474 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
474 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
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Instuctional phile
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Topic ..................... How To Properly Use Explosives
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Author .................... Compilation phrom several sources
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Compiler .................. Nocturnal Phoenix
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This is one of a series of compilations I am creating of the
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various techniques used to perphorm actions that aught not be
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perphormed (but will be done anyway, so why not do it right?).
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I am expecting to have maybe ten or so of these compilations
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by the time I am done. I realized the need phor some phorm of
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organization of this sort of inphormation when I came across
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phour meg of shit like this. Out of that phour meg, two meg was
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totaly redundant, one meg was corrupted to the point of not
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being able to read it, and of the other meg, everything that
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was actually usephul was scattered everywhere in bits and pieces.
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Now I personally am a strong proponant of peacephul world Anarchy,
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but I would really rather not try to make something phun like
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nitroglycerin (to use something extremely dangerous that I saw
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phrequently in all that shit) without having a complete set of
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instructions. Whenever it was possible, I have given credit to
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the author of the original article, although I phound many
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articles which were the same, word phor word, but with dipherent
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authors, phorcing me to chose one of them. Sorry if I chose
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wrong.
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The compiler of this phile apologizes to the authors of the
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articles within phor any alterations done to their documents.
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This was unavoidable, as most of these texts were nearly
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unreadable by the time I got them. I assume this is due to
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various changes made by people who had been in possesion of
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them bephore me, and to the slow corruption of the data as it
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was sent over innumerable fone lines phrom modem to modem. To
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avoid the phurther corruption of this inphormation, I would
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ask two things:
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1. That any comments, notes, additions, etc. be placed at
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the very end of this phile, not just stuck wherever you
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pheel like it. I have put a sample addition in at the
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end of this file for convenience. Please leave:
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- Your name (your phake name that would be used phor
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BBS' and such, not your real name)
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- The date
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- Where you can be reached (BBS' etc.)
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- The inphormation you wish to leave
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2. That any random corruptions phound while reading (such
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as the word "EXPLOSIVES" appearing as "EXPLO<4C>IVES") are
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phixed (I'm sure that some smartass will be tempted to
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phix the example I have just given. Please don't).
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Thank you phor your cooperation in this matter. Please give
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this phile to whoever you can, knowing that it will probably
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have grown substantially by the next time you phind it. Also,
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when you do phind it again, and it is a newer version than you
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have, delete the older version and only distribute the newer
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one.
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- Nocturnal Phoenix
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Tamping
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-------
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Tamping is nothing more than an operation performed before the
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explosion, to regulate and direct the destructive power of the explosion.
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In other words, if a pound of black powder is ignited with a match, the
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explosion will occur but most of the destructive force will take the path
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of the least resistance - into the atmosphere. Now, if the same pound of
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black powder was placed within a steel pipe, and sealed at both ends, except
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for a tiny hole for the fuse, the explosion could be regulated with ease.
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This tamping operation is necessary for any forms of demolitions in order
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that the operation be successful. A stick of dynamite placed on a concrete
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roadway untamped, when exploded will create a very small crater, perhaps a
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few inches. If this same stick of dynamite were tamped, by placing several
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sandbags on top of if and around it, the explosion would create a much
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greater crater. This tamping operation is absolutely necessary for the
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demolition of a large structure or building.
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Tamping with sandbags can and should be used if at all possible,
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since the extent of the damage is multiplied several times by the addition
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of the sandbags. Tamping can be useless if you are on a silent lightning
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fast mission. In the case of railroad tracks, a two-pound charge of TNT
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carefully placed between the switch and rail will almost certainly do the
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trick without tamping. The best procedure when engaged in this type of
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sabotage is to repeat the acts every three-quarters of a mile or so, so as
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to delay the repair and create confusion.
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[1> When attempting to sever a steel rod or pole, through the use of
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explosives, place a charge on each side, leaving a small gap between
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the butts of the explosives.
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[2> When cutting a chain, place the explosive charge on one side and tape it
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securely into place.
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[3> When cutting any odd-shaped object, the best explosive to use is
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plastique because of its flexibility.
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[4> When cutting heavy metal cables, use plastique. The compound should
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be placed all around the cable that is to be cut, about a half-inch
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thick.
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[5> When sabotaging railroad tracks with explosive, use plastique if
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available, since this is the easiest substance to use when trying
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to sever objects or irregular shapes.
