397 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
397 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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October 30, 1993
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NEMWAN5.ASC
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This file shared with KeelyNet courtesy of Idan Mandelbaum.
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NEWMAN'S THEORY
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By Roger Hastings PhD
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Transcribed By George W. Dahlberg P.E.
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I do not intend to recapitulate the theory presented in Newman's
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book, but rather to briefly provide my interpretation of his
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ideas. Newman began studying electricity and magnetism in the mid
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1960's. He has a mechanical background, and was looking for a
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mechanical description of electromagnetic fields. That is, he
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assumed that there must be a mechanical interaction between, for
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example, two magnets. He could not find such a description in any
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book, and decided that he would have to provide his own
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explanation. He came to the conclusion that if electromagnetic
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fields consisted of tiny spinning particles moving at the speed
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of light along the field lines, then he could explain all
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standard electromagnetic phenomena through the interaction of
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spinning particles. Since the spinning particles interact in the
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same way as gyroscopes, he called the particles gyroscopic
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particles. In my opinion, such spinning particles do provide a
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qualitative description of electromagnetic phenomena, and his
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model is useful in understanding complex electrical situations
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(note that without a pictoral model one must rely solely upon
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mathematical equations which can become extremely complex).
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Given that electromagnetic fields consist of matter in motion, or
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kenetic energy, Joe decided that it should be possible to tap
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this kinetic energy. He likes to say "How long did man sit next
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to a stream before he invented the paddle wheel?". Joe built a
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variety of unusual devices to tap the kinetic energy in
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electromagnetic fields before he arrived at his present motor
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design. He likes to point out that both Maxwell and Faraday, the
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pioneers of electromagnitism, believed that the fields consisted
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of matter in motion. This is stated in no uncertain terms in
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Maxwell's book "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field".
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In fact, Maxwell used a dynamical model to derive his famous
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equations. This fact has all but been lost in current books on
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electromagnetic theory. The quantity which Maxwell called
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"electromagnetic momentum" is now refered to as the "vector
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potential".
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Going further, Joe realized that when a magnetic field is
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Page 1
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created, its gyroscopic particles must come from the atoms of the
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materials which created the field. Thus he decided that all
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matter must consist of the same gyroscopic particles. For
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example, when a voltage is applied to a wire, Newman pictures
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gyroscopic particles (which I will call gyrotons for short)
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moving down the wire at the speed of light. These gyrotons line
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up the electrons in the wire. The electrons themselves consist of
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a swirling mass of gyrotrons, and their matter fields combine
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when lined up to form the magnetic lines of force circulating
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around the wire. In this process, the wire has literally lost
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some of its mass to the magnetic field, and this is accounted for
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by Einstein's equation of energy equals mass times the square of
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the speed of light. According to Einstein, every conversion of
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energy involves a corresponding conversion of matter. According
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to Newman, this may be interpreted as an exchange of gyrotrons.
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For example, if two atoms combine to give off light, the atoms
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would weight slightly less after the reaction than before.
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According to Newman, the atoms have combined and given off some
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of their gyrotrons in the form of light. Thus Einstein's equation
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is interpreted as a matter of counting gyrotrons. These particles
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cannot be created or destroyed in Newman's theory, and they
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always move at the speed of light.
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My interpretation of Newman's original idea for his motor is as
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follows. As a thought experiment, suppose one made a coil
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consisting of 186,000 miles of wire. An electrical field would
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require one second to travel the length of the wire, or in
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Newman's language, it would take one second for gyrotons inserted
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at one end of the wire to reach the other end. Now suppose that
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the polarity of the applied voltage was switched before the one
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second has elapsed, and this polarity switching was repeated with
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a period less than one second. Gyrotons would become trapped in
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the wire, as their number increased, so would the alignment of
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electrons and the number of gyrotons in the magnetic field
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increase. The intensified magnetic field could be used to do work
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on an external magnet, while the input current to the coil would
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be small or non-existant. Newman's motors contain up to 55 miles
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of wire, and the voltage is rapidly switched as the magnet
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rotates. He elaborates upon his theory in his book, and uses it
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to interpret a variety of physical phenomena.
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RECENT DATA ON THE NEWMAN MOTOR
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In May of 1985 Joe Newman demonstrated his most recent motor
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prototype in Washington, D.C.. The motor consisted of a large
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coil wound as a solenoid, with a large magnet rotating within the
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bore of the solenoid. Power was supplied by a bank of six volt
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lantern batteries. The battery voltage was switched to the coil
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through a commutator mounted on the shaft of the rotating magnet.
