662 lines
36 KiB
Plaintext
662 lines
36 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters TM = 2, BM = 2, LM = 1, RM = 70)
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From the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of
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THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - 1944
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The Universal Microscope
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It is only a reasonable supposition, but already, in one instance, a
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very successful and highly commendable achievement on the part of Dr.
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Royal Raymond Rife of San Diego, California, who, for many years, has
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built and worked with light microscopes which far surpasses the
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theoretical limitations of the ordinary variety of instrument, all the
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Rife scopes possessing superior ability to attain high magnification
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with accompanying high resolution.
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The largest and most powerful of these, the Universal Microscope,
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developed in 1933, consists of 5,682 parts and is so called because of
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its adaptability in all fields of microscopical work, being fully
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equipped with separate substage condenser units for transmitted and
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monochromatic beam dark-field, polarized, and slit-ultra illumination,
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including also a special device for crystallography. The entire
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optical system of lenses and prisms as well as the illuminating units
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are made of block-crystal quartz, quartz being especially transparent
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to ultraviolet radiations.
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This illuminating unit used for examining the filterable forms of
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disease organisms contains 14 lenses and prisms, 3 of which are in the
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high-intensity incandescent lamp, 4 in the Risley prism, and 7 in the
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achromatic condenser which, incidentally, has a numerical aperture of
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1.40. Between the source of light and the specimen are subtended two
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circular, wedge-shaped, block-crystal quartz prisms for the purpose of
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polarizing the light passing through the specimen, polarization being
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the practical application of the theory that light waves vibrate in
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all planes perpendicular to the direction in which they are
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propagated.
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Therefore, when light comes into contact with a polarizing prism, it
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is divided or split into two beams, one of which is refracted to such
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an extent that it is reflected to the side of the prism without, of
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course, passing through the prism while the second ray, bent
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considerably less, is thus enabled to pass through the prism to
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illuminate the specimen.
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When the quartz prisms on the universal microscope, which may be
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rotated with vernier control through 360 degrees, are rotated in
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opposite directions, they serve to bend the transmitted beams of light
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at variable angles of incidence while, at the same time, a spectrum is
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projected up into the axis of the microscope, or rather a small
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portion of the spectrum to the other, going all the way from the
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infrared to the ultraviolet.
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NOW, WHEN THAT PORTION OF THE SPECTRUM IS REACHED IN WHICH BOTH THE
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ORGANISM AND THE COLOR BAND VIBRATE IN EXACT ACCORD, ONE WITH THE
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OTHER, A DEFINITE CHARACTERISTIC SPECTRUM IS EMITTED BY THE ORGANISM.
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In the case of the filter-passing form of the BACILLUS TYPHOSUS, for
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instance, A BLUE SPECTRUM IS EMITTED AND THE PLANE OF POLARIZATION
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DEVIATED PLUS (+) 4.8 DEGREES.
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Page 1
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The predominating chemical constituents of the organism are next
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ascertained after which the quartz prisms are adjusted or set, by
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means of vernier control, to minus (-) 4.8 degrees (again in the case
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of the filter-passing form of the BACILLUS TYPHOSUS) so that the
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opposite angle of refraction may be obtained.
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A MONOCHROMATIC BEAM OF LIGHT, CORRESPONDING **EXACTLY** TO THE
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FREQUENCY OF THE ORGANISM (for Dr. Rife has found that EACH DISEASE
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ORGANISM RESPONDS TO AND HAS A DEFINITE AND DISTINCT WAVE LENGTH, a
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fact confirmed by British medical research workers) IS THEN SENT UP
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THROUGH THE SPECIMEN AND THE DIRECT TRANSMITTED LIGHT, THUS ENABLING
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THE OBSERVER TO VIEW THE ORGANISM STAINED IN ITS TRUE CHEMICAL COLOR
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and revealing ITS OWN INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURE IN A FIELD WHICH IS
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BRILLIANT WITH LIGHT.
