109 lines
6.9 KiB
Plaintext
109 lines
6.9 KiB
Plaintext
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<20><><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Egyptian Mummys]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:896 School: ? State: ?
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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In ancient Egyptian society preserving a body after death was an
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important process necessary for entrance into an immortal existence.
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According to Egyptian belief the soul did not die. The soul would take the
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form of a bird usually a falcon and fly around in the world of the living
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returning later it's dead body. The importance of preserving the body
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revolved around the idea that the roaming soul would be able to recognize
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the right body and return to it. As a result of this theology Egyptians
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developed an effective system of embalming.
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The Egyptian embalming process was a significant and complicated
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process performed by priests. Employing a crooked piece of iron the brain
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would be removed through the nostrils. A sharp stone was used to cut open
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the body and extract the intestines. Palm wine and spices were used to
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purify the intestines. The chest and stomach areas would be filled with
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myrrh, cinnamon, and other herbs. The body would be sewn up and immersed
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in natron for seventy days. After the seventy days the body would be
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washed and wrapped in linen from head to foot bound by a gum like
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substance. Upon completion of this procedure the body would now be ready
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for burial. Egyptians used other methods of embalment. One method
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attributed to the lower class was to bury the body in the desert sand for a
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lengthy period of time. The result of this method dried the skin of the
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body into a leathery shell. Arab historian Abdel el Latif discovered on
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one of his expeditions a rather unorthodox method of embalment. Latif and
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his team came across a jar filled with honey. During a lunch break Latif
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and his party indulged in the jar of honey until hair began to emerge from
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the jar. Upon close observation the body of a small child was uncovered
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perfectly preserved in the honey(not too appetizing).
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The most well known mummies are those of Egyptian Pharaohs. The body
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of Tutankhamun is the most renowned fully intact mummy. Several other royal
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mummies have survived the centuries but they have been re-wrapped and
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stripped of their jewels. Re-wrapped mummies were not properly completed
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and were always hurried(for fear of divine retribution). The Egyptians
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worshipped several animals. Divine animals such as cats, jackals, hawks,
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and bulls were allowed the same mummification privilege as humans. Entire
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cemeteries were reserved for animals. The cat cemeteries were situated
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around Bubastis the center of worship of the cat goddess Bastet.
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Underground catacombs house hundreds of thousands of mummified hawks. It
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was common practice for visitors to the catacombs to purchase an animal
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mummy and dedicate it to a specific animal god in return for a favour.
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Nevertheless, most of these animal mummies when unwrapped contained no
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sacred animal, but twigs and sawdust. The manufacture of phoney mummies
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would hundreds of years later in the eighteen century again generate big
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business. The process of mummification was so esteemed that major
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criminals would not be executed but denied being mummified. In another
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case, a prince who attempted to assassinate Ramesses II was mummified
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alive. The wretched pose of this prince would suggest he was asphyxiated.
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Another suggestion, is that the prince was impaled on a stake by his
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embalmers and died in convulsions.
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Priests had to overcome several obstacles before perfecting the
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process of embalming. Since sheepskin was considered unclean a white dough
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like material was used. During periods of epidemics bodies had to be
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quickly mummified. In the embalming chambers a constant flow of water had
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to be maintained. In order to house all the bodies which required a
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seventy day dehydration period a large shed was constructed. Slaves would
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have the task of warding off dogs and other scavengers from the shed. To
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prevent the complete dissolving of muscle and tissue priests packed the
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body with temporary stuffing(rags, sawdust, straw). Priests had to be
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careful not to overstuff the mummy. Queen Henttaway was overstuffed and
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her body burst open and had to be resown.
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Egyptians used magical items to provide additional protection for the
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mummies. Hand and feet amulets acted as substitutes for decaying limbs.
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In the same way, face amulets could restore lost powers of sight and
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speech. The Ankh amulet provides the wearer powers of travel and is
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associated with all aspects of life and death. The Udjat Eye of Horus was
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the most powerful amulet which represented health and nutrition . The
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Girdle of Isis provided protection to the mummy. Scarab amulets were
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placed on mummies to symbolize the rising sun. Dried onions were stuffed
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into the ears of the mummies and along the bandages although the
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significance of this is still unknown.
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The modern examination of mummies has enabled us to ascertain various
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facts about everyday Egyptian life. The mummy of Maat-ka-re a virgin
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priestess had for thousands of years been thought to have been mummified
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with a child. Using X- ray technology the child turned out to be a
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mummified baboon, one of her favourite pets. Examination of mummies
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revealed that Egyptians were quite short. A considerable amount of infant
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diseases are evident in children mummies. The life expectancy according to
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the mummies was around forty. Average Egyptians encountered several dental
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and health obstacles. Spinal arthritis was common as were typhoid and
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brucellosis. Mummies serve as a tribute to ancient Egyptian society and
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their technology.
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