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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Violence on TV ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:1885 School:Public State:NY
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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"There was murderers going around killing lots of people and stealing
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jewelry." This quote comes from the mouth of an eight year old girl after
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watching the evening news on television. The eight year old girl claims
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that she is afraid "when there is a murder near because you never know if
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he could be in town" (Cullingford, 61). A recent report from the National
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Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) pools evidence from over 2,500 studies
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within the last decade on over 100,000 subjects from several nations to
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show that the compiled evidence of television's influence on behavior is so
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"overwhelming" that there is a consensus in the research community that
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"violence on television does lead to aggressive behavior" (Methvin, 49).
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Given that the majority of scientific community agrees that "the research
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findings of the NIMH publication support conclusion of a causal
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relationship between television violence and aggressive behavior" (Wurtzel,
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21), why is it that "the Saturday morning "kid vid ghetto" is the most
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violent time on T.V." (Methvin, 49), and that "despite slight variations
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over the past decade, the amount of violence on television has remained at
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consistently high levels" (Wurtzel, 23)? Why is it that, like the tobacco
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companies twenty years ago, the present day television broadcasting
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companies refuse to consent that violent films and programming can and do
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have harmful effects on their viewers (Rowland, 280) What can be done to
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combat the stubborn minded broadcasting companies and to reduce the amount
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of violent scenes that infest the current air waves?
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The television giants of today, such as ABC, CBS, and NBC continue to
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air violent shows, because they make money off of these programs. In
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general, society finds scenes of violence "simply exciting" (Feshbach, 12).
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Broadcasting companies argue that "based on the high ratings, they are
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giving the public what it wants, and therefore are serving the public
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interest" (Time, 77). Michael Howe states: "We have to remember that
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children and adults do enjoy and do choose to watch those programs that
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contain violence" (48). At the same time, however, we must also remember
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the undeniable truth that "there is clear evidence between television
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violence and later aggressive behavior" (Palmer, 120). Because violent
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television has been proven time and time again to play an active role
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toward inciting hostile behavior in children, the level of combative
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programming must be reduced. The media argument that high ratings
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correspond with the public's best interest is simply not valid. Even the
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American Medical Association agrees that the "link between televised
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violence and later aggressive behavior warrants a major organized cry of
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protest from the medical profession" (Palmer, 122). The issue of the
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public's infatuation with television can be paralleled with that of a young
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child and his desire for candy and "junk foods." The child enjoys eating
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such foods, though they produce the harmful effects of rotting away at his
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teeth. With a parent to limit his intake of such harmful sweets, however,
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the child is protected from their damage. Similarly, the American public
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desires to view violent programs at the risk of adapting induced aggressive
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behaviors. Because the networks refuse to act as a "mother," and to limit
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the amount of violence shown on television, there are no restrictions to
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prevent television's violent candy from rotting away at the teeth of
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society.
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Harry Skornia claims that "it is naive and romantic to expect a
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corporation to have either a heart of a soul in the struggle for profits
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and survival" (34). But who, then, is to take responsibility for the
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media's actions if not the industry itself? Because there has not been any
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sufficient answers to this question so far, "television violence has not
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diminished greatly; nor have Saturday morning programs for children, marked
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by excessively violent cartoons, changed much for the better" (Palmer,
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125). One may ask: "Why can't the government or the Federal Communications
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Commission (FCC) intervene to control the amount of violent programming
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that currently circulates during most broadcasting hours?" Edward Palmer
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states: "The FCC's reluctance to regulate - especially directly about
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violent content - is consistent with that of many other groups. Because
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the First Amendment guarantees freedom of the press, no direct censorship
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os programming has ever been advocated by responsible groups concerned with
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the problem of television violence" (124). The American Broadcasting
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Company (ABC) holds fast to its claim that there are no scientific findings
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that show a link between television violence and unusually violent behavior
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in children (Rowland, 279). The network executives at ABC express the
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ideals that "they are self-confident about the lack of both a serious case
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against them and of any sincere willingness by Congress to pursue beyond
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the heat of rhetoric the matters of broadcasting profitability and
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commercial purpose" (Rowland, 280). One can derive from this statement
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that the networks are clearly not worried about any form of government
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intervention or even the slightest bit concerned about the barrage of
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scientific data that correlates violent television and hostility among
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children.
