514 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
514 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
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<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>!<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
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#% ..uXu.. 1991 %#
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%# Underground eXperts United #%
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#% presents... %#
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%# -=*=- #%
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#% The European Digest Series Vol.1 Issue #6 %#
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%# 1991 By THE CHIEF ..uXu.. #%
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<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>!<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
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SPECIAL MANUAL ISSUE - SCO XENIX System V TUTORIAL CHAPTER #3
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Contents...
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01.............Introduction
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02.............Contents In Chapter Three
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03.............Xenix Tutorial Chapter Three
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04.............Recommended
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05.............End Comments
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1. INTRODUCTION
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---------------
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Welcome to TED Vol.1 Issue #6 - The uXu File #21!
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Yes, it IS the third chapter in the Xenix Tutorial series. This time,
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security is the main content, and as stated in previous issues, this
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is for the beginner. You can easily understand what's been written
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in here, and I think that's good, information must be shared!
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The End Comments this time, deals with views of the new Phrack Inc.
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issues. Recommended have some nice Drinks for you to try out while
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getting through this file <grin>. The next Xenix Tutorial will be
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a huge file, really Big! What it is about? Check out the next issue
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of The European Digest!
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2. CONTENTS IN CHAPTER THREE
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----------------------------
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CHAPTER 3
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Logging In
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_________________________________________________________________________
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3.1 Introduction
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3.2 Gaining Access To The System
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3.2.1 Logging In
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3.2.2 Logging Out
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3.2.3 Changing Your Password
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3.3 Keeping Your Account Secure
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3.3.1 Password Security
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3.3.2 Good Security Habits
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3.3.3 Using Another User's Account
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3.4 Changing Your Terminal Type
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3.5 Entering Commands
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3.5.1 Entering A Command Line
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3.5.2 Erasing A Command Line
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3.5.3 Halting Screen Output
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3. XENIX TUTORIAL CHAPTER THREE
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-------------------------------
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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This chapter explains how to perform the following basic tasks on a
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XENIX system:
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* Log in to the system,
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* Log out of the system,
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* Change your password,
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* Use another user's account,
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* Reset your terminal type,
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* Enter a XENIX command,
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* Erase an incorrect command line,
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* Stop and start screen output.
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This chapter is designed as a tutorial. The best way to use this chapter
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is to read it at your terminal, entering commands as instructed in the exam-
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ples.
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None of the commands described in this chapter is described in great
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detail. For a complete explanation of each command, refer to the XENIX
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USER'S REFERENCE (soon to be published also by uXu).
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.2 GAINING ACCESS TO THE SYSTEM 3.2
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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To use the XENIX system, you must first gain access to it by logging in.
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When you log in, you are placed in your home directory. Logging in, changing
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your password, and logging out are described below.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.2.1 LOGGING IN 3.2.1
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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Before you can log into the system, you must be given a system "account."
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In most cases, your account is created for you by your system administrator.
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However, if you need to create the account yourself, refer to the XENIX
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SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR's GUIDE (soon to be published also by uXu) for
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information on creating user accounts. This section assumes that your account
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has already been created.
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Normally, the system sits idle and the prompt "login:" appears on the
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terminal screen. If your screen is blank or displays nonsense characters,
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press the [INTERRUPT] key a few times. On most keyboards, the [INTERRUPT]
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key is the [DEL] key.
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When the "login:" prompt appears, follow these steps:
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1. Enter your login name and press [RETURN]. If you make a mistake
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as you type, press [CTRL-u] to start the line again (hold down
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the [CTRL] key and press the [u] key). After you press [RETURN],
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"Password:" appears on your screen.
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2. Enter your password and press [RETURN]. The letters of your
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password do not appear on the screen as you enter them, and
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the cursor does not move. This is to prevent other users from
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learning your password. If you enter your login name or password
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incorrectly, the system displays the following message:
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Login incorrect
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login:
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If you get this message, enter your login name and password again.
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3. Depending on how your system is configured, you may or may not
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be prompted to enter your terminal type. If you are prompted for
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your terminal type, you see a line like the following:
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TERM=(unknown)
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Enter your terminal type if you see this line. (If you are not
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sure how to specify your terminal type, contact your system
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administrator.)