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The objectives used on the universal microscope are a 1.12 dry lens, a
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1.16 water immersion, a 1.18 oil immersion, and a 1.25 oil immersion.
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The rays of light refracted by the specimen enter the objective and
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are then carried up the tube IN PARALLEL RAYS through 21 light bends
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to the ocular, A TOLERANCE OF LESS THAN ONE WAVE LENGTH OF VISIBLE
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LIGHT ONLY BEING PERMITTED IN THE CORE BEAM, OR CHIEF RAY, OF
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ILLUMINATION.
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Now, instead of the light rays starting up the tube in a parallel
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fashion, TENDING TO CONVERGE AS THEY RISE HIGHER AND FINALLY CROSSING
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EACH OTHER, arriving at the ocular SEPARATED BY CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE
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as would be the case with an ordinary microscope, IN THE UNIVERSAL
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TUBE THE RAYS ALSO START THEIR RISE PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER BUT, JUST
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AS THEY ARE ABOUT TO PULL THEM OUT PARALLEL AGAIN, ANOTHER PRISM BEING
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INSERTED EACH TIME THE RAYS ARE ABOUT READY TO CROSS.
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These prisms, inserted in the tube, which are adjusted and held in
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alignment by micrometer screws of 100 threads to the inch in special
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tracks made of magnelium (magnelium having the closest coefficient of
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expansion of any metal to quartz), are separated by a distance OF ONLY
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30 MILLIMETERS.
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Thus, THE GREATEST DISTANCE THAT THE IMAGE in the universal microscope
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IS PROJECTED THROUGH ANY ONE MEDIA, EITHER QUARTZ OR AIR, IS 30
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MILLIMETERS INSTEAD OF THE 160, 180, OR 190 MILLIMETERS as in the
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empty or air-filled tubes of an ordinary microscope, the total
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distance which the light rays travel ZIGZAG FASHION through the
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universal tube being 449 MILLIMETERS, although the physical length of
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the tube itself is 229 millimeters.
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It will be recalled that if one pierces a black strip of paper or
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cardboard with the point of a needle and then brings the card up close
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to the eye so that the hole is in the optic axis, a small brilliantly
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lighted object will appear LARGER AND CLEARER, REVEALING MORE FINE
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DETAIL, than if it were viewed from the same distance without the
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assistance of the card.
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This is explained by the fact that the beam of light passing through
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the card is very narrow, the rays entering the eye, therefore, being
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practically parallel, whereas without the card the beam of light is
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much wider and the DIFFUSION CIRCLES MUCH LARGER. It is this
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principle of parallel rays in the universal microscope and the
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Page 2
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resultant shortening of projection distance between any two blocks or
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prisms plus the fact that objectives can thus be substituted for
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oculars, these "oculars" being THREE MATCHED PAIRS OF 10-MILLIMETER,
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7-MILLIMETER, AND 4-MILLIMETER OBJECTIVES IN SHORT MOUNTS, which would
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make possible not only the unusually high magnification and resolution
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but which SERVE TO ELIMINATE ALL DISTORTION AS WELL AS ALL CHROMATIC
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AND SPHERICAL ABERRATION.
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Quartz slides with especially thin quartz cover glasses are used
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when a tissue section or culture slant is examined, the tissue section
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itself also being very thin. An additional observational tube and
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ocular which yield a magnification of 1,800 diameters are provided so
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that that portion of the specimen which it is desired should be
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examined may be located and so that the observer can adjust himself
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more readily when viewing a section at a high magnification.
