305 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
305 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
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PAKISTAN
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 803,940 km2; land area: 778,720 km2
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Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California
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Land boundaries: 6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China
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523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km
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Coastline: 1,046 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
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Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
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Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: boundary with India; Pashtun question with Afghanistan;
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Baloch question with Afghanistan and Iran; water sharing problems with
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upstream riparian India over the Indus
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Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
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north
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Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and
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northwest; Balochistan plateau in west
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Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited
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crude oil, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
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Land use: arable land 26%; permanent crops NEGL%;
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meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 4%; other 64%; includes
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irrigated 19%
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Environment: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially
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in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and
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August); deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water logging
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Note: controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional
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invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent
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PEOPLE
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Population: 117,490,278 (July 1991), growth rate 2.5% (1991)
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Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 109 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 57 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Pakistani(s); adjective--Pakistani
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Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch,
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Muhajir (immigrants from India and their descendents)
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Religion: Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shia 20%), Christian, Hindu, and
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other 3%
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Language: Urdu and English (both official); total spoken
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languages--Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other
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9%; English is lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government
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ministries, but official policies are promoting its gradual replacement
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by Urdu
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Literacy: 35% (male 47%, female 21%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 28,900,000; agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing
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13%, services 33%; extensive export of labor (1987 est.)
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Organized labor: about 10% of industrial work force
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
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Type: parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic
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Capital: Islamabad
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Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1
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capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal
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Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier,
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Punjab, Sindh; note--the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed
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Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas
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Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan)
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Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977,
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restored with amendments, 30 December 1985
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Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to
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accommodate Pakistan's stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory
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ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
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National holiday: Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic),
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23 March (1956)
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Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Mijlis-e-Shoora)
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consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or National
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Assembly
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shariat) Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December
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1988);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6
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November 1990);
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Political parties and leaders: Islamic Democratic
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Alliance (Islami Jamuri Ittehad or IJI)--the Pakistan Muslim League
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(PML) led by Mohammed Khan JUNEJO is the main party in the IJI;
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Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; note--in September 1990
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the PPP announced the formation of the People's Democratic Alliance
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(PDA), an electoral alliance including the following four
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parties--PPP, Solidarity Movement (Tehrik Istiqlal), Movement for the
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Implementation of Shia Jurisprudence (Tehrik-i-Nifaz Fiqh Jafariya
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or TNFJ), and the PML (Malik faction);
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Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), Altaf HUSSAIN;
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Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali KHAN;
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Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur RAHMAN;
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Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI;
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Pakistan National Party (PNP), Mir Ghaus Bakhsh BIZENJO;
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Pakistan Khawa Milli Party (PKMP), leader NA;
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Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan or JUP),
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Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI;
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Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain AHMED
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Suffrage: universal at age 21
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Elections:
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President--last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held
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December 1993); results--Ghulam Ishaq KHAN was elected by Parliament
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and the four provincial assemblies;
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Senate--last held March 1991 (next to be held March 1994);
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results--elected by provincial assemblies;
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seats--(87 total) IJI 57, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8,
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PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3, PNP 2, PKMP 1, JUI 1, independent 1;
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National Assembly--last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held
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by October 1995);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(217 total) IJI 107, PDA 45, MQM 15, ANP 6, JUI 6, JWP 2, PNP 2,
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PKMP 1, independent 14, religious minorities 10, Tribal Area
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Representatives (nonparty) 8, vacant 1
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Communists: the Communist party is officially banned but is
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allowed to operate openly
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Other political or pressure groups: military remains dominant
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political force; ulema (clergy), industrialists, and small merchants also
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influential
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Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT,
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IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
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INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS
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(observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
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UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Najmuddin SHAIKH; Chancery
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at 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
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939-6200; there is a Pakistani Consulate General in New York;
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US--Ambassador Robert B. OAKLEY; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave,
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Ramna 5, Islamabad (mailing address is P. O. Box 1048,
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Islamabad or APO New York 09614); telephone 92 (51) 826161
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through 79; there are US Consulates General in Karachi and Lahore, and a
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Consulate in Peshawar
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Flag: green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large
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white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent,
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star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the
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usual problems of rapidly increasing population, sizable government
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deficits, and heavy dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy
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must support a large military establishment and provide for the needs of
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4 million Afghan refugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in
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recent years has enabled the country to cope with these problems. Almost
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all agriculture and small-scale industry is in private hands, and the
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government seeks to privatize a portion of the large-scale industrial
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enterprises now publicly owned. In December 1988, Pakistan signed a
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three-year economic reform agreement with the IMF, which provides for a
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reduction in the government deficit and a liberalization of trade in
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return for further IMF financial support. Late in 1990, the IMF
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suspended assistance to Pakistan because the government failed to
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follow through on deficit reforms. Pakistan almost certainly will make
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little headway on raising living standards for its rapidly expanding
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population; at the current rate of growth, population would double in
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29 years.
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GNP: $43.3 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate 5.0%
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(FY90 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.7% (FY90)
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Unemployment rate: 10% (FY91 est.)
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Budget: revenues $5.6 billion; expenditures $10.2 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $2.7 billion (FY91 est.)
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Exports: $4.8 billion (f.o.b., FY90);
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commodities--rice, cotton, textiles, clothing;
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partners--EC 31%, Japan 11.6%, US 11.5% (FY89)
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Imports: $6.5 billion (f.o.b., FY90);
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commodities--petroleum, petroleum products, machinery,
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transportation equipment, vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals;
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partners--EC 26%, US 16%, Japan 14% (FY89)
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External debt: $20.1 billion (1990 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate 7.5% (FY91 est.); accounts for
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almost 20% of GNP
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Electricity: 7,575,000 kW capacity; 29,300 million kWh produced,
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270 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, petroleum
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products, construction materials, clothing, paper products, international
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finance, shrimp
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Agriculture: 25% of GDP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest
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contiguous irrigation system; major crops--cotton, wheat, rice,
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sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables; livestock products--milk, beef,
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mutton, eggs; self-sufficient in food grain
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Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for
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the international drug trade; government eradication efforts on poppy
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cultivation of limited success
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Economic aid: (including Bangladesh before 1972) US commitments,
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including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.5 billion authorized (excluding what is now
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Bangladesh); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
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commitments (1980-88), $8.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89),
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$2.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion
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Currency: Pakistani rupee (plural--rupees);
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1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa
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Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1--22.072 (January
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1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987), 16.648
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(1986), 15.928 (1985)
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Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km meter
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gauge, and 610 km narrow gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km
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electrified; all government owned (1985)
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Highways: 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km
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gravel, 29,000 km improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand
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tracks (1985)
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Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 4,044 km natural gas; 885 km refined
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products (1987)
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Ports: Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim
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Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 339,855
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GRT/500,627 DWT; includes 4 passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils,
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and lubricants (POL) tanker
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Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 115 total, 105 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways;
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1 with runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: good international radiocommunication service
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over microwave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic radio communications
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poor; broadcast service good; 813,000 telephones (1990); stations--19 AM,
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8 FM, 29 TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2
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Indian Ocean INTELSAT
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces,
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National Guard
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 26,840,840; 16,466,334 fit for
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military service; 1,322,883 reach military age (17) annually
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Defense expenditures: $2.9 billion, 6% of GNP (FY91)
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