2) Under the same conditions there are two bodies M1 and M2 coexisting at the
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distance r between them. Distant interaction between both bodies is
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mediated by the emission of their own material radiation and manifested by
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mutual repelling, repulsion of both bodies.
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Repulsion between bodies M1 and M2 is brought about by the mechanical effect
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of M1's own radiation striking upon M2 (and vice versa -- provided both bodies
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emit their own radiation).
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The intensity of the total emission of radiational minisystems of various kinds
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and types by M1 is proportional to its mass and it diminishes with the square
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of the distance r. The mechanical repulsive effect is proportional to the mass
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of the hit M2. Using e1 to designate the resulting vector of the repulsive
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effect of M1's radiation upon M2, e2 to denote the vector of the repulsive
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effect of M2's emission upon M1, mutual repulsion R can be expressed in the
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following way.
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R = -(M1*M2/r^2)*(e1+e2)
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No attraction of masses occurs and can occur in this situation.
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Gravitation is no general immanent property of matter.
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(3) A solitary spherical body is situated in the centre of an immense hollow
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sphere with all the other bodies of the Universe evenly distributed making
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up its wall.
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The solitary mass remains in the state of rest. The repulsive effects of
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cosmic radiation striking on it equally from all directions are neutralized.
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The radiation emitted by the body can contribute to the repulsion (expansion)
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of the enveloping mass.
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There is no gravitational attraction of masses.
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(4) Under the conditions of (3) there are two material bodies M1 and M2
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coexisting in the central part of the Universe and placed at their mutual
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distance r. This schematic situation brings us very close to reality. A
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qualitative turn is found here in the interaction between bodies and
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material cosmic radiation.
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If both bodies emit their own radiation, the result is mutual repulsion in the
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sense of (2).
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But the effect of cosmic radiation is radically changing with coexistence of
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at least two bodies. Cosmic radiation now does not strike either of the two
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bodies in an even and symmetrical fashion from all directions and its
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mechanical effect is not neutralized -- as it was the case with a solitary
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body. The arrival of cosmic radiation is now asymmetrical because part of the
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radiation travelling to the mass of M1 is intercepted by M2 and vice versa.
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Both bodies are in part mutually shielding themselves from the impact of cosmic
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radiation. The consequence of this is a partial radiational shade or
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shielding. Cosmic radiation coming to the bodies from the averted directions
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becomes dominant. It acts upon both bodies with its asymmetrical mechanical
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effect, forcing them together or compelling them along their connecting line
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in what is a compulsive action. This is the true mechanism of the conjectural
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gravitational attraction between masses.
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Mutual compulsion between bodies M1 and M2 in the field of cosmic radiation c
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is caused by mutual radiational shading of both bodies and the origin of the
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prevalence of the mechanical effect exerted by the cosmic radiation striking
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upon bodies from averted directions.
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Let us use c1 to designate the resulting vector of the prevalent effect of
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cosmic radiation upon M1 due to radiational shading by M2, c2 to denote the
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compulsion vector of M2 due to the shading by M1. The radiational shading is
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proportional to the shielding mass, its intensity diminishing with the square
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of the distance r. the compulsive effect of cosmic radiation is proportional
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to the mass of the compelled body and to the screening intensity of the other
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body.
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Mutual compulsion C between bodies M1 and M2 due to the prevalent mechanical
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effect of the cosmic radiation c1 and c2 can in its simplest form be expressed
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in the following way:
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C = (M1*M2/r^2)*(c1+c2)
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Real gravitational interaction between material bodies arises only in case of
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coexistence of at least two bodies in the medium of cosmic radiation. Active
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factor of this mutual compulsion is the asymmetrical mechanical effect of
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cosmic radiation due to the mutual radiational (gravitational) shade
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(shielding) of both bodies. Gravitational interaction always includes (though
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to a varying extent) emission of the body's own radiation which is the active
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agent of mutual repulsion between bodies. According to what is the proportion
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between compulsion and repulsion the resulting total effect of gravitational
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interaction may be very different.
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In terms of the radiational theory our new law of gravitation can be formulated
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in its simplest general form in the following way:
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Gravitational interaction G between bodies M1 and M2 in the medium of cosmic
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radiation is the result of mutual compulsion between both bodies through the
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effect of the c1 and c2 vectors of cosmic radiation arising from the mutual
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radiational shading of the bodies, and of mutual repulsion R between the bodies
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through the effect of the e1 and e2 vectors of their own radiation emission
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striking upon the other body.
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G = (M1*M2/r^2)*[(c1+c2)-(e1+e2)]
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If the radiation emitted by the body itself is little or negligible, the result
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is complete compulsion of bodies (collision) at uniformly accelerated motion.
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This is the case of the Earth's gravitational field, where an object is exposed
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to one-sided prevalence of cosmic radiation in the huge radiational
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(gravitational) shade thrown by the Earth.
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If, however, at least one of the bodies (e.g. the Sun) has high production of
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its own radiation, the other body with low emission (e.g. the Earth) is kept
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at a great distance at which the repulsive effect can be neutralized with the
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compulsive gravitational action.
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The radiational theory of gravitation applies the role of the mutual
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radiational (gravitational) shielding between bodies stressed by LeSage (and
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perhaps even earlier by N. Fatio and F. A. Redecker) from new points of view.
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The opinions expressed by G. W. F. Hegel and F. Engels are confirmed here in
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concrete form, namely that the so-called attraction between bodies can be due
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only to repulsion. In our interpretation, it is the active mechanical effect
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of incident cosmic radiation, or radiation emitted by the body itself.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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This is the first file of three. To be continued...
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roportion between compulsion and repulsion the r
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