258 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
258 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
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ETHIOPIA
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 1,221,900 km2; land area: 1,101,000 km2
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Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
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Land boundaries: 5,141 km total; Djibouti 459 km, Kenya 861 km,
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Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 2,221 km
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Coastline: 1,094 km
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Maritime claims:
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a
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Provisional Administrative Line; possible claim by Somalia based on
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unification of ethnic Somalis; territorial dispute with Somalia over
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the Ogaden; separatist movement in Eritrea; antigovernment insurgencies
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in Tigray and other areas
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Climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation;
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some areas prone to extended droughts
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Terrain: high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great
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Rift Valley
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Natural resources: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash
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Land use: arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures
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41%; forest and woodland 24%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL%
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Environment: geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to
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earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil
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erosion; desertification; frequent droughts; famine
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Note: strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest
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shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; major resettlement
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project--that was ongoing in rural areas and would have significantly
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altered population distribution and settlement patterns over the next
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several decades--has been derailed because of ongoing civil wars
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PEOPLE
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Population: 53,191,127 (July 1991), growth rate 3.1% (1991)
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Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 114 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 53 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Ethiopian(s); adjective--Ethiopian
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Ethnic divisions: Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%,
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Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
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Religion: Muslim 40-45%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist
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15-20%, other 5%
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Language: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga,
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Somali, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools)
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Literacy: 62% (male NA%, female NA%) age 10 and over can
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read and write (1983 est.)
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Labor force: 18,000,000; agriculture and animal
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husbandry 80%, government and services 12%, industry and construction 8%
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(1985)
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Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government
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in January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union members
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
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Type: on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary
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Democratic Front (EPRDF) took control in Addis Ababa; on 29 May 1991
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Issayas AFEWORKE, secretary general of the Eritrean People's Liberation
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Front (EPLF), announced the formation of a provisional government in
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Eritrea, in preparation for an eventual referendum on independence
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for the province
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Capital: Addis Ababa
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Administrative divisions: 25 administrative regions (astedader
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akababiwach, singular--astedader akababi) and 5
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autonomous regions* (rasgez akababiwach, singular--rasgez
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akababi); Addis Abeba (Addis Ababa), Arsi, Aseb*,
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Asosa, Bale, Borena, Debub Gonder, Debub Shewa, Debub Welo, Dire
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Dawa*, Ertra (Eritrea)*, Gambela, Gamo Gofa, Ilubabor, Kefa,
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Metekel, Mirab Gojam, Mirab Harerge, Mirab Shewa, Misrak Gojam,
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Misrak Harerge, Nazaret, Ogaden*, Omo, Semen Gonder,
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Semen Shewa, Semen Welo, Sidamo, Tigray*, Welega
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Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the
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oldest in the world--at least 2,000 years
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Constitution: 12 September 1987
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Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic, common, and
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customary law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: National Revolution Day, 12 September (1974)
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Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of State
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prime minister, five deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Shengo)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--Interim President Meles ZENAWI (since 1 June
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1991);
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Head of Government--Acting Prime Minister Tamrat LAYNE (since 6
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June 1991)
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Political parties and leaders: only party--Workers' Party of
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Ethiopia (WPE)
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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President--last held 10 September 1987 (next to be held September
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1992);
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results--MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the National Assembly, but
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resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991;
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National Assembly--last held 14 June 1987 (next to be
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held NA);
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results--WPE was the only party;
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seats--(835 total) WPE 835
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Other political or pressure groups: Oromo Liberation Front;
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Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP)
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Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77,
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IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
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INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
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UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad
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interim GIRMA Amare; Chancery at 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC
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20008; telephone (202) 234-2281 or 2282;
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US--Charge d'Affaires Robert G. HOUDEK; Embassy at Entoto Street,
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Addis Ababa (mailing address is P.O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa);
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telephone 251 (01) 550666
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Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red;
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Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and the colors of
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her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon
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independence that they became known as the pan-African colors
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Ethiopia is one of the poorest and least developed
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countries in Africa. Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture,
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which accounts for about 45% of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total
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employment; coffee generates 60% of export earnings. The
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manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs from the agricultural
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sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but less then 10% of
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agriculture, is state run. Favorable agricultural weather largely
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explains the 4.5% growth in output in FY89.
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GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $130, real growth rate - 0.4%
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(FY89 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.2% (1989)
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Unemployment rate: NA
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Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including
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capital expenditures of $842 million (FY88)
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Exports: $429 million (f.o.b., FY88);
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commodities--coffee 60%, hides;
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partners--US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY, France, Italy,
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Saudi Arabia
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Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., FY88);
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commodities--food, fuels, capital goods;
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partners--USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US, France
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External debt: $2.6 billion (1988)
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Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts
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for 13% of GDP
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Electricity: 330,000 kW capacity; 700 million kWh produced,
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14 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals,
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metals processing, cement
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Agriculture: accounts for 45% of GDP and is the most important
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sector of the economy even though frequent droughts and poor cultivation
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practices keep farm output low; famines not uncommon; export crops of
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coffee and oilseeds grown partly on state farms; estimated 50% of
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agricultural production at subsistence level; principal crops and
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livestock--cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and
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other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, goats
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504
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million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-88), $3.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million;
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Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0 billion
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Currency: birr (plural--birr); 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents
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Exchange rates: birr (Br) per US$1--2.0700 (fixed rate)
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Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 988 km total; 681 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km
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0.950-meter gauge (nonoperational)
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Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,650 km bituminous, 9,650 km gravel,
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3,000 km improved earth, 28,000 km unimproved earth
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Ports: Aseb, Mitsiwa
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Merchant marine: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 69,398
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GRT/89,457 DWT; includes 9 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off cargo, 1 livestock
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carrier, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
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Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 153 total, 111 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
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2 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 49 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: open-wire and radio relay system adequate for
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government use; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; radio relay to Kenya and
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Djibouti; stations--4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 45,000 TV sets; 3,300,000 radios;
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1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 11,717,614; 6,072,112 fit for
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military service; 609,346 reach military age (18) annually
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Defense expenditures: $NA, 8.5% of GDP (1988)
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