258 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
258 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
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MALI
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 1,240,000 km2; land area: 1,220,000 km2
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Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
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Land boundaries: 7,243 km total; Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000
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km, Guinea 858 km, Ivory Coast 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km,
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Senegal 419 km
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Coastline: none--landlocked
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Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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Disputes: the disputed international boundary between Burkina and
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Mali was submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October
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1983 and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both
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sides agreed to accept; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary
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demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger
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Climate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy,
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humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
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Terrain: mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand;
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savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast
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Natural resources: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone,
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uranium; bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known
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but not exploited
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Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and
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pastures 25%; forest and woodland 7%; other 66%; includes irrigated NEGL%
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Environment: hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry
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seasons; desertification
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Note: landlocked
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PEOPLE
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Population: 8,338,542 (July 1991), growth rate 2.4% (1991)
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Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 21 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 114 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 45 years male, 47 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Malian(s); adjective--Malian
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Ethnic divisions: Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Peul 17%,
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Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 5%, other 10%
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Religion: Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%
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Language: French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the
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population; numerous African languages
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Literacy: 32% (male 41%, female 24%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 2,666,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 80%, services 19%,
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industry and commerce 1% (1981); 50% of population of working age (1985)
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Organized labor: National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is
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umbrella organization for over 13 national unions
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Republic of Mali
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Type: republic; the single-party constitutional government
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was overthrown on 26 March 1991; the new ruling National
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Reconciliation Council has promised a multiparty democracy
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Capital: Bamako
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Administrative divisions: 7 regions (regions,
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singular--region); Gao, Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso,
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Tombouctou; note--there may be a new capital district of Bamako
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Independence: 22 September 1960 (from France; formerly French
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Sudan)
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Constitution: 2 June 1974, effective 19 June 1979; amended
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September 1981 and March 1985; suspended following the coup of
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26 March 1991
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Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law;
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judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of
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State; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic,
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22 September (1960)
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Executive branch: National Conciliation Council led by the
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military, following the coup of 26 March 1991
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemble
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Nationale)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--following the military coup of 26 March 1991
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President Gen. Moussa TRAORE was deposed and the National
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Reconciliation Council, led by Lt. Col. Amadou Toumani TOURE and Lt. Col.
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Kafougouna KONE, was installed;
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Head of Government--Interim Premier Soumana SACKO (since 2
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April 1991)
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Political parties and leaders: formerly the only party, the
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Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM), was disbanded after the coup of
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26 March 1991, and the new regime legalized the formation of political
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parties on 5 April 1991; new political parties are--Union of Democratic
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Forces (UFD), Demba DIALLO;
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Union for Democracy and Development (UDD), Moussa Bala COULIBALY;
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Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally (US-RDA), Mamadou Madeira KEITA;
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African Party for Solidarity and Justice (ADEMA), Alpha Oumar KONARE;
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Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE;
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Democratic Party for Justice (PDJ), Abdul BA;
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Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almany SYLLA;
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Party for the Unity of Malian People (PUPM), Nock AGATTIA;
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Hisboulah al Islamiya, Hamidou DRAMERA;
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Union of Progressive Forces (UFP), Yacouba SIDIBE;
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National Congress of Democratic Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL;
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Assembly for Justice and Progress, Kady DRAME;
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other parties forming
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Suffrage: universal at age 21
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Elections:
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President--last held on 9 June 1985 (next to be held June 1991);
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results--General Moussa TRAORE was reelected without opposition;
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National Assembly--last held on 26 June 1988 (next to be held June
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1991); results--UDPM is the only party; seats--(82 total) UDPM 82;
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note--following the military coup of 26 March 1991 President TRAORE
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was deposed and the UDPM was disbanded; the new ruling National
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Reconciliation Council, formed of 17 soldiers, has promised to
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institute a multiparty democracy and is expected to hold elections
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by December 1991
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Communists: a few Communists and some sympathizers (no legal
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Communist party)
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Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77,
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IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
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ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
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WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Mohamed Alhousseyni TOURE;
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Chancery at 2130 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
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332-2249 or 939-8950;
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US--Ambassador Herbert D. GELBER; Embassy at Rue Rochester NY and
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Rue Mohamed V., Bamako (mailing address is B. P. 34, Bamako); telephone
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223 223712
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Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and
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red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with
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about 70% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is
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largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10%
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of the population live as nomads and some 80% of the labor force is
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engaged in agriculture and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated
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on processing farm commodities.
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GDP: $2.0 billion, per capita $250; real growth rate 9.9% (1989
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est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% (1987)
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Unemployment rate: NA%
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Budget: revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including
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capital expenditures of $178 (1989 est.)
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Exports: $285 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins;
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partners--mostly franc zone and Western Europe
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Imports: $513 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery,
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sugar, cereals;
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partners--mostly franc zone and Western Europe
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External debt: $2.2 billion (1989 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate 19.9% (1989 est.); accounts
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for 7% of GDP
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Electricity: 253,000 kW capacity; 730 million kWh produced,
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90 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: small local consumer goods and processing,
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construction, phosphate, gold, fishing
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Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on
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small subsistence farms; cotton and livestock products account for over
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70% of exports; other crops--millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts;
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livestock--cattle, sheep, and goats
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349
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million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-88), $2.65 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million;
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Communist countries (1970-89), $190 million
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Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
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(plural--francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
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Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
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per US$1--256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85
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(1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail
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system through Kayes
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Highways: about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km
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gravel and improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved earth
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Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
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Civil air: no major transport aircraft
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Airports: 37 total, 29 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: domestic system poor but improving; provides
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only minimal service with radio relay, wire, and radio communications
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stations; expansion of radio relay in progress; 11,000 telephones;
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stations--2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean
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INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army, Air Force; paramilitary Gendarmerie,
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Republican Guard, National Guard, National Police
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,631,445; 940,954 fit for
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military service; no conscription
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Defense expenditures: $45 million, 2.4% of GDP (1988)
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