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Once you have entered all the correct information, the "prompt character"
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appears on the screen. This is a dollar sign ($) for Bourne Shell users and
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a percent sign (%) for C-shell users. The prompt tells you that the XENIX
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system is ready to accept commands from the keyboard.
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Depending on how your system is configured, you may also see a "message
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of the day" after you log in.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.2.2 LOGGING OUT 3.2.2
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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The simplest way to log out is to enter <logout> at the % prompt for C-shell
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users, or <exit> at the $ prompt for Bourne Shell users. You might also be
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able to logout by pressing [CTRL-d] at the prompt. However, some systems are
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configured to prevent logout with [CTRL-d]. The reason for this is that
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[CTRL-d] signifies the end-of-file in XENIX, and it is often used within
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programs to signal the end of input from the keyboard. Since people sometimes
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make the mistake of pressing [CTRL-d] several times, they often find
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themselves unintentionally logged out of the system. To prevent this, system
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administrators may disable logout with [CTRL-d].
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Familiarize yourself with the logout procedure by pressing [CTRL-d], if you
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are currently logged in. If this does not work, log out by entering <logout>
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(C-shell) or <exit> (Bourne Shell). If you are not logged in, log in and then
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log out, experimenting with [CTRL-d] and with <logout> or <exit>.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.2.3 CHANGING YOUR PASSWORD 3.2.3
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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To prevent unauthorized users from gaining access to the system, each
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authorized user can be given a password. When you are first given an account
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on a XENIX system, you are assigned a password by the system administrator.
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Some XENIX systems require you to change your password at regular intervals.
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Whether yours does or not, it is a good idea to change your password
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regularly (at least once every two months) to maintain system security.
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Use the <passwd> command to change your password. Follow these steps:
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1. Enter the following command and press [RETURN]
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<passwd>
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You see:
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Changing password for [user]
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Old password:
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Your login name appears in place of [user].
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2. Carefully enter your old password. It is not displayed on
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the screen. If you make a mistake, press [RETURN]. The
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message "Sorry" appears, then the system prompt. Begin
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again with step 1.
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3. The following message appears after you enter your old password
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and press [RETURN]:
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New password:
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Enter your new password and press [RETURN]. It is generally
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a good idea to use a combination of numbers and lower-case and
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upper-case letters in your password.
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4. You see the following message:
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Re-enter new password:
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Enter your new password again. If you make a mistake, you see
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the following message:
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They don't match; try again
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Begin again with step 1 if you see this message.
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When you complete the procedure, the XENIX prompt reappears. The next time
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you log in, you must enter your new password.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.3 KEEPING YOUR ACCOUNT SECURE 3.3
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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Security is ultimately the responsibility of the user. The careless use and
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maintenance of passwords represents the greatest threat to the security of a
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computer system.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.3.1 PASSWORD SECURITY 3.3.1
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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Here are some specific guidelines for passwords:
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1. Don't use passwords that are easy to guess. Passwords should
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be at least six characters long and include letters, digits,
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and punctuation marks. (Example: frAiJ6*)
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2. Passwords should not be names (even nicknames), proper nouns
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or any word found in [/usr/dict/words]. (Don't use a password
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like: terry9)
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3. Always keep your password secret. Passwords should never be
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written down, sent over electronic mail, or verbally
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communicated. (Treat it like the PIN number for your instant
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teller card.)
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.3.2 GOOD SECURITY HABITS 3.3.2
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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There are simple, good security habits. Here are some general guidelines:
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1. Remember to log out before leaving a terminal.
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2. Use the <lock>(C) utility when you leave your terminal,
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even for a short time.
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3. Make certain that sensitive files are not publicly readable.
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(See the discussion of file and directory permissions in
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Chapter 4 of this tutorial for information on how to do this.)
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4. Keep any floppies or tapes containing confidential data
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(program source, database backups) under lock and key.
