199 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
199 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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PO BOX 1031
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Mesquite, TX 75150
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There are ABSOLUTELY NO RESTRICTIONS
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on duplicating, publishing or distributing the
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files on KeelyNet except where noted!
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October 30, 1993
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NEWMAN6.ASC
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This file shared with KeelyNet courtesy of George W. Dahlberg P.E..
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From "Worlds whithin Worlds" The Story of Nuclear Energy
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Volume 1 By Isaac Azimov 1972
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Pg. 47
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The Law of Conservation of Energy
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"We have gone as far as we conveinently can in considering
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the intertwining strands of the atom and of electricity. It is
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to me to turn to the third strand - energy.
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To physicists the concept of "work" is that of exerting a
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force on a body and making it move through some distance. To lift
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a weight against the pull of gravity is work. To drive a nail
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into wood against the friction of its fibers is work.
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Anything capable of performing work is said to possess
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"energy" from Greek words meaning "work within".....
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The forms of energy are so many and so various that
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scientists were eager to find some rule that covered them all and
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would therefore serve as a unifying bond. It did not seem
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impossible that such a rule might exist, since one had been found
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in connection with matter that appeared in even greater variety
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than energy did.
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All matter, whatever its form and shape, possessed mass, and
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in the 1770s, the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-
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1794) discovered that the quantity of mass was constant. If a
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system of matter were isolated and made to undergo complicated
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chemical reactions, everything about it might change, but not its
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mass. A solid might turn into a gas, a single substance might
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change into two or three different substances, but whatever
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happened, the total mass at the end was exactly the same (as
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nearly as chemists could tell) as at the beginning. None was
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either created or destroyed, however, the nature of the matter
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might change. This was called the "law of conservation of mass".
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Naturally, it would occur to scientists to wonder if a
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similar law might hold for energy. The answer wasn't easy to get.
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It wasn't as simple to measure the quantity of energy as it was
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to measure the quantity of mass. Nor was it simple to pen up a
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quantity of energy and keep it from escaping or from gaining
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additional quantity from outside, as it was in the case of mass.
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Begining in 1840, however, the English physicist James
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Prescott Joule (1818-1889) began a series of experiments in which
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he made use of every form of energy he could think of. In each
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case he turned it into heat and allowed the heat to raise the
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temperature of a given quantity of water. He used the rise in
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Page 1
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temperature as a measure of energy. By 1847 he was convinced that
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any form of energy could be turned into fixed and predictable
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amounts of heat; that a certain amount of work was equivalent to
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a certain amount of heat.
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In that same year, the German physicist Herman Ludwig
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Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894) advanced the general notion
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that a fixed amount of energy in one form was equal to the same
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amount of energy in any other form. Energy might change its form
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over and over, but not change its amount. None could either be
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destroyed or created. This is the "law of conservation of
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energy"."
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________________________________________________________________
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Its interesting how a "rule" which might exist became a
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"LAW" of the conservation of mass, and a conviction and a
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"general notion" became the "LAW" of conservation of energy. The
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scientists of the 1700s and 1800s had crude instruments compared
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to our present day. They did well for the time but our present
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day scientists still quote the "LAWS", perhaps because it's
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easier than thinking. GWD
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_________________________________________________________________
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Page 56
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"The sun's mass was known and its rate of energy production
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was known. Suppose the sun's mass were a mixture of hydrogen and
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oxygen and it were burning at a rate sufficient to produce the
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energy at the rate it was giving it off. If that were so, all the
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hydrogen and oxygen in its mass would be consumed in 1500 years.
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No chemical reaction in the sun could account for its having
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given us heat and light since the days of the pyramids, let alone
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since the days of the dinosaurs......
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In 1854 Helmholtz came up with something better. He
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suggested that the sun was contracting. Its outermost layers were
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falling inward and the energy of this fall was converted to heat
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and light. Whats more, this energy would be obtained without any
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change in the mass of the sun whatever.
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Helmholtz calculated that the sun's contraction over the
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6000 years of recorded history would have reduced its diameter
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only 560 miles - a change that would not have been noticeable to
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the unaided eye. Since the development of the telescope, two and
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a half centuries earlier, the decrease in diameter would have
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been only 23 miles and that was not measurable by the best
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techniques of Helmholtz's day.
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Working backward, however, it seemed that 25 million years
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ago, the sun must have been so large as to fill the earth's
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orbit. Clearly the earth could not then have existed. In that
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case, the maximum age of the earth was only 25 million years.
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Geoligists and biologists found themselves disturbed with
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this.......
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Yet there seemed absolutely no way of accounting for the
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sun's energy supply. Either the law of conservation of energy was
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wrong (which seemed unlikely), or the painfully collected
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evidence of geologists and biologists was wrong (which seemed
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unlikely), or there was some source of energy greater than any
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known in the 19th century, whose existence had somehow escaped
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mankind (which also seemed unlikely).
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Yet one of those unlikely alternatives would have to be
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true. And then in 1896 came the discovery of
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radioactivity..............
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Page 2
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Pg. 72
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The German physicist Alfred Heinrich Bucherer reported in
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1908 that speeding electrons did gain mass just the amount
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predicted by Einstein's theory.........
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Pg. 73
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The energy equivalent of 1 gram of mass.... would keep a 100
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watt light bulb burning for 35,000 years.
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It is this vast difference between the tiny quantity of mass
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and the huge amount of energy to which it is equivalent that
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obscured the relationship over the years. When a chemical
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reaction liberates energy, the mass of the materials undergoing
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the reaction decreases slightly - but very slightly.......
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No instrument known to the chemists of the 19th century
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could have detected so tiny a loss of mass in such a large total.
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No wonder, then that from Lavoisier on, scientists thought that
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the law of conservation of mass held exactly......
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It was no longer quite accurate to talk about the
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conservation of mass after 1905 (.....). Instead, it is more
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proper to speak of the conservation of energy, and to remember
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that mass was one form of energy and a very concentrated
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form........ When a uranium atom broke down through a series of
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steps to a lead atom, it produced a million times as much energy
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as that same atom would release if it were involved in even the
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most violent of chemical changes........"
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________________________________________________________________
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Newmans Energy Machine
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In one of the forms of the energy machine of Joseph Westley
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Newman, 55 miles of heavy copper conductor are wound in a huge
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inductance coil. There are several naturally occuring isotopes of
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copper. Given a high frequency burst of high voltage electricity
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into this inductor, is it that inconceivable that an isotopic low
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(on the atomic scale) energy release takes place, or heaven
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forbid, some actual total conversion of some of the copper atoms.
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After having seen his machines working in close proximity at a
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Senate Subcommittee meeting in Washington DC several years ago, I
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find it hard to believe that they don't "work" due to violation
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of the above "laws" of conservation of mass or energy.
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Compliments of George W. Dahlberg P.E.
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as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
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Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
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Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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