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The universal stage is a double rotating stage graduated through
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360 degrees in quarter-minute are divisions, the upper segment
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carrying the mechanical stage having a movement of 40 degrees, plus or
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minus. Heavily constructed joints and screw adjustments maintain
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rigidity of the microscope which weighs 200 pounds and stands 24
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inches high, the bases of the scope being nickel cast-steel plates,
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accurately surfaced, and equipped with three leveling screws and two
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spirit levels set at angles of 90 degrees. The coarse adjustment, a
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block thread screw with 40 threads to the inch, slides in a 1 1/2
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dovetail which gibes directly onto the pillar post. The weight of the
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quadruple nosepiece and the objective system is taken care of by the
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intermediate adjustment at the top of the body tube. The stage, in
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conjunction with a hydraulic life, acts as a lever in operating the
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fine adjustment. A 6-gauge screw having 100 threads to the inch is
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worked through a gland into a hollow, glycerine-filled post, the
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glycerine being displaced and replaced at will as the screw is turned
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clockwise or anticlockwise, allowing a 5-to -1 ratio on the lead
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screw. This, accordingly, assures complete absence of drag and
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inertia. The fine adjustment being 700 times more sensitive then that
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of ordinary microscopes, the length of time required to focus the
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universal ranges up to 1 1/2 hours which, while on first
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consideration, may seem a disadvantage, is after all but a slight
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inconvenience when compared with the many years of research and the
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hundreds of thousands of dollars spent and being spent in an effort to
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isolate and to look upon disease-causing organisms in their true form.
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Working together back in 1931 and using one of the smaller Rife
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microscope having a magnification and resolution of 17,000 diameters,
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Dr. Rife and Dr. Arthur Isaac Kendall, of the department of
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bacteriology of Northwestern University Medical School, were able to
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observe and demonstrate the presence of the filter-passing forms of
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BACILLUS TYPHOSUS. An agar slant culture of the Rawlings strain of
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BACILLUS TYPHOSUS was first prepared by Dr. Kendall and inoculated
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into 6 cc. of "Kendall" K Medium, a medium rich in protein but poor in
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peptone and consisting of 100 mg. of dries hog intestine and 6 cc. of
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tyrode solution (containing neither glucose nor glycerine) which
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mixture is shaken well so as to moisten the dried intestine powder and
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then sterilized in the autoclave, 15 pounds for 15 minutes,
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alterations of the medium being frequently necessary depending upon
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the requirements for different organisms. Now, after a period of 18
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hours in this K Medium, the culture was passed through a Berkefeld "N"
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filter, a drop of the filtrate being added to another 6 cc. of K
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Page 3
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Medium and incubated ar 37 degrees C. Forty-eight hours later this
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same process was repeated, the "N" filter again being used, after
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which it was noted that the culture no longer responded to peptone
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medium, growing now only in the protein medium. When again, within 24
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hours, the culture was passed through a filter-the finest Berkefeld
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"W" filter, a drop of the filtrate was once more added to 6 cc. of K
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Medium and incubated at 37 degrees c., a period of 3 days elapsing
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before a new culture was transferred to K Medium and yet another 3
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days before a new culture was prepared. Then, viewed under an ordinary
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microscope, these cultures were observed to be turbid and to reveal no
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bacilli whatsoever. When viewed by means of dark-field illumination
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and oil-immersion lens, however, the presence of small, actively
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motile granules was established, although nothing at all of their
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individual structure could be ascertained. Another period of 4 days
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was allowed to elapse before these cultures were transferred to K
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Medium and incubated at 37 degrees C. for 24 hours when they were then
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examined under the Rife microscope where, as was mentioned earlier,
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the filterable typhoid bacilli, emitting a blue spectrum, caused the
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plane of polarization to be deviated plus 4.8 degrees. Then when the
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opposite angle of refraction was obtained by means of adjusting the
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polarizing prisms to minus 4.8 degrees and the cultures illuminated by
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a monochromatic beam coordinated in frequency with the chemical
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constituents of the typhoid bacillus, small oval actively motile,
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bright turquoise-blue bodies were observed at a magnification of 5,000
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diameters, in high contrast to the colorless and motionless debris of
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the medium. These observations were repeated eight times, the complete
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absence of these bodies in uninoculated control K Media also being
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noted.