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5. If you notice strange files in your directories, or find other
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evidence that your account has been tampered with, tell your
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system administrator.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.3.3 USING ANOTHER USER'S ACCOUNT 3.3.3
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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You might find it necessary to work with another user's files. However,
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the permission settings on those files may prevent all but the files' owner
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from editing them. To overcome this problem, you can use the <su> command to
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change your current account to that of the other user. To use <su>, you must
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know the other user's password.
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For example, to become user joe, enter the following command at the XENIX
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prompt, not at the login prompt:
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<su joe>
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When the password prompt appears, enter joe's password. To cancel the
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effect of the <su> command and return to your own account, press [CTRL-d].
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.4 CHANGING YOUR TERMINAL TYPE 3.4
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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On most systems, the system console is already configured for use with
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XENIX. However, serial terminals of various types can be connected to a
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XENIX system. If you are working from a serial terminal, it can be important
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to know how to specify your terminal type.
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The terminal type is displayed each time you log in. You can change the
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value of the terminal type displayed by editing the [.profile] file in your
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home directory. If you are using the C-shell, you do not have a [.profile]
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file. Instead, you must edit the [.login] file in your home directory.
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There are at least two reasons why you might want to change the value of
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the terminal type displayed:
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* You might have a new terminal that is not the same model as your
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old terminal. If so, the terminal type displayed by your old
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[.profile] ([.login]) file will be incorrect.
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* The terminal type displayed might be "unknown" or "ansi" or
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another setting which is not correct for your terminal. This would
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require you to type in your terminal type every time you log in. By
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changing the terminal type to the setting that is correct for your
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terminal, all you have to do is press [RETURN] when prompted for
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your terminal type. There is no need for you to enter the terminal
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type.
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To change the terminal type displayed, use <vi> to edit [.profile]
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([.login]). Chapter 4 of this tutorial explains how to use <vi>.
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Once in <vi>, move the cursor to the line that looks like the following:
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eval 'tset -m :\?unknown -s -r -Q'
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Change [unknown] (or whatever the value is) in this line to the terminal
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type of your terminal. For example, if you normally log in on a vt100 terminal,
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you would change the line to:
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eval 'tset -m :\?vt100 -s -r -Q'
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Each time you log in, you would then see the message:
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TERM = (vt100)
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Press [RETURN] and the terminal type is set to vt100. There is no need to
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enter vt100.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.5 ENTERING COMMANDS 3.5
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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Before you being working with the commands described in the rest of this
|
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tutorial, you should be familiar with three very useful XENIX features. These
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are character type-ahead and the special key-combinations used to erase the
|
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|
command line, and stop and start screen output. These features are discussed
|
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below.
|
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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3.5.1 ENTERING A COMMAND LINE 3.5.1
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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Entering a command line consists of typing characters and then pressing
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[RETURN]. Once you press [RETURN], the computer reads the command line and
|
||
|
|
executes the specified commands. No command entered on the command line is
|
||
|
|
executed until [RETURN] is pressed.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
You can enter as many lines as you want without waiting for the commands to
|
||
|
|
complete their execution and for the prompt to reappear. This is because
|
||
|
|
XENIX supports character type-ahead. XENIX can hold up to 256 characters in
|
||
|
|
the kernel buffers that read keyboard input. Experiment with this type-ahead
|
||
|
|
feature by entering the following commands to finish executing.
|
||
|
|
(Always press [RETURN] after entering a command. In the following example,
|
||
|
|
press [RETURN] after entering each command.)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<lc -la>
|
||
|
|
<du -a>
|
||
|
|
<lc -Fa>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
These commands generate a long listing of all the files in the current
|
||
|
|
directory, then display disk usage statistics for these files, and finally
|
||
|
|
list the files again, but in a different format.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
_______________________________________________________________________________
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
3.5.2 ERASING A COMMAND LINE 3.5.2
|
||
|
|
_______________________________________________________________________________
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Typing errors are bound to occur when you enter commands. To erase the
|
||
|
|
current command line, press [CTRL-u]. When you press [CTRL-u], a new prompt
|
||
|
|
is displayed and no command is executed.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
_______________________________________________________________________________
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
3.5.3 HALTING SCREEN OUTPUT 3.5.3
|
||
|
|
_______________________________________________________________________________
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Data often scrolls across your screen faster than you can read it. To halt
|
||
|
|
scrolling temporarily, press [CTRL-s]. To restart scrolling, press [CTRL-q].
