661 lines
27 KiB
Plaintext
661 lines
27 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=78, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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PO BOX 1031
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Mesquite, TX 75150
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August 10, 1990
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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The Void Theory
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as derived by
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Steven L. Comee
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(courteously shared by Dan A. Davidsion)
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If you have questions or comments regarding this paper,
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please direct them to
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Vangard at the above address or directly to
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Steven Comee
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1106 Waverly Heights Drive
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Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
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....thank you....Sysop
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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What is the cause of matter?
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(Why does it exist?)
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What is matter, physically?
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What is the cause of gravity?
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What is the cause of the electric charge?
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Why are the electrons, protons, and neutrons
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the only predominate particles?
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Why are neutrons necessary to hold an atom's nucleus together?
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Why do neutron stars form but not proton stars?
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Why is the speed of light the value it is?
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Why do Quarks have charges of 1/3, 2/3 and 1?
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Why do electrons tunnel?
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Why does superconductivity occur?
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Why do a very few people have "supernatural" experiences?
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Why does a "big bang" occur?
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How can one travel to the stars and back in only
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a few hours elapsed time (at the point of origin)?
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How can you make antimatter?
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These are the questions that this theory answers directly. The key
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question to answer is what is Matter?
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Page 1
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To start, let's go back to the basics. One condition of Einstein's
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Theory of Relativity was that space and time were isotropic and
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homogeneous.
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If matter is physically something, then one would need at least one
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more dimension to account for it. Maybe not. Consider the
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opposite; maybe matter ISN'T SOMETHING.
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By considering the law of thermodynamics of increasing entropy
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(disorder), quantum mechanics, and any form of Murphy's Law all
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blended together, I propose the following :
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HYPOTHESIS
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The Universe is not perfect because it is elastic to a limit.
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This elasticity means that a void (or missing dimension) may
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occur anywhere at any time.
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The size of a void is quantized. A uniform random probability
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distribution function governs the creation and destruction of the
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voids throughout the universe.
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The density of this function is high enough such that voids can
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coalesce (since there are larger particles than voids in the
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universe.)
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DISCUSSION:
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A void causes a distortion to space/time because of the
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elasticity of space and time. The distortion is thus infinite.
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A void is an imperfection in the homoge<67>eous and isotrpic
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assumption. This distortion to space and time due to the existence
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of a void is what we call gravity and the void is called a particle
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of matter.
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Gravity is always an attractive force because space/time tries to
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minimize the distortion (that is, to be stretched as little as
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possible). There is no such thing as anti-gravity (due to the
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definition of gravity).
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If there is a limit to how elastic space/time is, then there is a
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limit to how fast a void can travel through space/time as well as a
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limit to how big a void may get. This is why the speed of light is
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the value it is and why a big bang occurs; they are a direct measure
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of how elastic space/time is. They are the limits to which space
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and time may be stretched.
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Time flow (time velocity or dt) is not associated with space (it
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is orthogonal) but with each void because the void either does or
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does not exist at an absolute location at an absolute time.
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If the time flow is positive, it is called matter.
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If the time flow is negative, it is called antimatter.
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If the time flow is zero, it is called energy.
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Page 2
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This then offers an explanation as to why matter and antimatter
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annihilate each other just by touching, producing energy; their time
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flows cancel each other, and particles with zero time flows are
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energy.
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The particles still exist, which is why conservation of momentum
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is maintained. It also explains the particle nature of energy
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(light).
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It is important to note that the elastic limit applies to the sum
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of the speed through space AND TIME because this gives us two
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important boundary conditions.
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If the absolute spatial speed is 0, then the absolute time flow
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is at a maximum; and if the absolute spatial speed is the speed of
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light, then the absolute time flow is zero.
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Thus in order to move about in space, you must give up some of
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your time flow. To travel anywhere in the universe "instantly",
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your absolute time flow must be zero.
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If you go back to the four basic equations that make up the
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Theory of Relativity and add time flow, you get a set of four linear
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differential equations. When using a constant velocity (Special
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Relativity) or constant acceleration (General Relativity) between
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two frames of reference, the derivatives for velocity or
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acceleration must be used (because dt varies).
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The boundary conditions needed to solve the differential
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equations is the elastic limit of space/time.
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Imagine all three spatial velocity vectors represented by one.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Vangard comments...
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(This is what John W. Keely discovered in the late 1800's,
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he found that each of the 3 vectors
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formed varying percentages of the total flow of 100% and
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that these percentages could be CONTROLLED
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to generate a variety of effects)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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This is where the Theory of Relativity stops and uses the speed
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of light. ut the universe has four vectors. Now add a time flow
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vector to the spatial vector.
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The resultant universe velocity vector has an absolute maximum
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value and is the new boundary condition (which is determined by the
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elasticity of space/time).
