115 lines
6.7 KiB
Plaintext
115 lines
6.7 KiB
Plaintext
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
Mo.iMP <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20>
|
|||
|
|
<20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
|
|||
|
|
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Roots of the Russian ]
|
|||
|
|
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Revolution ]
|
|||
|
|
[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
|
|||
|
|
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Dizzed: 09/94 # of Words:809 School: ? State: ?
|
|||
|
|
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
|||
|
|
Roots of Russian Revolution
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The Russian revolution was caused by the continual breakdown of the
|
|||
|
|
governments in Russia and the incompetency and authoritarian views of it's
|
|||
|
|
czars. Their failures as leaders included policies that neither pleased
|
|||
|
|
nor benefitted the people. By the end of the nineteenth century, Russia's
|
|||
|
|
economy, government, military, and social organization was at an extreme
|
|||
|
|
decline. Russia had become the least advanced of the major European
|
|||
|
|
nations in terms of political and social development. There was no
|
|||
|
|
parliament, and no middle class. The Church, officers, and other important
|
|||
|
|
people and institutions were firmly against social progress. The
|
|||
|
|
disastrous defeat of Russia in the Crimean War in 1855 and 1856 exposed
|
|||
|
|
weaknesses of Russia's various organizations.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
For the first few decades of the 1800's, Russia's outlook was brighter
|
|||
|
|
under Alexander I, who was relatively liberal. He became more reactionary
|
|||
|
|
however, and following his death, a group of young army officers tried to
|
|||
|
|
overturn the Czardom. This was called the Decembrist Revolt. The next
|
|||
|
|
czar, Nicholas, was a die hard authoritarian. The Administrative system
|
|||
|
|
continued to decay regardless of his iron fisted rule. The gap between the
|
|||
|
|
rich and the poorer continued to widen. Over five hundred peasant revolts
|
|||
|
|
took place during his reign.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Alexander II, who took the throne in 1855 tried to avert revolt by
|
|||
|
|
attempting reform. In 1861 he freed the serfs and gave them expectations
|
|||
|
|
of free land allotments. But to their surprise, and anger, they were only
|
|||
|
|
given the opportunity to share it as members of a village commune(mir). In
|
|||
|
|
addition, the mir had to pay back the government for the land over a period
|
|||
|
|
of 49 years with interest. Alexander also formed a series of elected local
|
|||
|
|
councils that gave districts restricted jurisdiction of certain aspects of
|
|||
|
|
life. He too became more of a reactionary towards the end of his reign.
|
|||
|
|
The result was his assassination by a group of conspirators called the
|
|||
|
|
People's Will movement. The next Czar, Alexander III, was yet another
|
|||
|
|
reactionary. He was active in silencing criticism of the government,
|
|||
|
|
exiling agitators, and stamping out revolutionary groups.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Industrialization began to appear and with it an increase of
|
|||
|
|
dissatisfied workers. They were underpaid and forced to work in
|
|||
|
|
unfavourable conditions. The peasants farmers were doing fine on their
|
|||
|
|
farms but a famine in 1891 caused extensive suffering. Revolts again
|
|||
|
|
became fairly frequent. Intellectual groups organized and continued the
|
|||
|
|
fight against serfdom and autocracy.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian people were in the mood
|
|||
|
|
for revolution. The loss of the Russo Japanese war to Japan, and the
|
|||
|
|
resulting hardships, made concrete the opposition to the autocracy. In
|
|||
|
|
December of 1904, unrest surfaced in Baku. Strikes occurred in factories
|
|||
|
|
in the capital. Priest Father Gapon lead a peaceful march to petition the
|
|||
|
|
czar for a redress of grievances but it ended violently with the Czar's
|
|||
|
|
troops firing on the crowd. In October of 1905 a general strike was
|
|||
|
|
declared that crippled the country.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
On October 30th, Nicholas dispatched the historical October Manifesto
|
|||
|
|
which provided for a constitution under which civil liberties were granted
|
|||
|
|
and an elected state institution called the duma was formed. This broke
|
|||
|
|
the czar's absolute power. However, the czar chose reactionary ministers
|
|||
|
|
to lead the duma and the secret police force was improved and strengthened.
|
|||
|
|
The first two were filled with radicals but quickly dissolved. The members
|
|||
|
|
of the third were conservative in outlook. Social conditions improved too
|
|||
|
|
slowly to reverse public opposition to the absolute monarchy. Poor
|
|||
|
|
political and military leadership in the First World War led to widespread
|
|||
|
|
desertion of Russian soldiers. Their army suffered great casualties and a
|
|||
|
|
battered economy.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
It was the accumulation of discontent for governments, czar's, and
|
|||
|
|
living conditions along with Russian defeats in various wars, including
|
|||
|
|
WWI, of the working class citizens in Russia that eventually boiled over
|
|||
|
|
and resulted in revolution. The public dissatisfaction continued to fill
|
|||
|
|
for over a decade like a powderkeg and eventually was set off and caused an
|
|||
|
|
explosion of great impact to the future of Russia. They displayed their
|
|||
|
|
anger in various ways, but the authoritarian Czar's which attained power
|
|||
|
|
did not react to the incoming tide. In fact, they resisted change at every
|
|||
|
|
avenue possible and proved to outrage certain people to such a point that
|
|||
|
|
Czar's were assassinated. By 1917, the Russian people had had enough, and
|
|||
|
|
a public disturbance in Petrograd soon spread throughout the city and had
|
|||
|
|
become a widespread revolt. The resulting revolution proved to restructure
|
|||
|
|
the politics in Russia for years to come.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
BIBLIOGRAPHY
|
|||
|
|
Campling, Elizabeth. Living Through History: The Russian Revolution.
|
|||
|
|
London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 1985.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Hayden, David. "Russian Revolution." Merit Students Encyclopedia. New York:
|
|||
|
|
Macmillan Educational Co, 1982. 16:241<34>3
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Robottom, John. Russia in Change. New York: Longman Group Ltd., 1984
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Trueman, John, et al. Modern Perspectives. Canada: McGraw<61>Hill Ryerson
|
|||
|
|
Ltd., 1979.
|
|||
|
|
|