textfiles/politics/INGERSOLL/predest.txt

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                               XI.

                    A LETTER TO ANDREW DEAN.

[NOTE: Mr. Dean, who rented Paine's farm at New Rochelle, had
written: "I have read with good attention your manuscript on
Dreams, and Examination on the Prophecies in the Bible., I am now
searching the old prophecies and comparing the same to those said
to be quoted in the New Testament. I confess the comparison is a
matter worthy of our serious attention; I know not the result till
I finish; then, if you be living, I shall communicate the same to
you I hope to be with you soon." -- Editor.]

                    A LETTER TO ANDREW DEAN.

RESPECTED FRIEND,

     I received your friendly letter, for which I am obliged to
you. It is three weeks ago to day (Sunday, Aug. 15,) that I was
struck with a fit of an apoplexy, that deprived me of all sense and
motion. I had neither pulse nor breathing, and the people about me
supposed me dead. I had felt exceedingly well that day, and had
just taken a slice of bread and butter for supper, and was going to
bed. The fit took me on the stairs, as suddenly as if I had been
shot through the head; and I got so very much hurt by the fall,
that I have not been able to get in and out of bed since that day,
otherwise than being lifted out in a blanket, by two persons; yet
all this while my mental faculties have remained as perfect as I
ever enjoyed them. I consider the scene I have passed through as an
experiment on dying, and I find that death has no terrors for me.
As to the people called Christians, they have no evidence that
their religion is true. There is no more proof that the Bible is
the word of God, than that the Koran of Mahomet is the word of God.
It is education makes all the difference. Man, before he begins to
think for himself, is as much the child of habit in Creeds as he is
in ploughing and sowing. Yet creeds, like opinions, prove nothing.

     Where is the evidence that the person called Jesus Christ is
the begotten Son of God? The case admits not of evidence either to
our senses or our mental faculties: neither has God given to man
any talent by which such a thing is comprehensible. It cannot
therefore be an object for faith to act upon, for faith is nothing
more than an assent the mind gives to something it sees cause to
believe is fact. But priests, preachers, and fanatics, put
imagination in the place of faith, and it is the nature of the
imagination to believe without evidence.

     If Joseph the carpenter dreamed, (as the book of Matthew (i)
says he did,) that his betrothed wife, Mary, was with child by the
Holy Ghost, and that an angel told him so, I am not obliged to put
faith in his dreams; nor do I put any, for I put no faith in my own
dreams, and I should be weak and foolish indeed to put faith in the
dreams of others.

     The Christian religion is derogatory to the Creator in all its
articles. It puts the Creator in an inferior point of view, and
places the Christian Devil above him. It is he, according to the
absurd story in Genesis, that outwits the Creator in the garden of 


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                1

                         PREDESTINATION.

Eden, and steals from him his favorite creature, Man, and at last
obliges him to beget a son, and put that son to death, to get Man
back again; and this the priests of the Christian religion call
redemption.

     Christian authors exclaim against the practice of offering up
human sacrifices, which, they say, is done in some countries; and
those authors make those exclamations without ever reflecting that
their own doctrine of salvation is founded on a Human Sacrifice.
They are saved, they say, by the blood of Christ. The Christian
religion begins with a dream and ends with a murder.

     As I am now well enough to sit up some hours in the day,
though not well enough to get up without help, I employ myself as
I have always done, in endeavoring to bring man to the right use of
the reason that God has given him, and to direct his mind
immediately to his Creator, and not to fanciful secondary beings
called mediators, as if God was superannuated or ferocious.

     As to the book called the Bible, it is blasphemy to call it
the word of God. It is a book of lies and contradictions, and a
history of bad times and bad men. There are but a few good
characters in the whole book. The fable of Christ and his twelve
apostles, which is a parody on the Sun and the twelve signs of the
Zodiac, copied from the ancient religions of the Eastern world, is
the least hurtful part. Every thing told of Christ has reference to
the Sun. His reported resurrection is at sunrise, and that on the
first day of the week; that is, on the day anciently dedicated to
the Sun, and from thence called Sunday -- in Latin 'Dies Solis,'
the day of the Sun; as the next day, Monday, is Moon-day. But there
is no room in a letter to explain these things.