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What events lead up to a "big bang"? Just as a rock is
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pulverized when subjected to enough pressure, there should be a
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point at which a void has stretched the universe to its elastic
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limit.
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When the limit is reached, the void cannot be moving spatially
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and thus its time flow is at the maximum. When the void tries to
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exceed the spatial/time limit, that point in the universe snaps back
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to its original shape.
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Page 3
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This requires that the void disappear instantly. It can do this
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by changing all of its time flow to spatial velocity.
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Thus its maximum time flow jumps to zero (turns to energy), and
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it must pulverize <20>to obey the conservation of momentum. A "big
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bang" is just a local event and will eventually disperse the matter
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back to the norm. Thus the question of an open/closed universe has
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no meaning. It is neither. The universe is a concept.
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Tunnelling is possible when a small void (say an electron) is
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perfectly aligned (travelling perpendicularly) with the missing
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dimension of a larger void. It can then pass right through.
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Resistance can be viewed as the result of the attractive forces
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(due to time flow) between an electron and the quarks in the
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nucleus.
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If a geometric configuration of the neutrons and protons in a
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material could be arranged (as in a crystal) so as to shield the
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positive time flowing voids from external electrons, then those
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electrons should see no resistance. Temperature and pressure affect
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crystal structure, so they should also affect resistance.
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If an event in the future generates voids which travel backwards
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in time faster than the event travels forward in time, then it
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should be possible to foretell that particular event.
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Similarly, if an event in the past generates voids which travel
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forward in time faster than the event travels forward in time, then
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it should be possible to relive the event.
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Mathematically, a void is the absence of at least one dimension.
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Thus there are 15 unique types of voids or elementary particles. and
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one quasi-particle. This number is determined by the number of
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coordinates used. Visually, this can be shown in a binary table,
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where 1 represents the presence of that dimension :
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x y z t
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1 0 0 0 0
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2 0 0 0 1
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3 0 0 1 0
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4 0 0 1 1
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5 0 1 0 0
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6 0 1 0 1
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7 0 1 1 0
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8 0 1 1 1
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9 1 0 0 0
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10 1 0 0 1
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11 1 0 1 0
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12 1 1 0 0
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13 1 1 0 1
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14 1 1 1 0
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15 1 1 1 1
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Level 15 is the "normal" or (empty) universe.
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Page 4
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Now lets' rearrange these entries according to the number of
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dimensions missing and whether time is present:
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dimensions anti-
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x y z t missing charge particle comment
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1 1 1 1 0 0 yes neutrino (when t is
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out of phase) (no
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mass)
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0 1 1 1 1 1/3 yes quark (d - green)
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1 0 1 1 1 1/3 yes quark (d - blue)
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1 1 0 1 1 1/3 yes quark (d - red)
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1 1 1 0 1 0 no photon (no mass)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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0 0 1 1 2 2/3 yes quark (u - red)
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0 1 0 1 2 2/3 yes quark (u - blue)
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1 0 0 1 2 2/3 yes quark (u - green)
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0 1 1 0 2 1/3 no
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1 0 1 0 2 1/3 no
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1 1 0 0 2 1/3 no
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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0 0 0 1 3 1 yes electron
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0 0 1 0 3 2/3 no
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0 1 0 0 3 2/3 no
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1 0 0 0 3 2/3 no
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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0 0 0 0 4 1 no
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Note the quark symmetry : u d
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red 001 110
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blue 010 101
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green 100 011
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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"t" must be present for a particle to have an antimatter
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counterpart since antimatter is nothing more than the particle
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travelling backwards in time.
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What is more intriguing are the particles which are missing the
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time dimension. This means they only exist for an instant (t=n) and
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hence cannot be detected directly like an electron. These are the
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virtual or "transfer" particles in most unified theories.
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Charge is a measure of the number of spatial dimensions missing.
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The positive and negative attribute normally associated with charge
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really belongs to the time dimension.
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A negative charge (say an electron) is really an antimatter
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particle.
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Page 5
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A proton is composed of three quarks, one of which is antimatter,
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and two of the three quarks in a neutron are antimatter. By placing
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the "sign" of a charge with the time dimension, one can understand
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where all the antimatter went when cosmologists ask symmetry
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questions. It is all around us.
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Matter/antimatter annihilation occurs only when all of the voids
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in each particle match dimensionally, which is why the quarks in
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protons and neutrons coexist; they are not identical.
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The table could be further subdivided for each entry with more
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than one dimension missing in which at least one dimension was
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traveling forward in time and the remaining dimensions traveling
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backwards in time.
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Two voids (charges) travelling in the same time direction repel
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each other because they are trying to occupy the same time and
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space.
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"Opposite charges" attract because their opposite time flows pull
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the voids together and allow the voids to occupy the same space (and
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hence annihilation).