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To further confirm their findings, Drs. Rife and Kendall nest
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examined 18-hour-old cultures which had been inoculated into K Medium
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and incubated at 37 degrees C., since it is just at this stage of
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growth in this medium and at this temperature that the cultures become
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filterable. And, just as had been anticipated, ordinary dark-field
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examination revealed unchanged, long, actively motile bacilli; bacilli
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having granules within their substance; and free-swimming, actively
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motile granules; while under the Rife microscope were demonstrated the
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same long, unchanged, almost colorless bacilli; bacilli, practically
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colorless, inside and at one end of which was a turquoise-blue granule
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resembling the filterable forms of the typhoid bacillus; and free-
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swimming, small, oval, actively motile, turquoise-blue granules. By
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transplanting the cultures of the filter-passing organisms or virus
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into a broth, they were seen to change over again into their original
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rodlike forms.
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At the same time that these findings of Drs. Rife and Kendall
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were confirmed by Dr. Edward C. Rosenow, of the Mayo Foundation, the
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magnification with accompanying resolution of 8,000 diameters of the
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Rife microscope, operated by Dr. Rife, was checked against a dark-
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field oil-immersion scope operated by Dr. Kendall and an ordinary 2-
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mm. oil-immersion objective, x 10 ocular, Zeiss scope operated by Dr.
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Rosenow at a magnification of 900 diameters. Examinations of gram and
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safranin-stained films of culture of Bacillus typhosus, gram and
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safranin-stained films of blood and of the sediment of the spinal
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fluid from a case of acute poliomyelitis were made with the result
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that bacilli, streptococci, erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear
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leukocytes, and lymphocytes measuring nine times the diameter of the
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same specimens observed under the Zeiss scope at a magnification and
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Page 4
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resolution of 900 diameters, were revealed with unusual clarity. Seem
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under the dark-field microscope were moving bodies presumed to be the
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filterable turquois-blue bodies of the typhoid bacillus which, as Dr.
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Rosenow has declared in his report (Observations on filter-passing
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forms of Eberthella-typhi-Bacillus typhosus - and of the streptococcus
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from poliomyelitis, Proc. Staff Meeting Mayo Clinic, July 13, 1932),
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were so "unmistakably demonstrated" with Rife microscope, while under
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the Zeiss scope stained and hanging-drop preparations of clouded
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filtrate culture were found to be uniformly negative. With the Rife
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microscope also were demonstrated brownish-gray cocci and diplococci
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in hanging-drop preparations of the filtrates of streptococcus from
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poliomyelitis. These cocci and diplococci, similar in size and shape
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to those seen in the culture although of more uniform intensity, and
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characteristic of the medium in which they had been cultivated, were
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surrounded by a clear halo about twice the width of that at the
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margins of the debris and of the Bacillus typhosus. Stained films of
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filtrates and filtrate sediments examined under the Zeiss microscope,
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and hanging-drop, dark-field preparations revealed no organisms,
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however. Brownish-gray cocci and diplococci of the exact same size and
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density as those observed in the filtrates of the streptococcus
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cultures were also revealed in hanging-drop preparations of the virus
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of poliomyelitis under the Rife microscope, while no organisms at all
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could be seen in either the stained films of filtrates and filtrate
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sediments examined with the Zeiss scope or in hanging-drop
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preparations examined by means of the dark-field. Again using the Rife
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microscope at a magnification of 8,000 diameters, numerous nonmotile
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cocci and diplococci of a bright-to-pale pink in color were seen in
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hanging-drop preparations of filtrates of Herpes encephalitic virus.
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Although these were observed to be comparatively smaller then the
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cocci and diplococci of the streptococcus and poliomyelitis viruses,
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they were shown to be of fairly even density, size and form and
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surrounded by a halo. Again, both the dark-field and Zeiss scopes
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failed to reveal any organisms, and none of the three microscopes
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disclosed the presence of such diplococci in hanging-drop preparation
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of the filtrate of a normal rabbit brain. Dr. Rosenow has since
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revealed these organisms with the ordinary microscope at a
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magnification of 1,000 diameters by means of his special staining
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method and with the electron microscope at a magnification of 12,000
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diameters. Dr. Rosenow has expressed the opinion that the inability
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to see these and other similarly revealed organisms is due, not
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necessarily to the minuteness of the organisms, but rather to the fact
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that they are of a nonstaining, hyaline structure. Results with the
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Rife microscopes, he thinks, are due to the "ingenious methods
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employed rather than to excessively high magnification." He has
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declared also, in the report mentioned previously, that "Examination
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under the Rife microscope of specimens containing objects visible with
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the ordinary microscope, leaves no doubt of the accurate visualization
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of objects or particulate matter by direct observation at the
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extremely high magnification obtained with this instrument."