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The commutator switched the polarity of the voltage across the
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coil each half cycle to keep a positive torque on the rotating
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magnet. In addition, the commutator was designed to break and
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remake the voltage contact about 30 times per cycle. Thus the
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voltage to the coil was pulsed. The speed of the magnet rotation
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was adjusted by covering up portions of the commutator so that
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pulsed voltage was applied for a fraction of a cycle. Two speeds
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were demonstrated: 12 R.P.M. for which 12 pulses occured each
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revolution; and 120 rpm for which all commutator segments were
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firing. The slower speed was used to provide clear oscilloscope
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Page 2
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pictures of currents and voltages. The fast speed was used to
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demonstrate the potential power of the motor. Energy outputs
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consisted of incandescent bulbs in series with the batteries,
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flourescent tubes across the coil, and a fan powered by a belt
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attached to the shaft of the rotor. Revelent ,otor parameters are
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given below:
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Coil weight : 9000 lbs.
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Coil length : 55 miles of copper wire
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Coil Inductance: 1,100 Henries measured by observing the current
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rise time when a D.C. voltage was applied.
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Coil resistance: 770 Ohms
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Coil Height : about 4 ft.
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Coil Diameter : slightly over 4 ft. I.D.
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Magnet weight : 700 lbs.
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Magnet Radius : 2 feet
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Magnet geometry: cylinder rotating about its perpendicular axis
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Magnet Moment of Inertia: 40 kg-sq.m. (M.K.S.) computed as one
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third mass times radius squared
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Battery Voltage: 590 volts under load
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Battery Type : Six volt Ray-O-Vac lantern batteries connected
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in series
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A brief description of the measurements taken and distributed at
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the press conference follows. When the motor was rotating at 12
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rpm, the average D.C. input current from the batteries was about
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2 milli-amps, and the average battery input was then 1.2 watts.
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The back current (flowing against the direction of battery
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current) was about -55 milli-amps, for an average charging power
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of -32 watts. The forward and reverse current were clearly
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observable on the oscilloscope. It was noted that when the
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reverse current flowed, the battery voltage rose above its
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ambient value, varifying that the batteries were charging. The
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magnitude of the charging current was verified by heating water
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with a resistor connected in series with the batteries. A net
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charging power was the primary evidence used to show that the
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motor was generating energy internally, however output power was
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also observed. The 55 m-amp current flowing in the 770 ohm coil
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generates 2.3 watts of heat, which is in excess of the input
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power. In addition, the lights were blinking brightly as the coil
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was switched.
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The back current from the coil switched from zero to negative
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several amps in about 1 milli-second, and then decayed to zero in
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about 0.1 second. Given the coil inductance of 1100 henries, the
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switching voltages were several million volts. Curiously, the
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back current did not switch on smoothly, but increased in a
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staircase. Each step in the staircase corresponded to an
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extremely fast switching of current, with each increase in the
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current larger than the previous increase. The width of the
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stairs was about 100 micro-seconds, which for reference is about
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one third of the travel time of light through the 55 mile coil.
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Mechanical losses in the rotor were measured as follows: The
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rotor was spun up by hand with the coil open circuited. An
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inductive pick-up loop was attached to a chart recorder to
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measure the rate of decay of the rotor. The energy stored in the
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Page 3
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rotor (one half the moment of inertia times the square of the
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angular velocity) was plotted as a function of time. The slope of
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this curve was measured at various times and gave the power loss
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in the rotor as a function of rotor speed. The result of these
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measurements is given in the following table:
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Rotor Speed Power Dissipation Power/(Speed Squared)
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radian/sec watts watts/(rad/sec)^2
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4.0 6.3 0.39
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3.7 5.8 0.42
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3.3 5.0 0.46
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3.0 3.5 0.39
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2.1 2.0 0.45
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1.7 1.2 0.42
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1.2 0.7 0.47
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The data is consistant with power loss proportional to the square
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of the angular speed, as would be expected at low speeds. When
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the rotor moves fast enough so that air resistance is important,
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the losses would begin to increase as the cube of the angular
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speed. Using power = 0.43 times the square of the angular speed
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will give a lower bound on mechanical power dissipation at all
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speeds. When the rotor is moving at 12 rpm, or 1.3 rad/sec, the
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mechanical loss is 0.7 watts.
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When the rotor was sped up to 120 rpm by allowing the commutator
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to fire on all segments, the results were quite dramatic. The
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lights were blinking rapidly and brightly, and the fan was
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turning rapidly. The back current spikes were about ten amps, and
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still increased in a staircase, with the width of the stairs
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still about 100 micro-seconds. Accurate measurements of the input
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current were not obtained at that time, however I will report
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measurements communicated to me by Mr. Newman. At a rotation rate
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of 200 rpm (corresponding to mechanical losses of at least 190
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watts), the input power was about 6 watts. The back current in
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this test was about 0.5 amps, corresponding to heating in the
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coil of 190 watts. As a final point of interest, note that the Q
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of his coil at 200 rpm is about 30. If his battery plus
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commutator is considered as an A.C. power source, then the
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impedance of the coil at 200 rpm is 23,000 henries, and the power
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factor is 0.03. In this light, the predicted input power at 700
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volts is less than one watt!
