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202 lines
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Japan, from post WWII to]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [1952. ]
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[x]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed:7/94 # of Words:1689 School: ? State: ?
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation.
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General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was
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in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military
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government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing
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Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator
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of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily
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carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by
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early 1946.
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Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The
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stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and
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scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the
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damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones
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left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling
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lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the
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occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings.
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The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was
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very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely
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glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random
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spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square
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feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A
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master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside
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because of the lack of time before the next winte r. The thousands of
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people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing.
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All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared
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about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when
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they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, "Send me food, or send me
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bullets."
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American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting
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from cutting into the sparse local supply.
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No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the first
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six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as
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chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum
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imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different
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urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese
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diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing
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fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war
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and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north.
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The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption
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of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese
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government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a
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constitutional r eform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft
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a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was
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then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial
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amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May 3, 1947.
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The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of
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government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme
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political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to
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the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The
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House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The
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judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as
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possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review
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the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly
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increased powers.
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The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation.
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Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines,
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industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at
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the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown
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things, and kept muttering, "Ah so, ah so." People started to call him
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"Ah-so-san." Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man
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to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured selves,
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force to do what was alien to them. In 1948, in a newspaper poll, Emperior
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Hirohito was voted the most popular man in Japan.
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Civil li berties were emphasized, women were given full equality with
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men. Article 13 and 19 in the new Constitution, prohibits discrimination in
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political, economic, and social relations because of race, creed, sex,
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social status, or family origen. This is one of the most explicitly
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progressive statements on human rights anywhere in law. Gerneral Douglas
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MacArthur emerged as a radical feminist because he was "convinced that the
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place of women in Japan must be brought to a level consistent with that of
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women in the western democracies." So the Japanese women got their equal
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rights amendment long before a concerted effort was made to obtain one in
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America.
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Compulsory education was extened to nine years, efforts were made to make
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education more a traning in thinking than in rote memory, and the school
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system above the six elementary grades was revised to conform to the
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American pattern. This last mechanical change produced great confusion and
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dissatisfaction but became so entrenched that it could not be re vised even
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after the Americans departed.
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Japan's agriculture was the quickest of national activities to recover
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because of land reform. The Australians came up with the best plan. It
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was basis was this: There were to be no absentee landlards. A p erson who
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actually worked the land could own up to 7.5 arcers. Anyone living in a
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village near by could keep 2.5 acres. Larger plots of land, exceeding
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these limits, were bought up by the government and sold on easy terms to
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former tenants. Within two years 2 million tenants became landowners. The
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American occupation immediately gained not only a large constituency, for
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the new owners had a vested interest in preserving the change, but also a
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psychological momentum for other changes they wanted to ini tiate.
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The American labor policy in Japan had a double goal: to encourage the
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growth of democratic unions while keeping them free of communists. Union
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organization was used as a balance to the power of management. To the
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surprise of the America n authorties, this movement took a decidedly more
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radical turn. In the desperate economic conditions of early postwar Japan,
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there was little room for successful bargaining over wages, and many labor
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unions instead made a bid to take over industry and o perate it in their
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own behalf. Moreover large numbers of workers in Japan were government
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employees, such as railroad workers and teachers, whose wages were set not
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by management but by the government. Direct political action therefore
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seemed more meani ngful to these people than wage bargaining. The Japanese
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unions called for a general strike on February 1, 1947. MacArthur warned
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the union leadership that he would not countenace a nationwide strike. The
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strike leaders yieled to MacArthur's will. The re after the political
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appeal of radical labor action appeared to wane.
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The Americans wanted to disband the great Zaibatsu trust as a means of
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reducing Japan's war-making potential. There were about 15 Zaibatsu
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families such as - Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda, and Sumitomo. The Zaibatsu
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controled the industry of Japan. MacArthur's liaison men pressured the
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Diet into passing the Deconcentration Law in December 1947. In the eyes of
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most Japanese this law was designed to cripple Japanese business and i
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ndustry forever. The first step in breaking up the Zaibatsu was to spread
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their ownership out among the people and to prevent the old owners from
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ever again exercising control. The stocks of all the key holding companies
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were to be sold to the public. Friends of the old Zaibatsu bought the
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stock. In the long run the Zaibatsu were not exactly destroyed, but a few
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were weakened and others underwent a considerable shuffle.
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The initial period of the occupation from 1945 to 1948 was marked by
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reform, the second phase was one of stabilization. Greater attention was
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given to improvement of the economy. Japan was a heavy expense to the
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United States. The ordered breakup of the Zaibatsu was slowed down. The
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union movement continued to grow, to the ult imate benefit of the worker.
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Unremitting pressure on employers brought swelling wages, which meant the
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steady expansion of Japan domestic consumer market. This market was a
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major reason for Japan's subsequent economic boom. Another boom to the
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economy was the Korean War which proved to be a blessing in disguise.
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Japan became the main staging area for military action in Korea and went on
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a war boom economy with out having to fight in or pay for a war.
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The treaty of peace with Japan was signed at San Francisco in September
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1951 by Japan, the United States, and forty-seven other nations. The
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Soviet Union refused to sign it. The treaty went into effect in April
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1952, officially terminating the United States military occupation and
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restoring full independence.
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What is extraordinary in the Occupation and its aftermath was the
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insignificance of the unpleasant. For the Japanese, the nobility of
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American ideals and the essential benignity of the American presence
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assuaged much of the bitterness and anguish of defeat. For the Americans,
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the joys of promoting peace and democracy triumphed over the attendant
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fustrations and grievances. Consequently, the Occupation served to lay down
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a substantial capital of good will on which both America and Jap an would
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draw in the years ahead.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Christopher, Robert C. /The Japanese Mind/. New York: Fawcett
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Columbine, 1983
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La Cerda, John. /The Conqueror Comes to Tea/. New Brunswick: R utgers
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University Press, 1946
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Manchester, William. /American Caesar/. New York: Dell Publishing
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Company, Inc., 1978
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Perry, John Curtis. /Beneath the Eagle's Wings/. New York: Dodd, Mead
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and Company, 1980
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Reischauer, Edwin O. / The Japanese/. London: Belknap Press, 1977
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Seth, Ronald. /Milestones in Japanese History/. Philadelphia: Chilton
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Book Company, 1969
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Sheldon, Walt. /The Honorable Conquerors/. New York: The Macmillan
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Company., 1965
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