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[A> The most common way of cutting train tracks is by placing a
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charge of high explosives on either side of the "I" beam track,
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so as to have the forces of the two explosions act upon each
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other, thus causing the middle object maximum destruction.
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[B> Another method which has proven equally effective is placing a
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charge between the rail and the switch. The switch is one of the
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weakest points along the line, and a relatively small charge will
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not only sever the switch and rail, but will also rip up the ties
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and the railroad bed.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Release Of Pressure Detonators
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------------------------------
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The next type of detonating device I will discuss is called a
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release-of-pressure mechanism. This device employs exactly the same
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principles as the pressure-trigger device, except in reverse. The movement
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of the pressure plate, rather than down, is now up. This can be used
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effectively when a weight is placed on the pressure plate. Then when it is
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removed, the explosives will be ignited. To construct, use a heavy-duty
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spring beneath the first metal plate. Connect a wire from the blasting cap
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to the first metal plate. The second wire is then stretched from the bottom
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of battery "A", to the second metal plate. The third wire is run from the
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electrical blasting cap to the top of battery "B". When this is accomplished,
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the booby trap is fully cocked. When the weight on the pressure plate is
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remove, the spring will will force the second metal plate against the first,
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thus completing the electrical circuit and exploding the device.
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In a tension-release booby trap, when the tension, resulting from a
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wire pulling on a pliable metal strip, is released, the metal strip will snap
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back into another metal strip. Since the wires from the batteries and
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blasting cap are connected to either metal strip, when they touch, the
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circuit will be complete and it will detonate the explosive charge. This
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type of detonator is especially effective when attached to drawers, doors,
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or any movable object.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Placement Of Charges
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--------------------
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In demolition work, the greatest problem is the actual placement of
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the charges. When an individual is working on a large structure such as a
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building or a bridge, it is imperative that he have an understanding of the
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directional force of explosives, and the structure's weaknesses. These
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large-type structures are built to bear up under abnormal stress, so the
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chances are good, unless the charges are placed correctly, that the sabotage
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will have little or no effect.
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When attempting the demolition of a building, the first thing to do
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is to determine the weakest point in the structure. This is the point where a
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charge can be placed and well-tamped, and will result in maximum destruction.
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A large building will usually take more than just one charge. The best bet
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is to place large explosive charges on either side of a weak point in the
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foundations. These charges should be tamped from the outside, so as to drive
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the force inward.
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There are several methods of planting explosives. The advantage to
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most of the ones listed below is that they have a natural tamping factor,
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built-in.
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[1> Bury the explosive beneath the object of destruction.
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[2> Drill a bore hole into the object and fill with explosives.
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[3> Form a brace to hold the explosives tight against the object of
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destruction. A good brace can be made from wood placed on a diagnal,
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with one end jammed into the ground.
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[4> Place a charge out in the open, with the tamping material surrounding it,
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and directing its force.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Basic Formulas For Demolitions Use
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----------------------------------
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[1> Computation for minimum safety distance with TNT
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For charges less then 27 pounds, the minimum safety distance is 900
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feet. Over 27 pounds, the minimum safety distance is 300 times the
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cubic root of the number of pounds of TNT
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[2> Steel cutting
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When cutting, with explosives, part of a steel structure, determine
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the area in square inches of the member to be cut. This area is then
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labeled "A". Use the formula "P = 0.375 x A", where "P" equals The number
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of pounds of TNT necessary.
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[3> Steel cutting
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When a steel member is not part of a greater structure, a different
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formula is used. This is based on the diameter of the individual member.
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Use the formula " P = D<> ", where "P" equals The amount of TNT required
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and "D" is the diameter of the piece of steel.
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[4> Train rails
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To cut rails that weigh less then 80 pounds, use one-half pound of
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TNT. To cut rails that weigh over 80 pounds, use a full pound of TNT.
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[5> Timber cutting
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When the charge is to be external and untamped, the formula used is
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"P equals C cubed divided by 30", where "P" equals The pounds of
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plastique required, and "C" equals the circumference of the tree in
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feet.
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When figuring an internal tamped charge, the formula used is "P equals
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D squared divided by 250", where "P" equals the pounds of plastique,
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and "D" equals the diameter of the tree in inches.
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Some Important Principles
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A basic rule to follow in all calculations having to do with
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explosive compounds is to round off the amount to the next highest unit
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package. At times you may use a little more than necessary, but you will
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be assured of success. Another rule when calculating charges is to add
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one-third more explosives if you do not intend to tamp. If a formula is
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given for plastique (composition 4), as was done for both timber-cutting
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formulas, you are able to compute poundage in TNT by adding one-third to
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the weight of the plastique.