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MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF NEWMAN'S MOTOR
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Since I am preparing this document on my home computer, it will
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be convenient to use the Basic computer language to write down
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formulas. The notation is * for multiply, / for divide, ^ for
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raising to a power, and I will use -dot to represent a
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derivative. Newton's second law of motion applied to Newman's
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rotor yields the following equation:
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MI*TH-dot-dot + G*TH-dot = K*I*SIN(TH) (1)
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where MI = rotor moment of inertia
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TH = rotor angular position (radians)
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G = rotor decay constant
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K = torque coupling constant
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I = coil current
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Page 4
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In general the constant G may depend upon rotor speed, as when
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air resistance becomes important. The term on the right hand side
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of the equation represents the torque delivered to the rotor when
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current flows through the coil. A constant friction term was
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found through measurement to be small compared to the TH-dot term
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at reasonable speeds, but can be included in the "constant" G.
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The equation for the current in the coil is given by:
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L*I-dot + R*I = V(TH) - K*(TH-dot)*SIN(TH) (2)
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where L = coil inductance
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I = coil current
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R = coil resistance
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V(TH) = voltage applied to coil by the
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commutator which is a function
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of the angle TH
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K = rotor induction constant
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In general, the resistance R is a function of voltage,
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particularly during commutator switching when the air resistance
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breaks down creating a spark. Note that the constant K is the
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same in equations (1) and (2). This is required by energy
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conservation as discussed below. To examine energy
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considerations, multiply Equation (1) by TH-dot, and Equation (2)
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by I. Note that the last term in each equation is then identical
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if the K's are the same. Eliminating the last term between the
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two equations yields the instantaneous conservation law:
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I*V=R*I^2 + G*(TH-dot)^2 + .5*L*(I^2)-dot =.5*MI*((TH-dot)^2)-dot
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If this equation is averaged over one cycle of the rotor, then
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the last two terms vanish when steady state conditions are
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reached (i.e. when the current and speed repeat their values at
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angular positions which are separated by 360 degrees). Denoting
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averages by < >, the above equation becomes:
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<IV> = <R*I^2> + <G*(TH-dot)^2> (3)
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This result is entirely general, independent of any dependences
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of R and G on other quantities. The term on the left represents
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the input power. The first term on the right is the power
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dissipated in the coil, and the second term is the power
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delivered to the rotor. The efficiency, defined as power
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delivered to the rotor divided by input power is thus always less
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than one by Equation (3). This result does require, however, that
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the constants K in equation (1) and equation (2) are identical.
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If the constant K in equation (2) is smaller than the constant K
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appearing in equation (1), then it may be varified that the
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efficiency can mathmatecally be larger than unity.
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What do the constants, K, mean? In the first equation, we have
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the torque delivered to the magnet, while in the second equation
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we have the back inductance or reaction of the magnet upon the
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coil. The equality of the constants is an expression of Newton's
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third law. How could the constants be unequal? Consider the
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sequence of events which occur during the firing of the
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commutator. First the contact breaks, and the magnetic field in
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the coil collapses, creating a huge forward spike of current
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through the coil and battery. This current spike provides an
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Page 5
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impulsive torque to the rotor. The rotor accelerates, and the
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acceleration produces a changing magnetic field which propagates
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through the coil, creating the back emf. Suppose that the
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commutator contacts have separated sufficiently when the last
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event occurs to prevent the back current from flowing to the
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battery. Then the back reaction is effectively smaller than the
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forward impulsive torque on the rotor. This suggestion invokes
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the finite propagation time of the electromagnetic fields, which
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has not been included in Equations (1) and (2).
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A continued mathmatical modeling of the Newman motor should
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include the effects of finite propagation time, particularly in
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his extraordinary long coil of wire. I have solved Equations (1)
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and (2) numerically, and note that the solutions require finer
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and finer step size as the inductance, moment of inertia, and
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magnet strength are increased to large values. The solutions
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break down such that the motor "takes off" in the computer, and
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this may indicate instabilities, which could be mediated in
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practise by external pertubations. I am confident that Maxwell's
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equations , with the proper electro-mechanical coupling, can
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provide an explanation to the phenomena observed in the Newman
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device. The electro-mechanical coupling may be embedded in the
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Maxwell equations if a unified picture (such as Newman's picture
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of gyroscopic particles) is adopted.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
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as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
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Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
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Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
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Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
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Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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Page 6
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