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This force between stationary voids which have a time dimension
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is called the electrostatic force. When the voids are moving, it is
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called the electromagnetic force.
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From the above table, one can see why there are only six quarks.
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Like a crystal, a larger particle can be built up from smaller
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particles.
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A composite particle is stable when all three spatial dimensions
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are in symmetry (i.e. an integer charge number). A particle missing
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one dimension will attract another particle missing the same
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dimension with the opposite time flow and missing at least one of
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the remaining dimensions, and repel those missing the same dimension
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with the same time flow. The force that governs the making of
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composite particles is called the strong force.
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How the strong force behaves (three ways) depends upon the
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structure of the particle.
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Symmetry can consist of two voids in one spatial dimension
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travelling in opposite time directions. It can also be one spatial
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dimension travelling opposite time directions. Or it can just be a
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void in each spatial dimension.
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The three colors associated with each quark is nothing more than
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the three ways that the voids within a quark may be oriented. The
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d-quarks have one void and the u-quarks have two voids.
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Making a composite particle is somewhat like balancing a chemical
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equation. And by looking at the void symmetry, one can get a
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feeling for a particle's behavior.
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Page 6
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For example; a neutron has its voids travelling in opposite time
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directions (zero net time flow) and a proton has three voids all
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travelling forward in time (positive net time flow):
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Neutron
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( 0 0 1 +) -> ( 0 0 1 +) |
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( 0 1 1 -) -> ( 0 1 1 -) |
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( 1 0 1 -) -> ( 0 1 0 +) |
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( 0 0 0 -) electron
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( 1 1 1 -) antineutrino
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Geometric structure:
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+ - + - +
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-
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When particles break up or combine, there may be a transfer of
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voids between particles. At the instant of transfer, at least one
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of the eight virtual particles is involved.
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The force that transfers a void between particles is called the
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weak force. Since this transfer of voids takes place within a
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composite particle, the weak force is only effective for a short
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time and hence for only a short distance.
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The electrostatic, electromagnetic, strong, and weak force are
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all the result of the force between voids due to their time flow
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direction, whereas gravity is the result of the force between voids
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due to their physical existence.
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Thus one could look at gravity as being orthogonal to the other
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forces and hence cannot be unified with them, other than they are
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all the result of a void.
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Gravity results in a larger single void to reduce the distortion
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to space/time whereas the other forces all result in a combination
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of individual voids in trying to eliminate the space/time
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distortion. That is why gravity is weaker than the other forces
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(reduce verse eliminate).
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EXPLANATION (PROOF) OF WHY THE UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF ELECTRONS,
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PROTONS, AND NEUTRONS:
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A stable (long lived) particle is one in which all three spatial
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dimensions have a net void each. From the above table, an electron
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fits this requirement right away.
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The next step would be to consider groups consisting of particles
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missing one and two dimensions:
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One Dimension Two Dimensions
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0 1 1 0 0 1
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1 0 1 0 1 0
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1 1 0 1 0 0
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Now list all possible combinations of one and two dimensional
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particles:
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011 011 011 101 101 101 110 110 110
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001 010 100 001 010 100 001 010 100
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Page 7
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Now list all possible combinations of one and two dimensional
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particles:
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011+ 011+ 011+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 110+ 110+ 110+
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001+ 010+ 100+ 001+ 010+ 100+ 001+ 010+ 100+
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011+ 011+ 011+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 110+ 110+ 110+
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001- 010- 100- 001- 010- 100- 001- 010- 100-
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011- 011- 011- 101- 101- 101- 110- 110- 110-
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001+ 010+ 100+ 001+ 010+ 100+ 001+ 010+ 100+
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011- 011- 011- 101- 101- 101- 110- 110- 110-
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001- 010- 100- 001- 010- 100- 001- 010- 100-
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Now select those pairs which can be attached. That is they have a
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(+) and a (-) void in the dimension. Note that two one-dimensional
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or two two-dimensional joining is matter/antimatter annihilation and
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thus cannot exist.
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011+ 011+ 011- 011- 101+ 101+ 101- 101- 110+ 110+ 110- 110-
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001- 010- 001+ 010+ 001- 100- 001+ 100+ 010- 100- 010+ 100+
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In all cases, there is a dangling void. Thus there can be no stable
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joining between just one one-dimensional void and one two-
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dimensional void.