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When using the principle of cratering to destroy a paved surface with
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explosives, use several charges rather than just one. The use of a bore hole
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is especially effective here. It is pointless to attempt cratering a roadway
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without tamping, since most of the destructive force of your charge will go
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straight up in the air.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Safely Using Explosives
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-----------------------
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Bombs and booby traps incorporate more than just technical knowledge,
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they are based on human nature. To create an effective booby trap, one must
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have a primitive insight into his enemy's actions, thoughts, and methods.
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Before I get into the nitty-gritty of constructing booby traps, bombs, land
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mines, grenades, etc., it is important explain the basic working principles
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and mechanisms behind these devices.
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In the acquisition of equipment I would recommend purchasing or
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stealing, rather than making your own. Manufactured equipment is much safer
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to work with, and usually more effective. Once you have your explosive
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compounds, you will need a way to set it off, or detonate it. With all high
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explosives, you will need a detonator or blasting cap, unless you decide to
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lace the fuse into the explosive, although this is not recommended. A
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blasting cap is a low explosive compound that is connected to a high
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explosive, for the purpose of detonating it. There are two types of blasting
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caps - electric and nonelectric.
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To use a nonelectrical blasting cap, one gently pushes the fuse into
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the hollow end, until it is fully in. He then crimps the hollow metal end
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around the fuse, and puts it into the high explosive. When the fuse burns
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down it ignites the flash charge. That in turn explodes the priming charge,
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which detonates the base charge, and finally creates enough heat to set off
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the high-explosive charge. The fuse is ordinary safety fuse or detonating
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cord.
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When the fuse is put into the blasting cap, it is necessary to seal
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it. This act of sealing is called crimping. When involved with this sort of
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thing, one must use the standard safety precautions set down in the previous
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section. Crimpers look like a pair of pliers, and their function is very
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similar, although pliers cannot be used for crimping. With the crimper in
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your right hand and the blasting cap in your left, slowly squeeze the hollow
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end of the blasting cap until it is firmly against the fuse. Use care so that
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you do not squeeze the charge within the cap, as this may detonate it.
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Whereas nonelectrical blasting caps are functional and have proven
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that they can be relied on, electrical blasting caps offer a much greater
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variety of uses. The basic principle of the electrical blasting caps is that
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an electrical charge moves through an insulated wire until it reaches a small
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section of that same wire which is not insulated and which is surrounded by
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a primary flash charge. The heat from the electrical charge will explode the
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flash charge, which in turn will set off a series of minor explosions,
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finishing up with the high explosive.
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Both types of blasting caps should be placed within the high
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explosive itself. This is easy when working with plastique or a pliable
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surface. Manufactured TNT has a small hole designed at the top for just
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this reason, but in dynamite one has to make his own hole. This hole should
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be made with a wooden or nonsparking metal object. The ends of the crimpers
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are ideal. The hole can be made in one of two ways: the first is bored
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carefully and gently straight down from the top of the stick, to exactly
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the length of the cap itself; the second type of hole is made from the side
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in a downward diagnal direction. Both of these methods have proven effective.
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Another method priming dynamite, which is not as reliable as either
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nonelectrical or electrical blasting caps, is called "lacing". The principle
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behind most detonating devices is simply to create a temperature which is hot
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enough to ignite the high explosive. This increase in temperature can be
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accomplished with a relatively good degree of success by weaving the fuse
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throughout the high explosive so that, as the fuse burns down, the heat
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created from the burning process it captures and held within the high
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explosive until the detonation temperature is reached.
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There are different methods of lacing, depending on what type of high
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explosive you happen to working with. For dynamite, the most common and most
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functional method is to literally sew the detonation cord into the stick.
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This preparation entails the individual's making several holes directly
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through the dynamite itself. This hole-making should be performed just as
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the planting of the blasting cap was handled. The holes must be dug gently
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and slowly with a nonmetallic instrument. "Lacing" should be done only when
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there is no alternative, and blasting caps are not available.
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When using TNT, you can lace it by wrapping the detonating cord
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around the body of the explosive at least five or six times, and then tying
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it off with a clove hitch. This will result in a great amount of heat being
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transferred into the TNT from the fuse, and its detonation.
