297 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
297 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
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ROMANIA
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
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Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km,
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USSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km
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Coastline: 225 km
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
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Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and
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fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
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Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of
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Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the
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Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
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Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber,
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natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt
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Land use: arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and
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pastures 19%; forest and woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11%
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Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and
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southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air
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pollution in south
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Note: controls most easily traversable land route between
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the Balkans and western USSR
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PEOPLE
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Population: 23,397,054 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991)
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Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Romanian(s); adjective--Romanian
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Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%; Hungarian 8.9%; German 0.4%;
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Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%
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Religion: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic
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(Uniate) 3%, Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15%
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Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
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Literacy: 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1970 est.)
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Labor force: 10,690,000; industry 34%, agriculture 28%, other 38%
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(1987)
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Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system
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organized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR)
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under control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu's overthrow,
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newly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining three
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umbrella organizations--Organization of Free Trade Unions, Fratia
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(Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cortel; many other trade unions have been
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formed
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: none
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Type: in transition from Communist state to republic
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Capital: Bucharest
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Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular--judet)
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and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,
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Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*,
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Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
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Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara,
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Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt,
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Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea,
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Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
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Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December
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1947
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Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted
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Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist
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legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being
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revised
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National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)
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Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister,
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Council of Ministers (cabinet)
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Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper
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house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies
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(Adunarea Deputatilor)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990,
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previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since
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23 December 1989);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN
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(since 2 October 1991)
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Political parties and leaders:
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National Salvation Front (FSN), Ion STOICA;
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Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;
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National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU;
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National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu
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COPOSU;
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Ecology Movement (MER), leader NA;
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Romanian National Unity Party (AUR), Radu CEONTEA;
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there are now more than 100 other parties; note--although the Communist
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Party has ceased to exist, a small proto-Communist party, the Socialist
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Labor Party, has been formed
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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President--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992);
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results--Ion ILIESCU 85%, Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8%;
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Senate--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992);
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results--FSN 67%, other 33%;
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seats--(118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, AUR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1,
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other 1;
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House of Deputies--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA
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1992);
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results--FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, AUR 2%,
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other 15%;
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seats--(387 total) FSN 263, UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12,
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AUR 9, other 33
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Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased
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to exist
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Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT,
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IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC,
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ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
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WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU;
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Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
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(202) 232-4747;
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US--Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr.; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi
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7-9, Bucharest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone 40
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(0) 10-40-40
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Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
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red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow
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band, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force
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and generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and
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persistent shortages of energy. The year 1990 witnessed about a 20%
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drop in industrial production because of energy and input shortages and
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labor unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend
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with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs. A drought in 1990
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contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption
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and a poor distribution system. The new government is slowly loosening
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the tight central controls of Ceaucesescu's command economy. It has
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instituted moderate land reforms, with close to one-half of cropland now
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in private hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private
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agricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the
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establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, handicrafts,
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and small-scale industry. New laws providing for the privatization
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of large state firms have been passed. However, most of the early
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privatization will involve converting state firms into joint-stock
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companies. The selling of shares to the public has not yet been worked
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out. Furthermore, the government has halted the old policy of diverting
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food from domestic consumption to hard currency export markets. So far,
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the government does not seem willing to adopt a thoroughgoing market
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system, that is, there is great caution in decontrolling prices because
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of public opposition. The government has sharply raised price ceilings
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instead of lifting them entirely.
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GNP: $69.9 billion, per capita $3,000; real growth rate - 10.8%
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(1990 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 160% (1991 est.)
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Unemployment rate: 2% (1990)
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Budget: revenues $28.4 billion; expenditures $28.4 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $12.3 billion (1989)
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Exports: $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.);
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commodities--machinery and equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and
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metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods 16.9%, agricultural materials
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and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
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partners--USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4%
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(1987)
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Imports: $7.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.);
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commodities--fuels, minerals, and metals 51.0%, machinery and
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equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry products 11.0%, manufactured
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consumer goods 4.2% (1986);
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partners--Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40%
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(1987)
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External debt: $400 million (mid-1990)
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Industrial production: growth rate - 7-8% (1991 est.)
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Electricity: 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced,
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2,760 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,
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chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum
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Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major
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wheat and corn producer; other products--sugar beets, sunflower seed,
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potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes
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Economic aid: donor--$4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
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less developed countries (1956-89)
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Currency: leu (plural--lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
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Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1--60.00 (June 1991), 22.432
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(1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986),
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17.141 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
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370 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km
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double track; government owned (1987)
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Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone
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block; 20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and
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other paved surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985)
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Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
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Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km
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natural gas
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Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are
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Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova
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Merchant marine: 294 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,767,465
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GRT/5,893,700 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 2 container,
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1 rail-car carrier, 11 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier,
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15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk, 2 combination
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ore/oil
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Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways;
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15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89%
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of phone network is automatic; present phone density is 9.85 per 100
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residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990);
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stations--39 AM, 29 FM, 39 TV (1990)
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: French--Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,801,986; 4,912,789 fit for
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military service; 192,996 reach military age (20) annually
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Defense expenditures: 15 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP
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(1991); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using
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the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading
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results
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