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One solution would be to add one more one-dimensional void to
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balance the dangling void, just like a chemical equation. All
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possible additions are:
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011+ 011+ 011+ 011+ 011+ 011+ 011+ 011+ 011+ 011+ 011+ 011+
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011- 011- 011- 011- 011- 011- 011- 011- 011- 011- 011- 011-
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101+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 101+ 101+
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101- 101- 101- 101- 101- 101- 101- 101- 101- 101- 101- 101-
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110+ 110+ 110+ 110+ 110+ 110+ 110+ 110+ 110+ 110+ 110+ 110+
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110- 110- 110- 110- 110- 110- 110- 110- 110- 110- 110- 110-
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Only the dangling void can attract the one-dimensional void. This
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reduces the combinations to:
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011+ 011+ 011- 011- 101+ 101+ 101- 101- 110+ 110+ 110- 110-
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001- 010- 001+ 010+ 001- 100- 001+ 100+ 010- 100- 010+ 100+
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101+ 110+ 101- 110- 011+ 110+ 011- 110- 011+ 101+ 011- 101-
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---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
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111+ 111+ 111- 111- 111+ 111+ 111- 111- 111+ 111+ 111- 111-
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Note that by adding all the voids in each spatial dimension you get
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either 111- or 111+. A particle whose sum is 111- is the antimatter
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equivalent of 111+.
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Since one of the basic assumptions was that there is no preferred
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coordinate system, including time, then these twelve particles are
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really the same.
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Due to the right handed coordinate system chose, each of the six
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particles is simply the same particle rotated one way or another.
|
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Page 8
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This three quark particle is stable because all three spatial voids
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are neutralized ( 0 + with a 0 -), resulting in a sum of 111. Thus
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it is natural to call this particle a neutron.
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The only other solution would be to add one more two-dimensional
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void to balance the dangling void, just like a chemical equation.
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All possible additions are:
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001+ 001+ 001+ 001+ 001+ 001+ 001+ 001+ 001+ 001+ 001+ 001+
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001- 001- 001- 001- 001- 001- 001- 001- 001- 001- 001- 001-
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010+ 010+ 010+ 010+ 010+ 010+ 010+ 010+ 010+ 010+ 010+ 010+
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010- 010- 010- 010- 010- 010- 010- 010- 010- 010- 010- 010-
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100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+
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100- 100- 100- 100- 100- 100- 100- 100- 100- 100- 100- 100-
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Only the dangling void can attract the two-dimensional void
|
||
(otherwise there would still be an unbalanced dimension). This
|
||
reduces the combinations to :
|
||
|
||
011+ 011+ 011- 011- 101+ 101+ 101- 101- 110+ 110+ 110- 110-
|
||
001- 010- 001+ 010+ 001- 100- 001+ 100+ 010- 100- 010+ 100+
|
||
010- 001- 010+ 001+ 100- 001- 100+ 001+ 100- 010- 100+ 010+
|
||
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
|
||
000- 000- 000+ 000+ 000- 000- 000+ 000+ 000- 000- 000+ 000+
|
||
|
||
Note that by adding all the voids in each spatial dimension you get
|
||
either 000- or 000+. A particle whose sum is 000- is the antimatter
|
||
equivalent of 000+. Since one of the basic assumptions was that
|
||
there is no preferred coordinate system, including, time then these
|
||
twelve particles are really the same.
|
||
|
||
Due to time, the six 000- are the same as the six 000+. Due to the
|
||
right handed coordinate system chosen, each of the six particles is
|
||
simply the same particle rotated one way or another.
|
||
|
||
This three quark particle is stable because all three spatial
|
||
dimension are cancelled (1+ with a 1-), resulting in a sum of 000.
|
||
This is a particle with a charge of one. Thus it is natural to call
|
||
this particle a proton.
|
||
|
||
NEUTRONS: THE BINDING BUILDING BLOCKS
|
||
|
||
By looking at the geometric structure of the quarks that make up
|
||
a neutron, one can easily see that there are two negative attachment
|
||
points and two positive attachment points. This allows neutrons to
|
||
bind to themselves or to protons.
|
||
|
||
Protons only have two positive attachment points. Thus protons
|
||
cannot bind to themselves.
|
||
|
||
Neutron to Neutron Neutron to Proton
|
||
( Star ) ( Helium nucleus )
|
||
|
||
+ - + - + - +---+
|
||
- - - -
|
||
+ - + - +---+ - +
|
||
- -
|
||
|
||
Page 9
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
For more than one proton to be in an atom's nucleus there must be
|
||
neutrons to bind them together. Geometry can be used to show why
|
||
the neutrons do not increase uniformly in the periodic table as well
|
||
as why there are isotopes of various stabilities.
|
||
|
||
Neutron stars can form but not proton stars because only neutrons
|
||
can bind to themselves.
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
If you have comments or other information relating to such topics as
|
||
this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the Vangard
|
||
Sciences address as listed on the first page. Thank you for your
|
||
consideration, interest and support.
|
||
|
||
Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
|
||
Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
If we can be of service, you may contact
|
||
Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 484-3189
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
FINIS
|
||
Page 10
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