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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Isaac Newton ]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:1280 School: ? State: ?
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientists of all time. He is
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best-known for his discovery of the law of universal gravitation and the
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laws of motion. Much of modern science is based on the understanding and
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use of his laws.
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Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day, 1642, in the small English
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town of Woolsthorpe. His father, a farmer, died shortly before Isaac was
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born. When the boy was three years old, his mother remarried and moved to
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another town. Isaac stayed on at the farm in Woolsthorpe with his
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grandmother. After attending small country school, he was sent at the age
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of twelve to the Kings School in the near by town of Grantham.
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At first Isaac was a poor student. He cared little for school work,
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perferring to paint, make kites, write in notebooks, or invent toys. He
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made no friends. Silent and dreamy, he was at the bottom of his class.
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Oddly, it was a savage kick by a school bully that caused Newton's great
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mind to awaken. The mild, dreamy boy flew into a rage and beat the other
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boy thoroughly. Isaac determined to beat the bully in school work as well.
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Soon Isaac was at the head of his class.
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In 1656 Newton's stepfather died. His mother returned to
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Woolsthorpe to take care of the farm left by Newton's father. But she could
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not manage the farm by herself. Isaac was taken out of school and brought
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home to help her.
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As a farmer, Newton proved to be a dismal failure. He neglected the
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necessary chores and thought only of books to study and mechanical things
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to make. There are many stories about him at that time that show how absent
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minded he was becoming. One day while he was leading a horse, the animal
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slipped its bridle and ran away. Isaac continued walking home with the
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empty bridle, unaware that the horse was gone.
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When an idea got into Newton's head, he could think of nothing
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else. Once, during a storm, his mother sent him to shut the barn doors to
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keep them from being torn off. Half an hour later she went to see what was
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keep the boy so long. He had forgotten all about the barn doors. They were
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riped off the hinges, and Newton was jumping again and again from an open
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window to the ground. Each time, he marked the spot where he landed. Newton
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was trying to measure the force of the wind. when the gusts were strong,
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hes jumps were longer than when the wind was weaker.Realizing that her son
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was simply not suited to farm life, Newton's mother sent him back to Kings
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School. He graduated in 1661.
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When he was 18 years old, Newton went to Trinity College in
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Cambridge University. He quickly proved to his teachers that he was no
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ordinary student. He read all the books he could get, especially those on
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mathematics and physics. These interested him the most. His professors were
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amazed to find that Newton knew about certain subjects even before he was
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taught. the young man has mastered the subjects by himself.
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In 1665, when Newton was only 25 years old, he worked out a basic
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formula in Mathematics that has been used ever since. Today it is called
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the Binomial Theroem.
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That same year, 1665, Isaac graduated from Trinity College. He
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wanted to stay on at the university to continue his studies. But the
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plague, the Black Death, had broken out in England. The university was
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closed and the students sent home, for the fear that the plague would
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strike Cambridge. Newton then returned to Woolsthorpe.
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Fear of the plague keep Newton close to the farm for the next 18
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months. Almost always alone, He spent his time thinking out mathematical
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problems. in those 18 months he laid the foundation for his lifes work.
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During that time he hit upon a new mathematical tool he called fluxions or
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flowing quantities. Today it is called calculus.
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One day in 1665 Newtin was sitting in the garden in Woolsthorpe,
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thinking about force that kept the moon moving around the earth, he saw an
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apple fall from a tree. This set him thinking about falling objects. Why
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did they fall down and not up? It must be because the earth is attracting
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all objects to itself. The same force that made the apple fall downward
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must also be attracting the moon and helping to keep it in orbit.
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From these thoughts Newton began to work out the law concerning
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attraction between all objects in the universe. The law is called the law
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of Universal gravitation.
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While at Woolsthorpe, Newton began experimenting with light. he
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succeeded in showing that a beam of sunlight is made up of bands of colors
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from red to violet, as in a rainbow. he called these bands the spectrum.
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After the plague ended, Newton returned to Cambridge and continued
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working on light and color. This work led him to the discovery of the
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reflecting telescope. Most modern telescopes, such as that on Mount Palomar
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in California, are based on Newton's telescope. In recognition of his work
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in mathematics and optics (the science of light) Newton was appointed
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professor of Mathematics at Trinity College in 1669. Early in 1672 he was
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elected a member of the Royal Society.
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Although Newton experimented mostly with optics during these years
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at Trinity College, his mind always return to the question of gravitation.
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He was trying to calculate the exact amount of force that objects exert on
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each other. Rather then spending time with people, he spent his time
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working. He made very few friends and became more absentminded then ever.
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Finally he completed the mathematics of the law of gravitation.
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using this law, Newton in 1682 proved mathematically one of the laws of
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Planetary Motion. This law was stated by the german astronomer Johannes
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Kepler in the early 1600's but he was not able to show mathematical proof.
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Because he was a shy man who cared little for fame, Newton put
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these and other calculations away in a drawer instead of making them
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public. But his few friends knew of the brilliant work he was doing. Atlast
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they persauded Newton to right a book in which he would explain his work on
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Planetary Motion, Gravitation, and other matters.
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In 1685 newton plunged into his gigantic taks. He drove himself
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mercilessly, scarcely eating and sleeping. As he walked into his garden a
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thought might suddenly occur to him. He would rush upstairs to his room to
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jot it down, not even sitting down to write.
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Newton's book The Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy
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appeared in 1687. It was written in latin, the language which most
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scientific books were written in those times. Newton's book is usually
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called the Principia, after its Latin title. Many scientists think its the
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most important scientific book ever written. It contains Newton's famous
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three laws of motion. It also contained his law of universal gravitation.
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This law applies not only to heavenly bodies. It also explains why a
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baseball drops from your hand to the ground and why a particle of dust
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settles on a bookshelf.
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During later years Newton served his country in Parliament, as well
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as in other ways. In 1703 he was elected president of the Royal Society,
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and in 1705 he was knighted by Queen Anne. Isaac Newton died in 1727. He
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was burried in Westminster Abbey, among the great men of England. His
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statue stands today in the hall of Trinity College, Cambridge University.
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bibliography:
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David C. knight. "isaac Newtons, Mastermind of modern Science" Groiler inc.
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Canada, 1969.
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