211 lines
12 KiB
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211 lines
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Evolutional History of ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Canada ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:1614 School: ? State: ?
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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EVOLUTION OF CANADA
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Canada, independent nation in North America. A country rich in minerals
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and agriculture, it was settled by the French and English and became an
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independent Commonwealth country with a federal system of government, in
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which the provinces enjoy a large measure of autonomy.
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Land and Economy. The 2nd-largest country in the world (after the
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USSR), Canada occupies the N half of the North American continent,
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stretching E and W from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans, N from the 49th
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parallel to the North Pole, including all the islands in the Arctic Ocean
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from W of Greenland to Alaska. It is divided into 10 provinces, which are
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(E-W): Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick,
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Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Two
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territories--Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory--are in the N and
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NW. The outstanding geological feature is the Canadian Shield, a
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1,850,000-sq-mi (4,791,500-sq-km) arc of Pre-Cambrian rock from Labrador
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around Hudson Bay to the Arctic islands. The Shield, site of once great
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mountain chains worn down and covered by the sea, contains valuable
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minerals--gold, silver, platinum, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, and
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zinc--making Canada one of the most important mining countries in the
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world. The Shield's N portion is a treeless plain with permanently frozen
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subsoil; in its S section are forests.
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Extending from the Shield's W border to the Canadian Rockies are
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prairies more than 800mi (1,288km) wide that yield wheat, the dominant
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crop, and are centers of livestock raising. W Canada is a land of mountains
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with fishing, agriculture, and lumbering as important industries. With the
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development of major oil and natural gas deposits since the 1950s in the W,
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the now-dominant energy industry has resulted in dramatic economic growth
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there, and made Canada a major oil-producing country. The E provinces
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provide rich farm lands, forests, coal mines, and major fishing sources
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along the long coastline. Source of a route into the interior for early
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settlers, the St Lawrence-Great Lakes area is the most populous section of
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Canada as well as its economic and political center. It contains over 60%
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of the population. Abundant minerals have made Canada the world leader in
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the production of silver, nickel, potash, and zinc; second in gypsum,
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asbestos, uranium, and sulfur; third in gold, lead, and platinum; fourth in
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magnesium and fifth in copper. Timber is also valuable, and Canada is a
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world leader in newsprint production. The growth of manufacturing during
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the 1950s and 1960s changed Canada from a rural society to an industrial
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and urban country. Farming employs 7% of the working population.
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Mechanization has made it possible to export 30%-40% of its total
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agricultural production, accounting for 11% of total exports. Wheat is
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particularly important. Of the total fishing catch, 75% is exported.
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People. Canada's indigenous Indians and Eskimos are descendants of the
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Mongoloid tribes who took the NW route from Asia across the Bering Strait
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15,000-20,000 years ago. The Arctic region contains about 12,000 Eskimos.
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Today, 44% of the population is of British descent. About 30% is French,
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descended from the colonists who came to Canada in the 17th and 18th
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centuries, and now heavily concentrated in Quebec and New Brunswick. During
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the American Revolution many British loyalists fled to Canada from the
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United States, and after 1900 waves of immigrants from Germany, the
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Ukraine, and Italy settled on the prairie farmlands or the urban centers.
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Native Indians have been increasing in number, accounting for over 210,000,
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mostly living in the prairie states. During periods of US prosperity,
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emigration has brought Canadians S to work in the industrial cities.
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Forty-six percent of the population is Roman Catholic with the coalition
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United Church of Canada next (20%). Literacy is almost 100%.
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Government. In its role as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations,
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Canada is both a constitutional monarchy and a democracy. Internally, there
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is a federal structure of the 10 provinces and 2 territories. The British
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monarch names a governor general who serves as symbol of the association
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with the Commonwealth. Parliament is divided into two houses. Members of
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the Senate are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime
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minister. Members of the House of Commons are elected. The executive branch
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includes a cabinet, headed by the prime minister, who is the leader of the
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party in power. Within each province the government is headed by a premier
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and parliament.
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History. Rivalry between the French and the English marked Canada's
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early development. John Cabot, sailing for England, reached Newfoundland in
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1497 and claimed possession for King Henry VII. In 1534, French explorer
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Jacques Cartier planted the French flag on the Gasp<73> Peninsula, and in
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1604, Samuel de Champlain established the first French colony, Port Royal,
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in Nova Scotia; four years later he founded what is now the city of Quebec.