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Plastique can also be ignited in this fashion, by employing a heavy-
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duty detonation cord, and tying a double knot in one of its ends. This large
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knot is then buried deep in the center of the composition. It must be at
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least one inch from any side.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Detonators
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----------
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The most common time-delay device is an ordinary safety fuse. These
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fuses usually consist of a black-powder core surrounded with a fabric and
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then a layer of waterproof material. Although there are many different types,
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it can generally be said that safety fuses burn between 30 and 45 seconds
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per foot; however, check these figures when you make your purchase. Fuses
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can be bought from any mail-order pryotechnics company. Two with whom I have
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dealt are:
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Ecco Products
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Box 189
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Northvale, New Jersey 07647
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Westech Corporation
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P.O. Box 8193
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Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
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Double-coated waterproof fuse usually sells for 20 to 25 dollars for
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a thousand to fifteen hundred feet. I would advise purchasing this equipment,
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since homemade fuses are not to be trusted.
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Bombs can be detonated in many ways. The detonation and use of
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certain devices are based mainly on the cleverness and imagination of the
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saboteur. In the following section I have discussed several basic forms of
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detonators, both nonelectric and electric. However, there is an infinite
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number of variations, which may be better suited to individual situations.
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The first type is referred to either as a tension-release, or a
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wiretrap device. It operates on the principle of releasing the tension
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caused by a wound spring, on the firing pin, and allowing it to strike and
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set off a nonelectrical blasting cap. The nonelectrical blasting cap will in
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turn generate the necessary heat to ignite the TNT or dynamite. This can be
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implemented in many ways. A common method in which the wire-trip device can
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be employed is stretching a trip wire six inches above the ground. Another
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equally popular method of employing the tension-release device is attaching
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the taut wire to the back of a door, so that, when the door is opened, the
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tension is released, and the explosive ignites.
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A device very similar to the last one is the pull-trigger electric
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detonator. It functions in the same manner, in that a safety pin is removed
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from the striker or firing pin, causing it to move forward and connect with a
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metal plate. This connection with the metal plate completes the electrical
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circuit. The batteries have been connected by wires to an electrical
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blasting cap, a metal plate, and finally to the firing pin. Although
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professional supplies for this equipment are available at reasonable prices,
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the device can be constructed from household items. The construction of this
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device is as follows: two flashlight batteries are connected to each other,
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and then one wire is run from one end of the batteries to the electrical
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blasting cap, the other wire from the opposite end of the batteries to the
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metal plate. A third wire is run from the blasting cap to the firing pin.
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This now completes the fully cocked device.
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In the same manner as the explosive is detonated, so is the common
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military grenade. The principle of a tension release is the same. After the
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pin is pulled out of the military grenade, the spring is free to react,
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causing the primer to ignite the lead-spitter fuse, and it in turn will
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ignite the lead oxide and pentolite. The pentolite will release enough heat
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to ignite the TNT and cause fragmentation of the metal casing.
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The next type of detonating device I am going to discuss is called
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the pressure-trigger device. It is based on the application of pressure
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rather than its release, as in the previous devices. This mechanism is
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primarily used when an electrical circuit is employed. The plunger is pushed
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down; it forces one thin metal plate against another thicker metal plate.
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The batteries are connected, via the blasting cap, to each of these metal
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plates. Therefore, when they touch, the electrical circuit is complete, and
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the explosive will ignite.
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This type of device has several important advantages. First of all,
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it can be constructed away from the area it will be used in. This will cut
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installation time down to seconds. Later the in the chapter, I discuss a
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type of booby trap that can be rigged into the ignition system of a car.
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Although the ignition-system booby trap works very well, it takes time to
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install. This pressure-trigger device will act almost in the same manner if
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placed beneath the drivers seat, and can be installed in a lot less time.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Bridge Destruction
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------------------
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Bridges are much hard to destroy than buildings, and this is for
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several reasons:
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[1> Most of the bridges to be destroyed will be far larger than buildings.
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[2> They are built strongly, to last for long periods of time.
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[3> They have many reinforcements that are not visible.
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[4> Everyone realizes the strategic importance of bridges, therefore everyone
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should realize how well guarded they are.
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An important factor to bear in mind, when working on bridge
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demolition, is the extent of real damage desired. Total destruction of a
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bridge is useless, a waste of good explosives. It may even be harmful, since
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there may come a time when friendly force will need the use of that bridge.