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Exceedingly high powers of magnification with accompanying high
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powers of resolution may be realized with all of the Rife microscopes,
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one of which, having magnification and resolution up to 18,000
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diameters, is now being used at the British School of Tropical
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Medicine in England. In a recent demonstration of another of the
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smaller Rife scopes (May 16,1942) before a group of doctors including
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Dr. J.H.Renner, of Santa Barbara, Calif.; Dr. Roger A. Schmidt, of San
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Francisco, Calif.; Dr. Lois Bronson Slade, of Alameda, Calif.;
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Dr.Lucile B. Larkin, of Bellingham, Wash.; Dr. E. F. Larkin, of
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Page 5
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Bellingham, Wash.; and Dr. W. J. Gier, of San Diego, Calif., a Zeiss
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ruled grading was examined, first under an ordinary commercial
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microscope equipped with a 1.8 high dry lens and X 10 ocular, and then
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under the Rife microscope. Whereas 50 lines were revealed with the
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commercial instrument and considerable aberration, both chromatic and
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spherical noted, only 5 lines were seen with the Rife scope, these 5
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lines being so highly magnified that they occupied the entire field,
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without any aberration whatsoever being apparent. Dr. Renner, in a
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discussion of his observations, stated that "The entire field to its
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very edges and across the center had a uniform clearness that was not
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true on the conventional instrument." Following the examination of the
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grading, an ordinary unstained blood film was observed under the same
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two microscopes. In this instance, 100 cells were seen to spread
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throughout the field of the commercial instrument while but 10 cells
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filled the field of the Rife scope.
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The universal microscope, of course, is the most powerful Rife
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scope, possessing a resolution of 31,000 diameters and magnification
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of 60,000 diameters. With this it is possible to view the interior of
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the `pin-point' cells, those cells situated between the normal tissue
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cells and just visible under the ordinary microscope, and to observe
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the smaller cells which compose th interior of these pin-point cells.
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When one of these smaller cells in magnified, still smaller cells are
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seen within its structure. And when one of the still smaller cells, in
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its turn, is magnified, it, too, is seen to be composed of smaller
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cells. Each of the 16 times this process of magnification and
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resolution can be repeated, it is demonstrated that there are smaller
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cells within the smaller cells, a fact which amply testifies as to th
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magnification and resolving power obtainable with the universal
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microscope.
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More then 20,000 laboratory cultures of carcinoma were grown and
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studied over a period of 7 years by Dr. Rife and his assistants in
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what, at the time, appeared to be a fruitless effort to isolate the
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filter-passing form, or virus, which Dr. Rife believed to be present
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in this condition. Then, in 1932, the reactions in growth of
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bacterial cultures to light from the rare gasses was observed,
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indicating a new approach to the problem. Accordingly, blocks of
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tissue one-half centimeter square, taken from an unulcerated breast
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carcinoma, were placed in a circular glass loop filled with argon gas
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to a pressure of 14 millimeters, and a current of 5,000 volts applied
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for 24 hours, after which the tubes were placed in a 2-inch water
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vacuum and incubated at 37 degrees C. for 24 hours. Using a specially
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designed 1.12 dry lens, equal in amplitude of magnification to the 2-
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mm. apochromatic oil-immersion lens, the cultures wee then examined
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under the universal microscope, at a magnification of 10,000
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diameters, where very much animated, purplish-red, filterable forms,
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measuring less then one-twentieth of a micron in dimension, were
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observed. Carried through 14 transplants from K Medium to K Medium,
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this B. X. virus remained constant; inoculated into 426 Albino rats,
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tumors `with all the true pathology of neoplastic tissue' were
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developed. Experiments conducted in the Rife Laboratories have
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established the fact that these characteristic diplococci are found in
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the blood monocytes in 92 percent of all cases of neoplastic diseases.
