235 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
235 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
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RWANDA
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland
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Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km,
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Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
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Coastline: none--landlocked
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Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November
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to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
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Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
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Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite
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(tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower
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Land use: arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and
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pastures 18%; forest and woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated
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NEGL%
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Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil
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erosion; periodic droughts
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Note: landlocked
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PEOPLE
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Population: 7,902,644 (July 1991), growth rate 3.8% (1991)
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Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 54 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 8.4 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun and adjective--Rwandan(s)
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Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
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Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%,
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indigenous beliefs and other 25%
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Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in
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commercial centers
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Literacy: 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services
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5%, industry and commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
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Organized labor: NA
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Republic of Rwanda
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Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold
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key offices; on 31 December 1990, the government announced a
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National Political Charter to serve as a basis for transition
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to a presidential/parliamentary political system; the charter will be
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voted upon in a national referendum to be held June 1991
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Capital: Kigali
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Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures,
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singular--prefecture in French; plural--NA, singular--prefegitura in
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Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama,
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Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
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Constitution: 17 December 1978
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Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
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administration)
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Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and
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customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
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has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
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Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council
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(Conseil National de Developpement)
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Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of
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Cassation and the Council of State in joint session)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen.
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Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
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Political parties and leaders: only party--National Revolutionary
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Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA;
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note--the MRND is officially a development movement, not a party
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Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA
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Elections:
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President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December
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1993); results--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected;
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National Development Council--last held 19 December 1988 (next
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to be held December 1993);
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results--MRND is the only party;
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seats--(70 total); MRND 70
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Communists: no Communist party
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Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77,
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GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
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ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
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WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at
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1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202)
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232-2882;
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US--Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard
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de la Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali);
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telephone 250 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128
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Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and
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green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses
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the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of
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Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector;
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coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile
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land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created
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problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only
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16% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of
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agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee
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exports and foreign aid, with no relief in sight. Weak international
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prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita
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GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank
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began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has
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dampened any prospects for economic improvement.
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GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - 2.2% (1989
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est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1989)
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Unemployment rate: NA%
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Budget: revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including
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capital expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.)
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Exports: $117 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite,
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pyrethrum;
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partners--FRG, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
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Imports: $293 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital
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goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material;
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partners--US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan
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External debt: $689 million (December 1990 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for
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17% of GDP
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Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced,
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15 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite
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(tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale
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beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles,
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cigarettes
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Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the
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labor force; cash crops--coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made
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from chrysanthemums); main food crops--bananas, beans, sorghum,
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potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports
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foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth
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in population
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128
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million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million;
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Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million
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Currency: Rwandan franc (plural--francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) =
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100 centimes
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Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1--120.00 (December
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1990), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64
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(1986), 101.26 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or
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improved earth, 2,700 km unimproved
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Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and
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native craft
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Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
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2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay
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system centered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations--2 AM, 5 FM, no TV;
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earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army, Gendarmerie
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,651,224; 842,480 fit for
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military service; no conscription
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Defense expenditures: $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)
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