90 lines
5.5 KiB
Plaintext
90 lines
5.5 KiB
Plaintext
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on England's ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [King Henry the 8th ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:701 School: ? State: ?
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>>Chop Here><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>><3E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
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Henry VIII (born 1491, ruled 1509-1547). The second son of Henry VII
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and Elizabeth of York was one of England's strongest and least popular
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monarchs. He was born at Greenwich on June 28, 1491. The first English
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ruler to be educated under the influence of the Renaissance, he was a
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gifted scholar, linguist, composer, and musician. As a youth he was gay and
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handsome, skilled in all manner of athletic games, but in later life he
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became coarse and fat. When his elder brother, Arthur, died (1502), he
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became heir apparent. He succeeded his father on the throne in 1509, and
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soon thereafter he married Arthur's young widow, Catherine of Aragon.
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During the first 20 years of his reign he left the shaping of policies
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largely in the hands of his great counselor, Cardinal Wolsey (See Wolsey,
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Cardinal). By 1527 Henry had made up his mind to get rid of his wife. The
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only one of Catherine's six children who survived infancy was a sickly
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girl, the Princess Mary, and it was doubtful whether a woman could succeed
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to the English throne. Then too, Henry had fallen in love with a lady of
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the court, Anne Boleyn.
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When the pope (Clement VII) would not annul his marriage, Henry turned
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against Wolsey, deprived him of his office of chancellor, and had him
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arrested on a charge of treason. He then obtained a divorce through Thomas
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Cranmer, whom he had made archbishop of Canterbury, and it was soon
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announced that he had married Anne Boleyn.
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The pope was thus defied. All ties that bound the English church to
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Rome were broken. Appeals to the pope's court were forbidden, all payments
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to Rome were stopped, and the pope's authority in England was abolished. In
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1534 the Act of Supremacy declared Henry himself to be Supreme Head of the
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Church of England, and anyone who denied this title was guilty of an act of
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treason. Some changes were also made in the church services, the Bible was
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translated into English, and printed copies were placed in the churches.
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The monasteries throughout England were dissolved and their vast lands and
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goods turned over to the king, who in turn granted those estates to
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noblemen who would support his policies. In the northern part of the
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kingdom the people rose in rebellion in behalf of the monks, but the
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Pilgrimage of Grace, as it was called, was put down.
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Although Henry reformed the government of the church, he refused to
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allow any changes to be made in its doctrines. Before his divorce he had
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opposed the teachings of Martin Luther in a book that had gained for him
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from the pope the title Defender of the Faith--a title the monarch of
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England still bears. After the separation from Rome he persecuted with
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equal severity the Catholics who adhered to the government of Rome and the
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Protestants who rejected its doctrines.
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Henry was married six times. Anne Boleyn bore the king one child, who
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became Elizabeth I. Henry soon tired of Anne and had her put to death. A
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few days later he married a third wife, Jane Seymour. She died in a little
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more than a year, after having given birth to the future Edward VI.
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A marriage was then contracted with a German princess, Anne of Cleves,
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whom the king had been led to believe to be very beautiful. When he saw her
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he discovered that he had been tricked, and he promptly divorced this wife
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and beheaded Thomas Cromwell, the minister who had arranged the marriage.
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Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was sent to the block for misconduct.
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In 1543 he married his sixth wife, the tactful and pious Catherine Parr.
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Catherine, who survived Henry, lived to marry her fourth husband.
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During Henry's reign the union of England and Wales was completed
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(1536). Ireland was made a kingdom (1541), and Henry became king of
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Ireland. His wars with Scotland and France remained indecisive in spite of
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some shallow victories. Although he himself opposed the Reformation, his
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creation of a national church marked the real beginning of the English
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Reformation. He died on Jan. 28, 1547, and was buried in St. George's
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Chapel in Windsor Castle.
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