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It has also been demonstrated that the virus of cancer, like the
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viruses of other diseases, can be easily changed from one form to
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another by means of altering the media upon which it is grown. With
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the first change in media, the B. X. virus becomes considerable
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enlarged although its purplish-red color remains unchanged.
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Page 6
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Observation of the organism with an ordinary microscope is made
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possible by a second alteration of the media. A third change is
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undergone upon asparagus base media where the B. X. virus is
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transformed from its filterable state into cryptomyces pleomorphia
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fungi, these fungi being identical morphologically both
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microscopically to that of the orchid and of the mushroom. And yet a
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fourth change may be said to take place when this cryptomyces
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pleomorphia, permitted to stand as a stock culture for the period of
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metastasis, becomes the well-known mahogany-colored Bacillus coli.
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It is Dr. Rife's belief that all micro- organisms fall into 1 of
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not more then 10 individual groups (Dr. Rosenow has stated that some
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of the viruses belong to the group of the streptococcus), and that any
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alteration of artificial media of slight metabolic variation in
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tissues will induce an organism of one group to change over into any
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other organism included in that same group, it being possible,
|
||
incidentally, to carry such such changes in media or tissues to the
|
||
point where the organisms fail to respond to standard laboratory
|
||
methods of diagnosis. These changes can be made to take place in as
|
||
short a period of time as 48 hours. For instance, by altering the
|
||
media - 4 parts per million per volume - the pure culture of mahogany-
|
||
colored Bacillus coli becomes the turquoise-blue Bacillus typhosus.
|
||
Viruses of primordial cells of organisms which would ordinarily
|
||
require an 8-week incubation period to attain their filterable state,
|
||
have been shown to produce disease wi hin 3 days' time, proving Dr.
|
||
Rife's contention that the incubation period of a micro-organism is
|
||
really only a cycle of reversion.
|
||
|
||
He states :
|
||
|
||
In reality, it is not the bacteria themselves that produce the
|
||
disease, but we believe it it the chemical constituents of these
|
||
micro-organisms enacting upon the unbalanced cell metabolism of the
|
||
human body that in actuality produce the disease. We also believe if
|
||
the metabolism of the human body is perfectly balanced or poised, it
|
||
is susceptible to no disease.
|
||
|
||
In other word, the human body itself is chemical in nature, being
|
||
comprised of many chemical elements which provide the media upon which
|
||
the wealth of bacteria normally present in the human system feed.
|
||
These bacteria are able to reproduce. They, too, are composed of
|
||
chemicals. Therefore, if the media upon which they feed, in this
|
||
instance the chemicals or some portion of the chemicals of the human
|
||
body, become changed from the normal, it stands to reason that these
|
||
same bacteria, or at least certain numbers of them, will also undergo
|
||
a change chemically since they are now feeding upon media which are
|
||
not normal to them, perhaps being supplied with too much or too little
|
||
of what they need to maintain a normal existence. They change, passing
|
||
usually through several stages of growth, emerging finally as some
|
||
entirely new entity - as different morphologically as are the
|
||
caterpillar and the butterfly (to use an illustration given us). The
|
||
majority of the viruses have been definitely revealed as living
|
||
organisms, foreign organisms it is true, but which once were normal
|
||
inhabitants of the human body -living entities of a chemical nature of
|
||
composition.
