288 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
288 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
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YUGOSLAVIA
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 255,800 km2; land area: 255,400 km2
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Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming
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Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km,
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Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania
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546 km
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Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands)
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with
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Bulgaria and Greece
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Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy
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winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland
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Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography;
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plain in north
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Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore,
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antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural
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gas, nickel, uranium
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Land use: arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures
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25%; forest and woodland 36%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1%
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Environment: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes
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Note: controls the most important land routes from
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central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits
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PEOPLE
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Population: 23,976,040 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)
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Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Yugoslav(s); adjective--Yugoslav
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Ethnic divisions: Serb 36.3%, Croat 19.7%, Muslim 8.9%, Slovene
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7.8%, Albanian 7.7%, Macedonian 5.9%, Yugoslav 5.4%, Montenegrin 2.5%,
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Hungarian 1.9%, other 3.9% (1981 census)
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Religion: Eastern Orthodox 50%, Roman Catholic 30%, Muslim 9%,
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Protestant 1%, other 10%
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Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official);
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Albanian, Hungarian
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Literacy: 90% (male 96%, female 84%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1981)
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Labor force: 9,600,000; agriculture 22%, mining and manufacturing
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27%; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)
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Organized labor: badly fractured labor movement, with no unified
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national labor federation; several republics have competing union
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federations within their borders
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
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abbreviated SFRY
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Type: federal republic in form; four of six republics have
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non-Communist governments
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Capital: Belgrade
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Administrative divisions: 6 republics (republike,
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singular--republika); Bosna i Hercegovina (Bosnia and Hercegovina),
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Crna Gora (Montenegro), Hrvatska (Croatia), Makedonija (Macedonia),
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Slovenija (Slovenia), Srbija (Serbia);
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note--there are two nominally autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine,
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singular--autonomna pokajina) within Srbija--Kosovo and Vojvodina
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Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established
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from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire,
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and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945
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Constitution: 21 February 1974, amendments to the Constitution
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have passed the Federal Assembly and are being considered at the
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republic level
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Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal
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theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; a new legal
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code is being formulated
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National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of
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Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945)
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Executive branch: president of the Presidency, vice president of
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the Presidency, Presidency, president of the Federal Executive
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Council, two vice presidents of the Federal Executive Council, Federal
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Executive Council
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Legislative branch: bicameral Federal (Skupstina) consists of
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an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces (Vece Republika
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i Pokrajina) and a lower chamber or Federal Chamber
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Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President of the Presidency Stjepan MESIC
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from Hrvatska (Croatia), one-year term expires 15 May 1992;
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Vice President of the Presidency Branko KOSTIC from Crna Gora
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(Montenegro), one-year term expires 15 May 1992; note--the offices of
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president and vice president rotate annually among members of the
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Presidency with the current vice president assuming the
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presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the
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longest without filling the position (the current sequence is
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Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i
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Hercegovina, Slovenija, and Srbija);
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Head of Government--President of the Federal Executive Council
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Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal
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Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989);
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Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL
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(since 16 March 1989)
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Political parties and leaders: there are over 100 political
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parties operating, some only in one republic and others country-wide
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Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18
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Elections: direct federal elections may never be held because of
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inter-republic differences over Yugoslavia's future structure
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Other political or pressure groups: there are no national
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political groups; all significant groups are found within the republics
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Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), BIS, CCC, CERN (observer),
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CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
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IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),
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ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OECD (special), PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
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UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC;
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Chancery at 2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
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(202) 462-6566; there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago,
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Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco;
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US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; mailing address Box 5070,
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Belgrade or APO New York 09213-5070; telephone 38 (11) 645-655; there
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is a US Consulate General in Zagreb
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Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
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with a large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the
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center over all three bands
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ECONOMY
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Overview: For 20 years Communist Yugoslavia had been trying to
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replace the Stalinist command economy with a decentralized semimarket
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system that features worker self-management councils in all large plants.
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This hybrid system neared collapse in late 1989 when inflation soared.
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The government applied shock therapy in 1990 under an IMF standby
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program that provides tight control over monetary expansion, a freeze
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on wages, the pegging of the dinar to the deutsche mark, and a partial
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price freeze on energy, transportation, and communal services. This
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program brought hyperinflation to a halt and encouraged a rise in
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foreign investment. Since June 1990, however, inflation has
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rebounded and threatens to rise further in 1991. Estimated annual
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inflation for 1990 is 164%. Other huge problems remain: rising
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unemployment, the low quality of industrial output, and striking
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differences in income between the poorer southern regions and the
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comparatively well-off northern areas. Even so, political issues far
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outweigh economic problems in importance.
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GNP: $120.1 billion, per capita $5,040; real growth rate - 6.3%
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(1990 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 164% (1990)
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Unemployment rate: 16% (1990)
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Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including
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capital expenditures of $NA (1990)
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Exports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
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commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods
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31%, capital goods and equipment 19%;
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partners--EC 53%, USSR and Eastern Europe 27%,
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less developed countries 12.9%, US 4.8%, other 2.3%
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Imports: $17.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);
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commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods
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and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%;
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partners--EC 53.5%, USSR and Eastern Europe 22.8%,
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less developed countries 15.4%, US 4.6%, other 3.7%
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External debt: $18.0 billion, medium and long term (December 1990)
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Industrial production: growth rate - 10.9% (1990)
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Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 83,400 million kWh produced,
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3,500 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum,
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chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper,
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motor vehicles, building materials
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Agriculture: diversified, with many small private holdings and
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large combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets,
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sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs,
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live animals
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Economic aid: donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to
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non-Communist less developed countries (1966-89)
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Currency: Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars);
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1 Yugoslav dinar (YD) = 100 paras; note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia
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began issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD
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Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--13.605 (January
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1991), 11.318 (1990), 2.876 (1989), 0.252 (1988), 0.074 (1987), 0.038
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(1986), 0.027 (1985); note--as of January 1991 the new dinar is linked to
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the German deutsche mark at the rate of 9 new dinars per 1 deustche mark
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 9,349 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge)
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including 931 km double track, 3,760 km electrified (1988)
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Highways: 122,062 km total; 73,527 km asphalt, concrete, stone
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block; 33,663 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;
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14,872 km earth (1988)
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Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)
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Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined
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products
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Ports: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce; inland port is Belgrade
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Merchant marine: 277 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,780,095
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GRT/6,031,359 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 133
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cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 19 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3
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multifunction large-load carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
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tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 75 bulk, 11 combination
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bulk; note--Yugoslavia owns 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 253,400
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GRT/429,613 DWT under the registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus
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Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 179 total, 179 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
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20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: 1.6 million telephones (97% automatic); 7,500
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public telephone booths; stations--85 AM, 69 FM, 103 TV; 4.65 million
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radios; 4.1 million TVs (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television
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program (1990)
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air
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and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil
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Defense
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,176,693; 5,001,024 fit for
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military service; 189,886 reach military age (19) annually
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Defense expenditures: 70.85 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1991
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est.); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the
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official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading
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results
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