|
||
|
|
Experiment with [CTRL-s] and [CTRL-q] by entering the following command, then
|
||
|
|
pressing [CTRL-s] to stop the output and [CTRL-q] to restart it:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ls /bin>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
_______________________________________________________________________________
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
4. RECOMMENDED
|
||
|
|
--------------
|
||
|
|
This section is included in every issue of The European Digest and will
|
||
|
|
contain recommended stuff/boards/reading and so on. For this file,
|
||
|
|
Drinks!
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
HEAVY WATER - 1/2 Rye Whiskey, 1/4 Sweet Vermouth, 1/4 Grenadine,
|
||
|
|
One drop of Orange Bitter. Shake with ice. Strain.
|
||
|
|
Chinese Receipt.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
HUNTER - 2/3 Canadian Whiskey, 1/3 Peter Heering.
|
||
|
|
Shake with ice & Strain.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
SMOOTHIE - 1/3 Bourbon Whiskey, 1/3 Dry Vermouth, 1/3 Grand Mariner.
|
||
|
|
Shake with ice. Strain into cocktail glass with a twist
|
||
|
|
of lemon.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
LITTLE DEVIL- 1/3 Gin, 1/3 Bacardi Rum, 1/6 Cointreau, 1/6 Lemon Juice.
|
||
|
|
Shake & Strain.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
5. END COMMENTS
|
||
|
|
---------------
|
||
|
|
Awesome! We have seen the light of the good old Phrack Inc. again.
|
||
|
|
Back with Two new issues since last time, with Dispater & Crimson Death
|
||
|
|
as editors. Some people say it isn't what it should have been, others
|
||
|
|
seem to like it. My personal view is that we can't compare the new
|
||
|
|
ones with the old. It would be like buying a 1969 Chevy and compare
|
||
|
|
it with a 1991 model. It can't be done. Though this isn't just because
|
||
|
|
of that there are new people writing, no, it's because there is a lot
|
||
|
|
of heavier laws, more eyes on the Underground scene, and information
|
||
|
|
aren't as easily spread today as it was only a couple of years ago.
|
||
|
|
You can get a jail-sentence for spreading information! Let's just see
|
||
|
|
what happens in future issues. Don't judge beforehand.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The European Digest will not feature Hacking techniques, Phreaking, Carding,
|
||
|
|
information about government systems or the basic underground rap. It will
|
||
|
|
be different. It IS different. Manuals, The Underground Scene, Deep Deep
|
||
|
|
whatever, and so on. Less 'general rag stuff' and More Miscellaneous stuff.
|
||
|
|
Swedish Hacker News will be presented through the 'uXu - Swedish News' series,
|
||
|
|
but ONLY in Swedish. English translations will however be published in future
|
||
|
|
issues of the well-known underground rag, Phrack Inc.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Check out the Next TED for whatever I can think of at the moment!
|
||
|
|
(probably the next chapter in the Xenix Tutorial)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
You can reach me on the following boards for comments, contributions,
|
||
|
|
questions or whatever:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Condemned Reality [618-397-7702]
|
||
|
|
Lunatic Labs [213-655-0691]
|
||
|
|
Demon Roach Underground [806-794-4362]
|
||
|
|
Balanced pH [818-783-5320]
|
||
|
|
Info Addict [+46-###-####]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
You can't reach me on the following boards anymore. Reason(s) stated below.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Land Of Karrus [215-D O W N ]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The Chief 1991
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&
|
||
|
|
% %
|
||
|
|
& "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or &
|
||
|
|
% prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of %
|
||
|
|
& speech or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to &
|
||
|
|
% assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." %
|
||
|
|
& &
|
||
|
|
% This work is released according to the above Constitutional rights %
|
||
|
|
& for INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. &
|
||
|
|
% %
|
||
|
|
&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%&%
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
____________________________________________________________________________
|
||
|
|
____________________________________________________________________________
|
||
|
|
|