109 lines
6.3 KiB
Plaintext
109 lines
6.3 KiB
Plaintext
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Process of Disposing of ]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Toxic Waste ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:723 School: ? State: ?
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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Abstract: Aluminum sulfate reacts with phosphates to create aluminum
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phosphate and a sulfate. The conversion of the phosphate to aluminum
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phosphate is very important because this allows the phosphate to be easily
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extracted. This manipulation is used today in industrial waste treatment
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sights. The removal of phosphates is very important for if phosphates are
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not removed, they plague bodies of water by feeding algae which clog the
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surface waters and eventually effect every living and nonliving thing in
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that environment. Chemical Process: The reactions which occur are the
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following:
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Aluminum sulfate(alum) in combination with wastewater can flocculate
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phosphorus. The Flocculation that happens with aluminum sulfate addition
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is the formation of aluminum phosphate particles that attach themselves
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to one another and become heavy and settle to the bottom of a clarifier.
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The aluminum sulfate and phosphorus mixture can then be withdrawn,
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thereby removing the phosphate or phosphorus from the wastewater flow.
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Industrial Applications: The application of this reaction to the
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industrial world consists of a set of processes to filter out the
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phosphate. The setup is the following: Purpose: Restrict phosphates to
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aluminum phosphates for easier disposal of phosphorus.
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The first step in phosphorus removal is the Rapid Mix. In this stage,
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alum and waste or water runoff(known as effluent) is blended together
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as rapidly as possible with the use of a high<67> speed mixer called a
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"flash mixer." After this instant mixing, a slower moving process
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called coagulation and flocculation follows to allow the formation of a
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floc. These processes occur in a Flocculation Chamber. This floc
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consists of suspended and colloidal matter, mainly including the
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aluminum phosphate. Next, the effluent travels to a clarifier in which
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sedimentation occurs. The heavier aluminum phosphate settles to the
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bottom then pumps at the bottom of the clarifier pump out the aluminum
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phosphate via pipes. This aluminum phosphate is then disposed.
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Currently, there are no economical uses for aluminum phosphate. Also,
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this chemical process is similar to the process used by laundry
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detergents. Many detergents contain synthetic phosphates, called
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tripolyphosphates(TTPs). These chemicals cling to grease and dirt
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particles(alum in the previous example), keeping them in suspension
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until the wash water is flushed out of the washing machine.
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Impact on Society: This reduction in phosphorus is very important. This
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added phosphorus disrupts the natural cycle of phosphorus. One result of
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this is an algal blooms, or exponential growth in algae. When algal blooms
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occur, the surface of a freshwater lake is clouded with an almost finite
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amount of bacteria because of an increase in a nutrient. In this case an
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increase in phosphate, a favorite for algae. This deprives the bottom of
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the lake by cutting off light. A dense mat of algae choke off the lake.
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Also, phosphates are nutrients for plantlife. When fall approaches, or when
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phosphate levels are decreased, the algae die and fall to the bottom,
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changing the bottom from a silt, sand and clay bottom to a sand gravel and
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rock bottom. When the plants die, they are degraded by aerobic bacteria,
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which can deplete dissolved oxygen, killing aquatic organisms. As oxygen
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levels drop, anaerobic bacteria resume the breakdown and produce noxious
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products. All of this impairs navigation, fishing, swimming and
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recreational boating. Total phosphorus removal through filters after using
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alum as a filtering aid achieves 70 to 95 percent efficiency. Phosphates
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must be filtered out before the water or wastes are dumped back into bodies
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of water. Glossary
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Flocculation: The gathering together of fine particles to form larger particles.
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Effluent: Wastewater or other liquid -- raw, partially or completely
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treated -- flowing from a basin, treatment process, or treatment plant.
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Coagulation: The use of chemicals that cause very fine particles to clump
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together into larger particles. This makes it easier to separate the
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solids from the liquids by setting, skimming, draining or filtering.
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Floc: Groups or clumps of bacteria and particles or coagulants and
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impurities that have come together and formed a cluster.
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Colloidal: Very small and finely divided. Referring to solids. Does not
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dissolve and remains dispersed in a liquid for a long time due to small
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size.
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Algal blooms: Rapid growth of algae in surface waters due to increase in
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inorganic nutrients.
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Bibliography
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Kerri, Kenneth D. Advanced Waste Treatment. Sacramento, Ca.: CSU,
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Sacramento, 1987.
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Adams, Melinda. Environmental Science. Redwood City, Ca.: The
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Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1991.
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