159 lines
10 KiB
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159 lines
10 KiB
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Pres. Jackson. ]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Date: 06/94 # of Words:1,393 School:Public - COED State:NY
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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Essay on President Jackson
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"The decision of the Jackson administration to remove the Cherokee
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Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River in the 1830's was more a
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reformulation of the national policy that had been in effect since the
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1790's than a change in that policy." The dictum above is firm and can be
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easily proved by examining the administration of Jackson and comparison to
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the traditional course which was carried out for about 40 years. After 1825
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the federal government attempted to remove all eastern Indians to the Great
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Plains area of the Far West. The Cherokee Indians of northwestern Georgia,
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to protect themselves from removal, made up a constitution which said that
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the Cherokee Indians were sovereign and not subject to the laws of Georgia.
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When the Cherokee sought help from the Congress that body only allotted
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lands in the West and urged them to move. The Supreme Court, however, in
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Worcester vs. Georgia, ruled that they constituted a "domestic dependent
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nation" not subject to the laws of Georgia. Jackson, who sympathized with
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the frontiersman, was so outraged that he refused to enforce the decision.
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Instead he persuaded the tribe to give up it's Georgia lands for a
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reservation west of the Mississippi.
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According to Document A, the map shows eloquently, the relationship
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between time and policies which effected the Indians. From the Colonial and
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Confederation treaties, a significant amount of land had been acquired from
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the Cherokee Indians. Successively, during Washington's, Monroe's, and
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Jefferson's administration, more and more Indian land was being
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commandeered. The administrations during the 1790's to the 1830's had
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gradually acquired more and more land from the Cherokee Indians. Jackson
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followed that precedent by the acquisition of more Cherokee lands.
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According to Document B, "the first of which is by raising an army,
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and [destroying the resisting] tribes entirely or 2ndly by forming treaties
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of peace with them", "under the existing circumstances of affairs, the
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United States have a clear right, consistently with the principles of
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justice and the laws of nature, to proceed to the destruction or expulsion
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of the savages." The use of the word savages, shows that the American had
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irreverence toward other ethnic backgrounds. Henry Knox wanted to destroy
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the cherokee tribes inorder to gain land for the United States, although he
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questions the morality of whether to acquire the cherokee land, his
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conclusion forbode's the appropriation. According to Document C, "That the
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Cherokee Nation may be led to a greater degree of civilization, and to
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become herdsmen and cultivators, instead of remaining in a state of
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hunters, the United States will from time to time gratuitously the said
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nation with useful implements of husbandry."
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The statement made by Henry Knox shows an ethnocentric view toward the
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indians. Knox viewed them as savages, and said that the role of the United
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States is to propagate their evolution into herdsmen and cultivators
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instead of hunters. What Knox did not realize was that he was attempting to
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change the culture of the Cherokee Indians, and that would be an
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infringement upon their sovereignty.
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According to Document E, "[In exchange for Georgia's cession of claims
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to certain western lands] . . . the United States shall, at their own
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Expense, [obtain for] the Use of Georgia, as early as the same can be
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peaceably obtained on reasonable terms, the indian Title . . . to all the
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other Lands within the State of Georgia." The statement above, explains how
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the United States is being avaricious in expanding the State of Georgia
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into cherokee lands. Manifest Destiny and irreverence toward the Cherokee
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Indians can be explained by this.
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According to Document F, "The Indian tribes . . . have for a
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considerable time been growing more and more uneasy at the constant
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diminution of the territory they occupy, although effected by their own
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voluntary sales, and the policy has long been gaining strength with them of
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refusing absolutely all further sale on any conditions . . . . In order
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peaceable to counteract this policy of theirs and to provide an extension
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of territory which the rapid increase of our numbers will call for [they
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should be led to an agricultural way of life, thus lessening their need for
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land], In leading them thus to . . . civilization . . . I trust and believe
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we are acting for their greatest good." Thomas Jefferson believed that some
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people were dependent(slaves, women, indians) and some people were
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independent (White males), he believed that the independent of society
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should help the dependents to become independent. Jefferson was attempting
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to be benevolent toward the indians, but Jefferson was only trying to
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acquire the land for the United States. Precedent was reinforced in the
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United States not respecting rights of sovereignty of the Cherokee Indians.
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According to Document H, "I have long viewed treaties with the Indians
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an absurdity not to be reconciled to the principles of our Government. The
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Indians are the subjects of the United States, inhabiting it's territory
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and acknowledging it's soverignty, then is it not absurd for the soverign
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to negotiate by treaty with the subject. . . ." Andrew Jackson had made the
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assumption that the Indians were subjects to the united states, which is
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not factual. Jackson is explaining that subjects should not have to
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negotiate a treaty, and that taking the land should be a right of the
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master (U.S), upon his slave (Cherokee Indians).
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According to Document N, ".....[I am] deeply impressed with the
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opinion that the removal of the Indian tribes from teh lands which they now
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occupy . . . is of very high importance to our unio, and may be
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accomplished on conditions and in a manner to promote the interest and
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happiness of those tribes . . . For the removal of the trives within the
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limits of the State of Georgia, the motive has been peculiarly strong,
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arising from the compact with that State, whereby the United States are
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bound to extinguish the Indian title to the lands within it, whenever it
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may be done peaceably and on reasonable conditions." Again, the United
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States is expanding upon Cherokee land, which Monroe believes that will
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benefit the Indians and benefit the Americans. The statement is a
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contradiction because Monroe as well as the president's before him, believe
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that they are helping the Indians, but are actually oppressing the Indians
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According to Document O, "It has long been the policy of Government to
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introduce among them the arts of civilization, in hope of gradually
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reclaiming them from a wandering life." Converting the Cherokee Indians
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from hunters into cultivators, seems like the object of Jackson's speech,
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but the underlying reason for the movement is for gold which was found in
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Georgia. "Actuated by this view of the subject, I informed the Indians
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inhabiting parts of Georgia and Alabama that their attempt to establish an
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independent government would not be countenanced by the Executive of the
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United States, and advised them to emigrate beyond the Mississippi or
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submit to the laws of those States." Jackson gives the Cherokee Indians an
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ultimatum, whereby either the Cherokee Indians move west of the mississippi
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or they will have to abide by the laws of Georgia and the United States.
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The Cherokee Indians seeking their independent sovereignty, moved west of
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the Misssissippi, while almost half of their tribe had been decimated (The
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Trail of Tears). Again, The United States is violating the soverignty of
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the Cherokee Indian land and is following precedent of the past policies
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toward the irreverance of Indian Lands.
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According to Document P, "The Cherokee Nation, then is a distinct
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community. . . in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which
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the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter but with the assent of the
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Cherokees themselves or in conformity with treaties and with the acts of
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Congress . . . ." The statement made by John Marshall is correct by saying
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that the territorial boundries and land of the Cherokee Indians is soverign
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to the Cherokee Indians. Marshall announced that the laws of Georgia are
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not applicable within the Cherokee Lands, and the constitution acknowleges
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the soverignty of it's bordering territories. Since the Supreme Court
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couldn't enforce this opinion, Jackson carried through his act of moving
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the Indians west of the Mississippi.
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All in all, from the early 1790's to the late 1830's, the policy that
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Jackson set forth reinforced the precedent which shaped national Indian
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policy between 1789 and mid 1830's.
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