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Because of the First Amendment to the Constitution, the government and
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the FCC are rendered virtually ineffective in the pursuit of limiting the
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current amount of violence on television. Public action is the only other
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option if society wishes to create a stronger programming schedule for
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today's children. Several organizations such as the National Parents and
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Teachers Association (PTA) and the American Medical Association (AMA) have
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urged their members to lobby public force against advertisers on
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high-violence programs (Methvin, 53). The public must dictate its feelings
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by not lending support to those companies that advertise during violent
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television shows. "The viewer has a right to declare that he is not going
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to help pay for those programs by buying the advertised products (Methvin,
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52) To aid public, The National Coalition on Television Violence (NCTV)
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publishes quarterly lists of the companies and products that sponsor the
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most mayhem, and also companies that allot the largest portion of their
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television budgets to violent programming (Methvin, 53). Public boycott of
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companies who advertise on violent programs seems to be the only way to
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inform the networks and syndicators that "a public health problem exists
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with which they must deal" (Broadcasting, 92). Michael Howe claims that
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"over many years, little more than lip service has been paid by the
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television networks to the expressed need to protect children from the
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injurious influences (46). History shows too, that "cries of protest, even
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when accompanied by rigorous data, have had little influence on the
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television industry in the past (Palmer, 177). A public boycott of violent
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television, apparently, is the only way to make the "production staff
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accept television violence first and foremost as potentially damaging,
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rather than regarding it principally as potential entertainment" (Belson,
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527). Only when the public is able to change the current attitudes of the
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media on the topic of aggression and television, can a plan to engender
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more beneficial and useful forms of television content be implemented
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(Brown,259).
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Despite the continuously mounting evidence that violent television has
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harmful effects on its young viewers, the three major broadcasting
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companies, ABC, CBS, and NBC, refuse to acknowledge these findings. One
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may find it ironic that out of over 2,500 reports on television violence,
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only seven do not indicate a link between the violence on the screen and
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aggressive behavior in young children (Chaffee, 33). Even more ironic is
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the fact that one such report was heavily funded by The National
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Broadcasting Network (NBC). The NBC funded report claims that their study
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"did not find any evidence that, over the time periods studied, television
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was causally implicated in the development of aggressive behavior patterns
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among children and adolescents" (Milavsky, 489). In a CBS study, the
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network "succeeded in reducing the amount of violence reported by excluding
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a significant (and unreported) amount of violent representation" (Chaffee,
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33). Studies by the large networks can easily be "rigged" to present
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values to support the broadcasters' hypothesis that television aggression
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does not influence violent behavior by changing the definition of what
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constitutes a violent act. The network studies only count "the use of
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force against persons or animals ,or the articulated, explicit threat of
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physical force to compel particular behavior on the part of a person"
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(Wurtzel, 27). Unlike the NIMH study, the network program did not include
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violence from comedy and slapstick, accidents and acts of nature such as
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floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes (Wurtzel, 27). By excluding certain
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types of violence, the broadcasters are able to manipulate their data to
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support the conclusion that television violence does not incite hostile
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behavior in children. The networks cannot be trusted to present accurate
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surveys of televised violence, because evidence shows that their findings
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are the result of "loaded" statistics and data.
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The current networks stand, stubborn and deaf, to the cries of the
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American Medical Association, suggestions by the Federal Communications
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Commission, and the concerns of other public organizations. The networks do
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not wish to alter their present displays of violence, because they fear
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financial losses and economic decline. To force the media to acknowledge
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public opinion against aggressive television programming, society must
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create financial distress for the television networks and force them to
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recognize the harmful effects of televised hostility on children. Only
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when the broadcasters and producers of violent programming admit and
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realize the damaging results of violence on children will significant
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improvements be made to generate productive and imaginative children's
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television.
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Work Sited
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Belson, William A. Television and the Adolescent Boy. Great
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Britain: Saxon House, 1978.
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Broadcasting. "T.V. Castigated for Link With Violence in
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Children." May 10, 1982: 92-94.
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Brown, Ray, ed. Children and Television. Beverly Hills,
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California: Sage Publications Inc., 1976.
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Chaffee, Steven H., George Gerbner, Beatrix A. Hamburgh,
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Chester M. Pierce, Eli A. Rebinstein, Alberta E. Siegel, and
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Jerome L. Singer. "Defending the Undefendable." Society
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Sept.-Oct. 1984: 30-36.
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Cullingford, Cedric. Children and Television. New York: St.
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Martin's Press, 1984.
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Himmelweit, Hilde T., A.N. Oppenheim, and Pamela Vince.
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Television and the Child. London: Oxford University Press,
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1958.
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Howe, Michael J.A. Television and Children. London: New
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University Education, 1977.
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Lowe, Carl, ed. Television and American Culture. New York: The
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H.W. Wilson Company, 1981.
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Methvin, Eugene H. "T.V. violence: the shocking new evidence."
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Reader's Digest Jan. 1983: 49-54.
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Milavsky, Ronald J., Ronald C. Kessler, Horst. H. Stipp, and
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William S. Rubens. Television and Aggression. Orlando:
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Academic Press Inc., 1982.
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Palmer, Edward L. Children and the Faces of Television. New
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York: Academic Press Inc., 1980.
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Pearl, David. "Violence and Aggression" Society Sept.-Oct.
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1984: 17-23.
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Rowland, Willard D. Jr. and Horace Newcomb. The Politics of T.V.
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Violence. Sage Publications Inc., 1983.
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Feshbach, Seymour and Robert D. Singer. Television and
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Aggression. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., 1971.
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Skornia, Harry J. Television and Society. New York: McGraw
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Hill Book Company, 1965.
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Time. "Warning from Washington: Violence on Television is
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Harmful to children." May 17, 1982: 77.
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Wurtzel, Alan, and Guy Lometti. "Researching Television
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Violence." Society Sept.-Oct. 1984: 22-31.
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