     While man keeps to the belief of one God, his reason unites
with his creed. He is not shocked with contradictions and horrid
stories. His bible is the heavens and the earth. He beholds his
Creator in all his works, and everything he beholds inspires him
with reverence and gratitude. From the goodness of God to all, he
learns his duty to his fellow-man, and stands self-reproved when he
transgresses it. Such a man is no persecutor.

     But when he multiplies his creed with imaginary things, of
which he can have neither evidence nor conception, such as the tale
of the garden of Eden, the Talking Serpent, the Fall of Man, the
Dreams of Joseph the Carpenter, the pretended Resurrection and
Ascension, of which there is even no historical relation, -- for no
historian of those times mentions such a thing, -- he gets into the
pathless region of confusion, and turns either fanatic or
hypocrite. He forces his mind, and pretends to believe what he does
not believe. This is in general the case with the Methodists. Their
religion is all creed and no morals.

     I have now, my friend, given you a 'fac simile' of my mind on
the subject of religion and creeds, and my wish is, that you make
this letter as publicly known as you find opportunities of doing.

                              Yours, in friendship,

                                             THOMAS PAINE.

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                2

                         PREDESTINATION.

                              XII.

                         PREDESTINATION.

[NOTE: Reprinted from an Appendix to Paine's Theological Works,
published in London, by Mary Ann Carlile, in 1820. This I believe
to be the last piece written by Paine. -- Editor.]

                  REMARKS ON ROMANS IX. 18-21.

      Addressed to the Ministers of the Calvinistic Church.

     PAUL, in speaking of God, says, "Therefore hath he mercy on
whom he will have mercy, and whom he will be hardeneth. Thou wilt
say, why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will?
Nay, but who art thou, O man, that repliest against God? Shall the
thing formed Say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus?
Hath not the potter power over the clay of the same lump, to make
one vessel unto honor and another unto dishonor?"

     I shall leave it to Calvinists and Universalists to wrangle
about these expressions, and to oppose or corroborate them by other
passages from other books of the Old or New Testament. I shall go
to the root at once, and say, that the whole passage is presumption
and nonsense. Presumption, because it pretends to know the private
mind of God: and nonsense, because the cases it states as parallel
cases have no parallel in them, and are opposite cases.

     The first expression says, "Therefore hath he (God) mercy on
whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth." As this is
ascribing to the attribute of God's power, at the expense of the
attribute of his justice, I, as a believer in the justice of God,
disbelieve the assertion of Paul. The Predestinarians, of which the
loquacious Paul was one, appear to acknowledge but one attribute in
God, that of power, which may not improperly be called the Physical
attribute. The Deists, in addition to this, believe in his moral
attributes, those of justice and goodness.

     In the next verses, Paul gets himself into what in vulgar life
is called a hobble, and he tries to get out of it by nonsense and
sophistry; for having committed himself by saying that "God hath
mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth,"
he felt the difficulty he was in, and the objections that would be
made, which he anticipates by saying, "Thou wilt say then unto me,
Why doth he (God) yet find fault? for who hath resisted his will?
Nay, but, O man, who art thou, that repliest against God! "This is
neither answering the question, nor explaining the case. It is down
right quibbling and shuffling off the question, and the proper
retort upon him would have been, "Nay, but who art thou,
presumptuous Paul, that puttest thyself in God's place!" Paul,
however, goes on and says, "Shall the thing formed say to him that
formed it, why hast thou, made me thus?" Yes, if the thing felt
itself hurt, and could speak, it would say it. But as pots and pans
have not the faculty of speech, the supposition of such things
speaking is putting nonsense in the place of argument, and is too
ridiculous even to admit of apology. It shows to what wretched
shifts sophistry will resort.


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                3

                         PREDESTINATION.