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Bridge destruction should therefore be considered a tactical-delay operation.
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It will slow the enemy down, and cause them much expense and time to rebuild.
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Since types of charges differ for different types of brides, I will go into
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specific types of bridge demolitions.
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[Stringer bridges] are the most common type of concrete, steel, or
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timber bridges in existence. They are usually one or more spans, but this
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makes little difference in the actual placement of charges. If more than one
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span is to be destroyed, one should just copy the first placement on the
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second span. The stringer-type bridge is on basically two or three steel
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"I" beams, referred to as stringers. The obvious method is to attempt to
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sever these primary aspects of the entire structure. This can be accomplished
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by placing charges on either side of each stringer. Each charge should be
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tamped either with sandbags or a wooden brace. The result of placing all the
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charges on the same side of the stringer is the twisting and forced warping
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of the steel beams beyond any future use. When dealing with a bridge of
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this type which incorporates more than one span, place the charges along the
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joints of the stringer, since this is the weakest point along the line.
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A [slab bridge] is a simple structure, consisting of a flat slab of
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either concrete or timber held together in such a way that it forms one
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continuous slab, these are the easiest bridges to destroy, since all that is
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required is a diagnal line of explosive charges placed either under, or
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drilled into, the structure itself. If the charges are placed beneath the
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bridge, they should be attached by some means, and tamping should be used.
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The [T-Beam bridge] is very similar to the stringer-type bridge,
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except it is without the bottom reinforcements. This doesn't mean the T-beam
|
||
bridge is any weaker or easier to destroy. This type of bridge is based on
|
||
three or four concrete or steel T-beams, with a large slab of concrete
|
||
covering them. The space between the T-beams on the underneath of the
|
||
bridge is ideal for the placement of explosive charges, since 75% of the
|
||
tamping has already been constructed, by the very nature of the bridge
|
||
itself. This type of bridge may have more than one span but, since bridge-
|
||
destruction is only a tactical-delay operation, the destruction of one span
|
||
should be enough. If you wish to destroy more than one span, just repeat
|
||
the same operation, on the second span, paying close attention to the joints.
|
||
Like the stringer-type bridge, the charges are placed beneath the bridge,
|
||
between the beams themselves. A steel or wooden platform should be
|
||
constructed to so hold the explosives, and direct their force upward into the
|
||
bridge.
|
||
The [concrete cantilever bridge] is probably better known as a
|
||
causeway. It is usually a very low bridge, with many segments or spans
|
||
supported by a series of concrete columns. The same basic procedure should be
|
||
followed as previously outlined, in that one should look for the weakest
|
||
point in the structure, and fix the charges at that point. The weakest point
|
||
in most structures is the place where two objects join, so the explosive
|
||
charges should be placed along the joints of the separate sections or spans.
|
||
Place charges of explosives at the foot of the corresponding column to insure
|
||
destruction. The charges placed at the foot of the columns should all be
|
||
tamped and placed on the same side of the respective columns, so as to
|
||
encourage maximum destruction. This type of bridge has many spans, but
|
||
usually it is only necessary to destroy several of the middle sections.
|
||
All charges placed at the foot of the columns should be situated on
|
||
the same side, so as to channel the movement of the destructive force in one
|
||
direction.
|
||
The [truss bridge] is usually used for railroad crossings, and is
|
||
built of steel. This type of bridge is one of the strongest in the world, and
|
||
offers many problems for the saboteur. The best method is to run several
|
||
different explosions at thirty-minute intervals, to that one can see exactly
|
||
what needs destruction, but this is not feasible for the guerilla operation.
|
||
Be very careful when attempting a sabotage operation of this type, especially
|
||
with a truss bridge, since, as it is a train crossing, it will undoubtedly
|
||
be guarded heavily.
|
||
[Suspension bridges] are, generally speaking, the largest bridges in
|
||
the world, and accordingly the strongest. It is a good idea to allow yourself
|
||
three of four separate charges with a time lapse between them. If this is not
|
||
possible, concentrate your charges on the main cables, and the center section
|
||
of the bridge. Six - no less important - charges should be placed on the two
|
||
towers at either end of the bridge and tamped down.
|
||
|
||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
<Example Comment>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Name - Nocturnal Phoenix
|
||
Date - October 25, 1992
|
||
I can be reached on GENERIC BBS, (555)-555-5555, 1200/9600
|
||
|
||
<assorted inphormation>
|
||
|
||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
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