99 lines
5.9 KiB
Plaintext
99 lines
5.9 KiB
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on Artificial Life]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:652 School: ? State: ?
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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ARTIFICIAL LIFE
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Artificial life (commonly called a-life) is the term applied
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collectively to attempts being made to develop mathematical models and
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computer simulations of the ways in which living organisms develop, grow,
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and evolve. Researchers in this burgeoning field hope to gain deeper
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insights into the nature of organic life as well as into the further
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possibilities of COMPUTER science and robotics (see ROBOT). A-life
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techniques are also being used to explore the origins and chemical
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processes of metabolism. Some investigators have even proposed that some
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digital "life" in computers might already be considered a real life form.
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Background
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The term artificial life was coined in the 1980s by Christopher Langdon,
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a computer scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Santa Fe
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Institute. Langdon organized the first experimental workshop on the subject
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at Santa Fe in 1987. Since then other a-life conferences have taken place,
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drawing increasingly wider attention and a growing number of participants.
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Theoretical studies of a-life, however, had been in progress long before
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the 1980s. Most notably, the Hungarian-born U.S. mathematician John VON
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NEUMANN, one of the pioneers of computer science, had begun to explore the
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nature of very basic a-life formats called cellular automata (see AUTOMATA,
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THEORY OF) in the 1950s. Cellular automata are imaginary mathematical
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"cells" --analogous to checkerboard squares--that can be made to simulate
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physical processes by subjecting them to certain simple rules called
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algorithms (see ALGORITHM). Before his death, von Neumann had developed a
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set of algorithms by which a cellular automaton--a box shape with a very
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long tail--could "reproduce" itself.
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Another important predecessor of a-life research was Dutch biologist
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Aristid Lindenmeyer. Interested in the mathematics of plant growth,
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Lindenmeyer found in the 1960s that through the use of a few basic
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algorithms--now called Lindenmeyer systems, or L-systems--he could model
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biochemical processes as well as tracing the development of complex
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biological forms such as flowers. Computer-graphics programs now make use
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of L-systems to yield realistic three-dimensional images of plants.
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The significance of Lindenmeyer's contribution is evident in the fact
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that so-called "genetic algorithms" are now basic to research into a-life
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as well as many other areas of interest. Genetic algorithms, first
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described by computer scientist John Holland of the University of Michigan
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in the 1970s, are comparable to L-systems. A computer worker trying to
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answer some question about a-life sets up a system--an algorithm--by which
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the computer itself rapidly grades the multiple possible answers that it
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has produced to the question. The most successful of the solutions are then
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used to develop new software that yields further solutions, and the cycle
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is repeated through several "generations" of answers.
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Evolutionary Modeling
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Langdon himself picked up on the work of von Neumann by attempting to
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design an "a-life" form on a computer screen. In 1979 he finally succeeded
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in developing loop-shaped objects that actually reproduced themselves, over
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and over again. As new generations spread outward from the initial
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"organisms" they left "dead" generations inside the expanding parameter.
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Langdon noted that the "behavior" of these a-life forms genuinely mimicked
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real-life processes of mutation and evolution. He eventually proposed that
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a-life studies could provide keys to understanding the logical form of any
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living systems, known or unknown.
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One of the most striking a-life simulations of evolutionary processes
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has been the work of Thomas Ray of the University of Delaware, who in 1990
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set in motion a "world" of computer programs that he called Tierra. The
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world started out with a single ancestor, a program containing 80
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instructions. A-life evolution proceeded as mutations rapidly appeared. The
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new forms included "parasites" that interacted with the original host
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forms, producing further mutations of hosts and parasites that "learned" to
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deal with one another anew in each succeeding generation. Bibliography:
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Braitenberg, Valentino, Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology
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(1984); Langdon, Christopher, ed., Artificial Life (1988); Levy, Steven,
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Artificial Life (1992); Pagels, H. R., The Dreams of Reason (1988); Prata,
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Stephen, Artificial Life (1993).
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