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173 lines
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Martin Luther ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [King ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:1583 School: ? State: ?
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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Martin Luther King
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The most important person to have made a significant change in the
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rights of Blacks was Martin Luther King. He had great courage and passion
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to defeat segregation and racism that existed in the United States, and it
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was his influence to all the Blacks to defy white supremacy and his belief
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in nonviolence that lead to the success of the Civil Rights movement.
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Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia
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where the city suffered most of the racial discrimination in the South,
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and, in addition, the Ku Klux Klan had one of it's headquarters there. But
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it was his father, Martin Luther King Sr. who played an important role in
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shaping the personality of his son. M.L. Sr. helped to advocate the idea
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that Blacks should vote. He was involved with the National Association for
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the Advancement of Coloured People, an important Civil Rights group. These
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efforts to improve the way of life for Blacks could be seen by his son.
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In December 5, 1955 King began to be significant in the changing of
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the Black man's way of life. The boycott of the Montgomery Bus was begun
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when Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat on a bus to a white man on
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December 1st. Two Patrolmen took her away to the police station where she
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was booked. He and 50 other ministered held a meeting and agreed to start a
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boycott on December 5th, the day of Rosa Parks's hearing. This boycott
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would probably be successful since 70% of the riders were black. The bus
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company did not take them seriously, because if there was bad weather, they
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would have to take the bus. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
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was established to co-ordinate the boycott. They had a special agreement
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with black cab companies, in which they were allowed to get a ride for a
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much cheaper price than normal. Blacks had to walk to work, and so they did
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not have time to do any shopping and therefore the sales decreased
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dramatically. On January 30, while M.L was making a speech, his house was
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bombed. Luckily his wife and baby had left the living room when the bomb
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exploded, but a black mob formed and was angry about what had happened, and
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Policemen were sent to the scene to control the situation, even though they
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were outnumbered. King, however, because of his strong belief in
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nonviolence, urged the crowd to not use their guns and to go home.
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The news coverage increased on the Montgomery boycott as months
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passed. He travelled to many places and made speeches in order to raise
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money for the MIA's legal fees. When he returned he found that he was
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charged for breaking an anti-boycott law. He and the others were found
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guilty, but they appealed the sentence. When in November 13, the MIA was
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fined $15,000, at the same time, the Supreme Court found the Alabama's
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segregation laws were unconstitutional. That night the KKK looted 40 cars
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in hopes of scaring the Blacks. But the black people did not hide in their
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homes and turn the lights off. They stayed on their porches and waved
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showing that they were not afraid of them at all. By 1957 Martin Luther
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King became a national figure. Time magazine wrote a story on him, and his
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ideology of nonviolence began to spread throughout the country. The boycott
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gave a strong psychological push of courage that would continue until
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Blacks obtained what was morally right.
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What made Martin Luther King striking was his conviction on
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non-violence. He believed that this belief could give blacks a superior
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level of morality over whites. This ideology was important for his success
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in later years. As a result, it helped restrain the use of violence from
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whites to blacks and vice versa. This philosophy was tested during the
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Montgomery bus boycott. Before the successful boycott, blacks used violence
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in order to protest racism. During the boycott, however, on both sides
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violence was not a measure to be taken. When someone bombed King's home,
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the fact that violence was used against a nonviolent group made the idea of
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the black man's cause more agreeable.
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Whites, as a result of the boycott, realised the threat for blacks to
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be equal was increasing. They used legal measures to break up the NAACP
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(National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People). In time the
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NAACP became very weak, and so the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership
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Conference) became more significant to the black man's cause. It was lead
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by King, Rustin, Levison, and Baker, and was a Negro church which
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represented "the most stable institution of the Southern Negro community".
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The party gave a tremendous morale strength in the goal for the equality of
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blacks. The SCLC was stronger than the NAACP because it did not depend on
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state officials. Because there were no membership lists, it was difficult
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to single out individual black followers.
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It is noteworthy to mention one incident that occurred in 1958 when he
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made visits to promote his book. A demonic woman attempted to stab him.
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When he was rushed to a hospital, he later found out that if he had tried
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to take out the knife or if it moved in any way, he would have died because
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the tip of the knife was touching the aorta of his heart. King's will and
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courage to fight for civil rights was affected by the achievements of
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Gandhi's philosophy. On February 10, 1959, he toured India and admired
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Gandhi for his achievements in breaking down the caste system, which was a
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system in which the hierarchy of social classes dominated the country.
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His influence onto black students was incredible. They felt the
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courage to revolt against segregation. For example, on February 1, 1960,
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there was a group of black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina,
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who sat down in a lunch room for whites. This tactic became popular and was
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being used everywhere. As a result, King suggested that they create a
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permanent organization. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
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(SNCC) was formed.
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One of the instrumental factors which aided King to his role in the
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Civil Rights Movement was Senator John F. Kennedy's support for his
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beliefs. Kennedy showed his support when King, for example, was found
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guilty of driving with an invalid license, and was find $25 plus one year's
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probation. When police arrested him again during the probationary period,
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he was sentenced to four months in a jail which demanded heavy labour. This
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jail was also the home of KKK criminals. Senator Kennedy promised to help
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King and by doing so, won the support of 75% blacks. King urged for Kennedy
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to help the Civil Rights Movement, and so the Congress of Racial Equality
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(CORE) decided to see for themselves whether the banning of segregation was
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actually working. These civil rights activists were called Freedom Riders.
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But white activists beat them and burnt the buses they were on. King
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realised that the media was a very powerful tool when they covered the use
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of violence by the KKK.
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The continual effort to strengthen the message for rights can be
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outlined in Birmingham, Alabama. After King and three other leaders were
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released from jail (they were arrested because during one of his organized
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protests), they were surprised to find that 1000 youths were protesting.
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Though 900 were arrested, the next day 2500 children were protesting. Water
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hoses were used by authorities to fight the blacks. Attack dogs were also
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used to control the mob. But when the public was shown of the violent
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methods, it increased the sympathy onto King's cause. Despite this, 3000
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youngsters demonstrated the next day. There was no more space in the jails
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and finally the business leaders of the community realized that the would
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need to start negotiating, or they would suffer financially.
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The height of King's career was in 1964, when the Civil Rights Act was
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enacted. It was sent through Congress by President Kennedy in 1963, but he
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did not live to see it go through. He was assassinated on November 22,
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1963. His successor, President Johnson, passed it through Congress. It
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allowed the federal government to enforce any racial discrimination in
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public areas like restaurants and hotels. It allowed the government to hold
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federal funds from places where racism existed. It also prohibited
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discrimination in the voter-registration procedures. Whites previously
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discriminated Blacks from voting if they were illiterate, but the Act
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forbade this. M.L.'s success was acknowledged when he was awarded the Nobel
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Prize in the same year.
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A tragic day struck on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tenn.. He was
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planning to participate in a Poor People's March to Washington. While
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standing on the balcony of the motel where he was staying with his
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partners, he was killed by a bullet which was shot by James Earl Ray. On
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March 10, 1969, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced 99 years in prison.
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Martin Luther King was able to achieve the impossible. He was an
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ambitious man who wanted to make a difference in the lives of every
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American Black. Step by step, he organized demonstrations and made speeches
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to further strengthen his cause. His philosophy of non-violence played a
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key role in the success of the right to be free. Carved on his crypt is a
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phrase he said many times:
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Free at last, free at last
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Thank God Almighty
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I'm free at last.
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