288 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
288 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
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TURKEY
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 780,580 km2; land area: 770,760 km2
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Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
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Land boundaries: 2,715 km total; Bulgaria 240 km, Greece 206 km,
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Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km, USSR 617 km
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Coastline: 7,200 km
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Maritime claims:
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Exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only--to the maritime
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boundary agreed upon with the USSR;
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Territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and
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Mediterranean Sea
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Disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial)
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disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question
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with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and
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Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates
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rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and
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the USSR
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Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
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harsher in interior
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Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central
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plateau (Anatolia)
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Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper,
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borate, sulphur, iron ore
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Land use: arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and
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pastures 12%; forest and woodland 26%; other 28%; includes
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irrigated 3%
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Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along
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major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification
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Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits
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(Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean
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Seas; Turkey and Norway only NATO members having a land boundary
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with the USSR
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PEOPLE
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Population: 58,580,993 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991)
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Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Turk(s); adjective--Turkish
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Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.)
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Religion: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and
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Jews) 0.2%
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Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
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Literacy: 81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 18,800,000; agriculture 56%, services 30%,
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industry 14%; about 1,000,000 Turks work abroad (1987)
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Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Republic of Turkey
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Type: republican parliamentary democracy
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Capital: Ankara
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Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (iller, singular--il);
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Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya,
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Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis,
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Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,
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Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep,
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Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta,
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Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu,
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Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya,
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Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu,
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Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat,
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Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak
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Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman
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Empire)
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Constitution: 7 November 1982
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Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems;
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accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
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National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic,
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29 October (1923)
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Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister,
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deputy prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk
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Millet Meclisi)
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Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Mesut YILMAZ (since 30
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June 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ekrem PAKDAMIRLI (since 30 June
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1991)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ;
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Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), Erdal INONU;
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Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL;
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People's Labor Party (HEP), Fehmi ISIKLAR;
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Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA;
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Democratic Center Party (DMP), Bedrettin DALAN;
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Great Anatolia Party (BAP), leader NA;
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Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;
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Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN;
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Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN;
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Grand National Party (GNP), leader NA
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Suffrage: universal at age 21
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Elections:
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Grand National Assembly--last held 29 November 1987
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(next to be held November 1992);
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results--ANAP 36%, SHP 25%, DYP 19%, other 20%;
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seats--(450 total) ANAP 275, SHP 82, DYP 60, HEP 9, SBP 4,
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DMP 2, BAP 1, independent 6, vacant 11
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Communists: strength and support negligible
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Member of: AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD,
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ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
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ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS,
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NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
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UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at
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1606 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200;
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there are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
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and New York;
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US--Ambassador Morton ABRAMOWITZ; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard,
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Ankara (mailing address is APO New York 09257-0006);
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telephone 90 (4) 126 54 70; there are US Consulates General in
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Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana
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Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is
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toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside
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the crescent opening
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ECONOMY
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Overview: The economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980
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continue to bring an impressive stream of benefits. The economy has grown
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steadily since the early 1980s, with real growth in per capita GDP
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increasing more than 6% annually. Agriculture remains the most important
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economic sector, employing about 55% of the labor force, accounting for
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almost 20% of GDP, and contributing about 20% to exports. Impressive
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growth in recent years has not solved all of the economic problems facing
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Turkey. Inflation and interest rates remain high, and a large budget
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deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a country undergoing a
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substantial transformation from a centrally controlled to a free market
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economy. The government has launched a multimillion-dollar development
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program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a
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dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to generate electric power
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and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned tapping of huge
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additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in
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the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq.
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GDP: $178.0 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth rate 7.6%
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(1990)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 60.3% (1990)
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Unemployment rate: 10.4% (1990 est.)
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Budget: revenues $27.6 billion; expenditures $34.4 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $6.6 billion (1991)
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Exports: $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
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commodities--industrial products 78%, crops and livestock
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products 20%;
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partners--FRG 18%, Italy 8%, Iraq 8%, US 8%, UK 5%, France 4%
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Imports: $16.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
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commodities--crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals,
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pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, mineral fuels, fertilizers,
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chemicals;
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partners--FRG 15%, US 11%, Iraq 10%, Italy 7%, France 6%, UK 5%
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External debt: $42.8 billion (June 1990)
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Industrial production: growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts
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for 32% of GDP
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Electricity: 14,315,000 kW capacity; 41,000 million kWh produced,
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720 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite,
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copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
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Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs majority of
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population; products--tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets,
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pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in
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food most years
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Illicit drugs: one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate
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products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy
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cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3
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billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-87), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million;
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Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion
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Currency: Turkish lira (plural--liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100
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kurus
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Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--2,873.9 (December
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1990), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987),
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674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 8,401 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 479 km electrified
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Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 16,500 km gravel
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or crushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth
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(1985)
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Inland waterways: about 1,200 km
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Pipelines: 1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km refined products;
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708 km natural gas
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Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
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Merchant marine: 340 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,583,720
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GRT/6,220,642 DWT; includes 8 short-sea passenger,
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1 passenger-cargo, 190 cargo, 1 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
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3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum, oils, and
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lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7
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combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 72 bulk, 4 combination bulk
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Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft (1990)
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Airports: 115 total, 109 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways;
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3 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk
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radio relay network; 3,400,000 telephones; stations--15 AM; 45 (60
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repeaters) FM; 67 (504 repeaters) TV; satellite communications
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ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT
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systems; 1 submarine telephone cable
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval
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Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 14,861,358; 9,083,559 fit for
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military service; 606,871 reach military age (20) annually
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Defense expenditures: $5.6 billion, 5% of GDP (1990)
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