265 lines
9.5 KiB
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265 lines
9.5 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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PO BOX 1031
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Mesquite, TX 75150
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There are ABSOLUTELY NO RESTRICTIONS
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on duplicating, publishing or distributing the
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files on KeelyNet!
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August 25, 1991
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CFG1.ASC
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This file shared with KeelyNet courtesy of Woody Moffitt.
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Charge Fluctuations as a Possible
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Origin of Biefeld-Brown Effects
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by Darrell Moffitt
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The Biefeld-Brown effect, if it is not ionic, presents the
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phenomenon of a highly charged electrical condenser moving in the
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direction of its positive pole when suspended in a gravitational
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field.
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A possible explanation for this behavior might be found by
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invoking statistical mechanics. A fundamental theorem of this
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discipline states that the maximum fluctuations of a given system
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are directly proportional to the square root of the particle number.
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Given this result, it is illuminating to consider the role played by
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charge fluctuations in a Biefeld-Brown device. A simple calculation
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reveals a curious fact.
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One gram of matter contains
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6.0223*10^23 (Avogadro's number)
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proton-electron combinations. Thus, a maximum fluctuation in this
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system corresponds to a particle number of approximately
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7.7604*10^11 "neutral" charge pairs.
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(The pairing is not completely neutral, as virtual fluctuations and
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polarization effects are always present.)
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If one takes a value of
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2.3071*10^-19 (gm*cm^3/t^2) for the proton-electron interaction,
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and multiplies it by the fluctuation particle number, the resulting
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quantity,
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1.7037*10^-7(gm*cm^3/t^2),
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represents the (maximal) fluctuation charge product in a gram of
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matter. (All units are in the cgs system.)
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Page 1
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Recent measurements of Newton's constant yield a figure of roughly
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6.6732*10^-8(cm^3/gm*t^2).
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Therefore, the magnitude of gravitational interaction between two
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grams of matter is just slightly less than that produced by charge
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fluctuations within the sample. Let's look at this more closely.
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Statistical systems are usually described in terms of distribution
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functions. One of these, the Gaussian distribution,
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(exp(-x ^2)/2pi)^(1/2),
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often appears in studies of statistical systems, and is used to
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generate the first-order wave functions of quantum mechanics.
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Simple fluctuation waves then, are specified by equations of the
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form
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(N*exp(-x^2)/2pi)^(1/2).
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This function, however, describes a total distribution, not the
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steady-state, equilibrium behavior of the system.
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That is better described by limit-point equations, i.e., iterative
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equations whose output is fed back until it reaches a singular
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value.
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Iterative equations possess many remarkable properties, one being
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that of self-similar (fractal solution) structure. They also
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demonstrate limit-point, oscillatory, or chaotic behaviors,
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depending upon the nature of the function and its parameters.
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The function of interest here is the Gaussian distribution. Its
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equilibrium value is given by the equation
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(exp(-x^2)/(2pi))^(1/2))-x=0, where x=.3722.
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Multiplying "x" by the figure given above for total fluctuations
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(per gram) yields a value of roughly
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6.6639*10^-8(gm*cm^3/t^2)(1/gm)^2
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which agrees with Newton's constant to within 99.86%.
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This coincidence, if that is what it is, suggests a probable
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relation between Biefeld-Brown effects and gravitation, but fails to
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relate more than a quantitative agreement of amplitudes.
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Extending the analysis requires treatment of such topics as charge
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screening, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and plasma physics,
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notably the physics of wave propagation in cold plasmas.
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Extensive studies by this author and others indicate that true
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gravitation is an electromagnetic phenomenon described most
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accurately by equations related to the Casimir potentials of quantum
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mechanics, and predicated upon the existence of a vacuum ground
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state (zero point energy).
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This approach has to date yielded numerous relations whose
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Page 2
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predictions agree with measured gravitation to an accuracy on par
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with that of quantum electrodynamics, based upon a treatment of
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scalar mass potentials in the context of stochastic electrodynamics
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(unpublished).
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Therefore, it is the author's belief that Biefeld-Brown effects
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originate in mass-bound charge fluctuations of bulk matter, whereas
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vacuum, or "true" gravitation must be described theoretically at a
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single-particle level, a process qualitatively distinct from that
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suggested by the previous study.
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If this is true,it should be possible to derive a theory based on
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interactions of mass-bound charge fluctuations with virtual states
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of the quantum vacuum.
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A useful starting point for such studies is Fradkin and Shabad's
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1974 paper "Spontaneous Breaking of Translational Invariance in
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Quantum Electrodynamics".
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There, Fradkin and Shabad propose a theory of vacuum structure which
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is noteworthy for its description of "spontaneous" charged particle
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currents propagating at lightspeed, i.e., in massless form.
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Fradkin and Shabad also derive spacelike (superluminal,
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longitudinal) wave vectors which couple to produce the tranverse,
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luminal photons normally observed.
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In conclusion, the physics of mass-bound charge fluctuations is (to
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this author's knowledge) an unexplored but highly useful field of
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inquiry. In time it may yield a deeper comprehension of both
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Biefeld-Brown effects and the virtual phenomenon of quantum
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vacuum physics.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Author's Note: Some preceeding statements were made on the basis
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of unpublished proprietary work, without elaboration,
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in the hope of encouraging new lines of inquiry and
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discourse related to alternative research. Competent
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readers will at once recognize its unfinished nature.
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Note 2 : The paper referred to above, "Spontaneous Breaking
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of Translational Invariance in Quantum
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Electrodynamics", may be found in "Proceedings of
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P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics, Vol.57", p.223-
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243, published by Consultants Bureau in conjunction
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with Plenum Publishing.
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A good introduction to Casimir potentials will be
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found in the Nov 1986 edition of "Physics
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Today",p.37-45, titled "Retarded, or Casimir, long-
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range potentials", by Larry Spruch.
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This includes a brief description of the "Casimir
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force", (pi*hc/480), and a calculation of Van de
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Waals forces in polarizable systems.
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Page 3
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Readers may also wish to consult bibliographies contained in the
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KeelyNet files "ZPE1" and "ZPE2", specifically the papers by H.E.
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Puthoff and A.E.Sakharov.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
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as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
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Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
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Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
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Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
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Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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If we can be of service, you may contact
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Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346
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Page 4
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