|
||
|
||
Under the universal microscope disease organisms such as those of
|
||
tuberculosis, cancer, sarcoma, streptococcus, typhoid, staphylococcus,
|
||
leprosy, hoof and mouth disease, and others may be observed to succumb
|
||
|
||
|
||
Page 7
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
when exposed to certain lethal frequencies, coordinated with the
|
||
particular frequencies peculiar to each individual organism, and
|
||
directed upon them by rays covering a wide range of waves. By means of
|
||
a camera attachment and a motion-picture camera not built into the
|
||
instrument, many "still" micrographs as well as hundreds of feet of
|
||
motion-picture film bear witness to the complete life cycles of
|
||
numerous organisms. It should be emphasized, perhaps, that invariably
|
||
the same organisms refract the same colors. when stained by means of
|
||
the monochromatic beam of illumination on the universal microscope,
|
||
regardless of the media upon which they re grown. The virus of the
|
||
Bacillus typhosus is always a turquoise blue, the Bacillus coli always
|
||
mahogany colored, the Mycobacterium leprae always a ruby shade, the
|
||
filter-passing form of virus of tuberculosis always an emerald green,
|
||
the virus of cancer always a purplish red, and so on. Thus, with the
|
||
aid of this microscope, it is possible to reveal the typhoid organism,
|
||
for instance, in the blood of a suspected typhoid patient 4 and 5 days
|
||
before a Widal is positive. When it is desired to observe the flagella
|
||
of the typhoid-organism, Hg salts are used as the medium to see at a
|
||
magnification of 10,000 diameters.
|
||
|
||
In the light of the amazing results obtainable with this
|
||
universal microscope and its smaller brother scopes, there can be no
|
||
doubt of the ability of these instruments to actually reveal any and
|
||
all microorganisms according to their individual structure and
|
||
chemical constituents.
|
||
|
||
With the aid of its new eyes - the new microscopes, all of which
|
||
are continually being improved - science has at last penetrated beyond
|
||
the boundary of accepted theory and into the world of the viruses with
|
||
the result that we can look forward to discovering new treatments and
|
||
methods of combating the deadly organisms - for science dose not rest.
|
||
|
||
To Dr. Karl K. Darrow, Dr. John A. Kolmer, Dr. William P. Lang,
|
||
Dr. L. Marton, Dr. J. H. Renner, Dr. Royal R. Rife, Dr. Edward C.
|
||
Rosenow, Dr. Arthur W. Yale, and Dr. V. K. Zworykin, we wish to
|
||
express our appreciation for the help and information so kindly given
|
||
us and to express our gratitude, also, for the interest shown in this
|
||
effort of bringing to the attention of more of the medical profession
|
||
the possibilities offered by the new microscopes.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Page 8
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
DISCUSSION
|
||
|
||
OBSERVATIONS WITH THE RIFE MICROSCOPE
|
||
OF FILTER-PASSING FORMS OF MICROORGANISMS
|
||
|
||
Recently, I reported to the staff of the Mayo Clinic the more
|
||
imported observation made during three days, July 5,6 and 7, 1932,
|
||
spent in Dr. Kendall's laboratory ar Northwestern University Medical
|
||
School, Chicago. I went there at the invitation of Drs. Kendall and
|
||
Rife, to share with them their observations in a restudy of the
|
||
filter-passing forms of Eberthella typhi as seen with an improved
|
||
model of the Rife microscope. They asked me also to bring with me my
|
||
cultures of the streptococcus from poliomyelitis.
|
||
|
||
I would like to repeat here that portion of my report which had
|
||
to do specifically with the Rife microscope.
|
||
|
||
Owing to the novel and important character of the work, each of
|
||
us verified at every step the results obtained. Microscopic
|
||
examinations of suitable specimens was made as a routine by Dr. Rife
|
||
with his high-power microscope,by Dr. Kendall with the oil immersion
|
||
dark field, and by myself with the ordinary Zeiss microscope equipped
|
||
with a 2 mm apochromatic oil immersion lens and 100 X 10 ocular giving
|
||
a magnification of about 90 diameters. Most observations with the Rife
|
||
microscope were made at 8,000 diameters. In order to check the
|
||
magnification, gram and safranin stained films of cultures of
|
||
Eberthella typhi, of the streptococcus from poliomyelitis, and stained
|
||
films of blood, and of the sediment of the spinal fluid from a case of
|
||
acute poliomyelitis were examined. Bacilli, streptococci,
|
||
erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukoeytes and lymphocytes were
|
||
clearly seen, and in each instance were, as nearly as could be
|
||
examined with the 2 mm oil immersion at about 900 diameters.