     Paul, however, dashes on, and the more he tries to reason the
more he involves himself, and the more ridiculous he appears. "Hath
not," says he, "the potter power over the clay of the same lump, to
make one vessel unto honor and another unto dishonor"? In this
metaphor, and a most wretched one it is, Paul makes the potter to
represent God; the lump of clay the whole human race; the vessels
unto honor those souls "on whom he hath mercy because he will have
mercy;" and the vessels unto dishonor, those souls "whom he
hardeneth (for damnation) because be will harden them." The
metaphor is false in every one of its points, and if it admits of
any meaning or conclusion, it is the reverse of what Paul intended
and the Calvinists understand.

     In the first place a potter doth not, because he cannot, make
vessels of different qualities, from the same lump of clay; he
cannot make a fine china bowl, intended to ornament a side-board,
from the same lump of clay that he makes a coarse pan, intended for
a close-stool. The potter selects his clays for different uses,
according to their different qualities, and degrees of fineness and
goodness.

     Paul might as well talk of making gun-flints from the same
stick of wood of which the gun-stock is made, as of making china
bowls from the same lump of clay of which are made common earthen
pots and pans. Paul could not have hit upon a more unfortunate
metaphor for his purpose, than this of the potter and the clay; for
if any inference is to follow from it, it is that as the potter
selects his clay for different kinds of vessels according to the
different qualities and degrees of fineness and goodness in the
clay, so God selects for future happiness those among mankind who
excel in purity and good life, which is the reverse of
predestination.

     In the second place there is no comparison between the souls
of men, and vessels made of clay; and, therefore, to put one to
represent the other is a false position. The vessels, or the clay
they are made from, are insensible of honor or dishonor. They
neither suffer nor enjoy. The clay is not punished that serves the
purpose of a close-stool, nor is the finer sort rendered happy that
is made up into a punch-bowl. The potter violates no principle of
justice in the different uses to which he puts his different clays;
for he selects as an artist, not as a moral judge; and the
materials he works upon know nothing, and feel nothing, of his
mercy or his wrath. Mercy or wrath would make a potter appear
ridiculous, when bestowed upon his clay. He might kick some of his
pots to pieces.

     But the case is quite different with man, either in this world
or the next. He is a being sensible of misery as well as of
happiness, and therefore Paul argues like an unfeeling idiot, when
he compares man to clay on a potter's wheel, or to vessels made
therefrom: and with respect to God, it is an offence to his
attributes of justice, goodness, and wisdom, to suppose that he
would treat the choicest work of creation like inanimate and
insensible clay. If Paul believed that God made man after his own
image, he dishonours it by making that image and a brick-bat to be
alike.


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                                4

                         PREDESTINATION.

     The absurd and impious doctrine of predestination, a doctrine
destructive of morals, would never have been thought of had it not
been for some stupid passages in the Bible, which priestcraft at
first, and ignorance since, have imposed upon mankind as
revelation. Nonsense ought to be treated as nonsense, wherever it
be found; and had this been done in the rational manner it ought to
be done, instead of intimating and mincing the matter, as has been
too much the case, the nonsense and false doctrine of the Bible,
with all the aid that priestcraft can give, could never have stood
their ground against the divine reason that God has given to man.

     Doctor Franklin gives a remarkable instance of the truth of
this, in an account of his life, written by himself. He was in
London at the time of which he speaks. "Some volumes," says he,
"against Deism, fell into my hands. They were said to be the
substance of Sermons preached at Boyle's Lectures. It happened that
they produced on me an effect precisely the reverse of what was
intended by the writers; for the arguments of the Deists, which
were cited in order to be refuted, appeared to me more forcible
than the refutation itself. In a word I soon became a perfect
Deist." -- New York Edition of Franklin's Life, page 93.

     All America, and more than all America, knows Franklin. His
life was devoted to the good and improvement of man. Let, then,
those who profess a different creed, imitate his virtues, and excel
him if they can.

                                                  THOMAS PAINE.

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                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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