243 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
243 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
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MONGOLIA
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 1,565,000 km2; land area: 1,565,000 km2
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Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
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Land boundaries: 8,114 km total; China 4,673 km, USSR 3,441 km
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Coastline: none--landlocked
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Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
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ranges)
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Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and
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southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
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Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten,
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phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
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Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures
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79%; forest and woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL%
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Environment: harsh and rugged
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Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Soviet Union
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PEOPLE
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Population: 2,247,068 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)
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Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 67 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Mongolian(s); adjective--Mongolian
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Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%,
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other 2%
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Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%),
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limited religious activity because of Communist regime
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Language: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor
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languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
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Literacy: 90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.)
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Labor force: NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the
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adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage
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of women; shortage of skilled labor
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Organized labor: 425,000 members of the Central Council of
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Mongolian Trade Unions (CCMTU) controlled by the government (1984)
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Mongolian People's Republic; abbreviated MPR
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Type: in transition from Communist state to republic
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Capital: Ulaanbaatar
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Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular--aymag)
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and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular--hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor,
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Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi,
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Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol,
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Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov,
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Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
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Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)
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Constitution: 6 July 1960
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Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of
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law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
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has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
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Executive branch: chairman and deputy chairman of the Presidium of
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the People's Great Hural, premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: People's Great Hural, People's Small Hural
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3
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September 1990); Vice President Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since
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7 September 1990);
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Head of Government--Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11
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September 1990);
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Political parties and leaders:
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ruling party--Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP),
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Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, general secretary;
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opposition--Social Democratic Party (SDP), Batbayar;
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Mongolian Democratic Association, Sanjasuren DZORIG, chief coordinator;
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Mongolian Party of National Progress, Ganbold;
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other--Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Batuul;
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Free Labor Party, Maam;
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note--opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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President--last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held July 1994);
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results--Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural;
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People's Great Hural--last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held
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July 1994);
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results--MPRP 84.6, MDP 3.8%, PNP 1.4%, SDP 1%, independents 9.2%;
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seats--(430 total) MPRP 343;
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People's Small Hural--last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be
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held July 1994);
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results--MPRP 62.3%, MDP 24.5%, SDP 7.5%, PNP 5.7%;
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seats--(50 total) MPRP 33
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Communists: MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.)
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Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IIB, ILO, IMF,
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IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
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WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gendengiyn NYAMDOO;
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Chancery, Tel. (202) 983-1962;
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US--Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission
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Michael J. SENKO; Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy
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Beijing; Tel. 29095 and 29639
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Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
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red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is a five-pointed star
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above the national emblem (soyombo--a columnar arrangement of
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abstract and geometric representations for fire, sun, moon, earth, water,
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and the yin-yang symbol)
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Economic activity traditionally has been based on
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agriculture and the breeding of livestock--Mongolia has the highest
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number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive
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mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and
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processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold
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account for a large part of industrial production. In early 1991 the
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Mongolian leadership was struggling with severe economic dislocations,
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mainly attributable to chaotic economic conditions in the USSR, by
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far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner. For example,
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the government doubled most prices in January 1991, and industrial
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production dropped 10% in the first quarter of 1991. Moscow almost
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certainly will be cutting aid in 1991.
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GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $1,000 (1990 est.); real
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growth rate NA%
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
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Unemployment rate: 10% (February 1991)
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Budget: deficit of $240 million (1991 est.)
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Exports: $784 million (f.o.b., 1988);
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commodities--livestock, animal products, wool, hides, fluorspar,
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nonferrous metals, minerals;
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partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80%
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with USSR)
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Imports: $1.14 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
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commodities--machinery and equipment, fuels, food products,
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industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea;
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partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with
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USSR)
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External debt: $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR
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Industrial production: growth rate NA%
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Electricity: 657,000 kW capacity; 2,950 million kWh produced,
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1,380 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building
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materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)
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Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood
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for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (sheep,
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goats, horses); crops--wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
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Economic aid: about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million
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in grant aid from USSR and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million
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from UNDP (1990)
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Currency: tughrik (plural--tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
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Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1--7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990),
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3.00 (1989)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)
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Highways: 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other
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surfaces (1988)
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Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)
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Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface
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runways; fewer than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with
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runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: stations--12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial
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relays); relay of Soviet TV; 120,000 TVs; 186,000 radios;
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at least 1 earth station
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Border Guards),
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Air Force
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 535,376; 349,548 fit for
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military service; 25,275 reach military age (18) annually
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Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
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