|
||
|
||
The following principles and methods were stated by Dr. Rife as
|
||
being essential in order to visualize clearly the objects at this and
|
||
higher magnifications by direct observation. Spherical aberration is
|
||
reduced to the minimum and magnification greatly increased by using
|
||
objectives in place of oculars. Proper visualization, especially of
|
||
unstained objects, is obtained by the use of an intense beam of
|
||
monochromatic polarizes light created by rotating wedge-shaped quartz
|
||
prisms placed between the source of light and the substage quartz
|
||
condenser. Dispersion of the transmitted rays of light, as they pass
|
||
upward to the eye, is prevented by passing them through a series of
|
||
quartz erecting (90 degrees) prisms. Projection of the rays of light
|
||
through air is not greater tan 30 mm at any point.
|
||
|
||
In my original report I summarized as follows:
|
||
|
||
There can be no question of the existence of the filterable
|
||
turquoise blue bodies of Eberthella-typhi described by Kendall. They
|
||
are not visible by ordinary methods of illumination and magnification,
|
||
not because they are too small. but rather, it appears, because of
|
||
their peculiar non-staining hyalin structure. Their visualization
|
||
under the Rife microscope is due to the ingenious methods employed
|
||
rather there is to excessively high magnification. Examination under
|
||
the Rife microscope of specimens, containing objects visible with the
|
||
ordinary microscope, leaves no doubt of the accurate visualization of
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Page 9
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
objects or particulate matter by direct observation at the extremely
|
||
high magnification (calculated to be 8,000 diameters) obtained with
|
||
this instrument.
|
||
|
||
The findings under the Rife microscope of cocci and diplococci in
|
||
filtrated of cultures of the streptococcus from poliomyelitis, and in
|
||
filtrates of the streptococcus from poliomyelitis, and herpes
|
||
encephalitis, not detectable by the ordinary methods of examination.
|
||
and which resembled in form and size those found in the respective
|
||
cultures, and the absence of minute forms, suggest that the
|
||
filterable, inciting agent of these diseases is not necessarily
|
||
extremely small, as is universally believed. Indeed, the filterable,
|
||
inciting agent may be the non-staining, highly plastic, hyaline stage
|
||
of the visible, stainable, cultivable organism, the streptococcus.
|
||
|
||
It is, of course, possible that these unstained, invisible forms
|
||
revealed by ordinary methods of examination are nit the inciting
|
||
agents or `viruses' of these diseases and that they represent merely
|
||
the filterable of other state of the streptococcus. A consideration of
|
||
the great difficulty one has in isolating the streptococcus and
|
||
demonstrating diplococci in lesions in these diseases and the ease
|
||
with which the bodies are found in the filtrate indicate clearly that
|
||
the `invisible' forms of the streptococcus, if such they be, are
|
||
present in large numbers in the host, as in positive cultures of the
|
||
streptococcus. Their form, size and color are too characteristic and
|
||
true to type to permit considering them as artifacts or as being
|
||
expressive of etiologically unrelated, contaminating streptococci.
|
||
Non- infectivity of the filter-passing forms, except in the cases of
|
||
virus diseases, their presence in large numbers in filtrates, both of
|
||
cultures and of infected tissues, and the great difficulty in
|
||
obtaining the visible forms in cultures of filtrates indicate that
|
||
"invisible," filter-passing forms represent a certain stage in the
|
||
development of microorganisms.
|
||
|
||
Edward C. Rosenow
|
||
Rochester, Minnesota
|
||
|
||
typed by Ron Barker for KeelyNet
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Page 10
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|