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French navigators traveled the St Lawrence and Hudson rivers, claiming
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large interior lands for France. Traders and missionaries penetrated the
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interior, and French officials made peace with the Indians, thus
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encouraging French immigration. Seeking a share of the lucrative fur trade,
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the British in 1670 established the Hudson's Bay Co. Continental war
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between France and England extended to the New World, and the 1759 defeat
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of French commander Montcalm brought the fall of Quebec; the 1763 Treaty of
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Paris gave Canada to Britain. In 1791 a constitutional act divided Canada
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into two sections--an English portion in what is now Ontario and a French
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portion in what is now Quebec. The next 40 years were marked by trade and
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expansion. Alexander Mackenzie, the first white man to cross the continent,
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reached the Arctic in 1789 and the Pacific in 1793. The United States
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invaded Canada during the War of 1812, which ended in a stalemate with the
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Treaty of Ghent. French Canadians demanded political reform, and in 1840
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Upper and Lower Canada were joined and self-government approved. Border
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questions between the United States and Canada were settled during the same
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period when the 49th parallel was accepted as the demarcation line. A
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movement to join the isolated colonies spread across the continent was
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spurred by promises to build a railway system linking the provinces and to
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provide future protection against US invasion, especially during the Civil
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War, when there was anti-British feeling in the United States. In 1867 the
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British North America Act joined four provinces--Quebec, Ontario, Nova
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Scotia, and New Brunswick--and provided for a parliamentary system. In 1869
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Canada bought land from the Hudson's Bay Co., carving out of it the
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provinces of Manitoba (1870), Saskatchewan (1905), and Alberta (1905).
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Encouraged by a transcontinental railway promise, British Columbia joined
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the union in 1871 and Prince Edward Island in 1873. The last addition came
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in 1948 when Newfoundland became Canada's 10th province. Outstanding
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leaders during the drive for independence and the early years of
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confederation included John A. Macdonald, Wilfrid Laurier, and William Lyon
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Mackenzie King. Canada joined the Allies in WWII and after the war became a
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member of the United Nations. The Liberal party dominated politics from the
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early 1960s until 1984. First with Lester Pearson and, from 1968-79 and
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1980-84, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, as prime minister. In 1984 Trudeau retired
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from politics and chose John N. Turner to succeed him as prime minister and
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party leader. The 1984 elections saw a dramatic change in power with the
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election of the Progressive Conservative candidate, Brian Mulroney.
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Mulroney and US President Ronald Reagan in 1988 signed a historic
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free-trade agreement that made the US and Canada the largest free-trade
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area in the world; annual trade was expected to amount to about $150
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billion.
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During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Canada successfully weathered
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severe crises of national unity. In Quebec, four-fifths French-speaking,
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the militant Parti Qu<51>b<EFBFBD>cois won the elections of 1976 on a secessionist
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platform, but in 1980 Quebec voters rejected a referendum on separate
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status. In 1979 Trudeau announced plans to repatriate the British North
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America Act, which functions as the Canadian constitution, but is amendable
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only by act of the British parliament. The provincial premiers were at
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first opposed to the move, but a compromise reached in 1981 was rejected
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only by Quebec and was signed into effect by Queen Elizabeth II in 1982. In
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1987 Quebec signed the Canadian constitution, which had been altered to
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include a provision for Quebec to be recognized as a "distinct society." In
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1988 a free-trade agreement was signed between Canada and the US; its
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supporters expected it tostimulate international trade by encouraging the
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removal of trade tariffs and restrictions.
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PROFILE
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Official name: Canada
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Area: 3,851,809sq mi (9,976,185sq km)
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Population: 26,310,836
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Density: 6.8per sq mi (2.6per sq km)
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Chief cities: Ottawa (capital); Montreal; Toronto; Edmonton
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Government: Constitutional monarchy with parliamentary system of
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government
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Religion: Roman Catholic (major), Anglican, United Church
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Language: English, French
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Monetary unit: Canadian dollar
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Gross national product: $471,500,000,000
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Per capita income: $18,070
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Industries: pulp and paper, petroleum products, iron, steel,
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motor vehicles,
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aircraft, machinery, chemicals, aluminum, fish canning
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Agriculture: wheat, barley, oats, rye, potatoes, fish, cattle,
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forests
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Minerals: oil, iron ore, gold, silver, platinum, copper, nickel,
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cobalt, zinc
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Trading partners: United States, Japan, United Kingdom
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Following is a list of the prime ministers of Canada.
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PRIME MINISTERS OF CANADA
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John A. McDonald 1867-73
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Alexander Mackenzie 1873-78
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John A. McDonald 1878-91
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John J.C. Abbot 1891-92
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John S.D. Thompson 1892-94
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Mackenzie Bowell 1894-96
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Charles Tupper 1896
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Wilfrid Laurier 1896-1911
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Robert L. Borden 1911-20
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Arthur Meighen 1920-21
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W. L. Mackenzie King 1921-26
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Arthur Meighen 1926
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W. L. Mackenzie King 1926-30
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Richard B. Bennett 1930-35
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W. L. Mackenzie King 1935-48
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Louis Stephen St. Laurent 1948-57
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John George Diefenbaker 1957-63
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Lester B. Pearson 1963-68
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Pierre Elliott Trudeau 1968-79
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Joe Clark 1979-80
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Pierre Elliott Trudeau 1980-84
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Brian Mulroney 1984-
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