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Version 0.25
Compiled by Michael Adcock
email: adcock@menudo.uh.edu
January 7, 1997
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- Updated Q.2
- Added M.1, M.1.1, M.1.2, M.1.3, M.1.4 (Crazy Climber)
- Updated M.5, M.5.2 and added M.5.8, M.5.11 (Sega System 16)
- Added B.2, B.3.1, B.6, B.8, B.9, B.12, B.14 (Lot's of bits and things)
- Added S.2, S.2.1, S.2.2, S.2.3, S.2.4 (Space Invaders step-by-step)
- Updated R.1 (Emulator updates!)
- Updated R.5 (Game listing updates!)
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This document is designed to aid anyone considering whether to write an
emulator for an arcade game machine. It will attempt to answer frequently
asked questions, give a step by step tutorial, and provide the resources
necessary for a capable programmer to begin work on an emulator for an
arcade game.
Please note that although some of the information provided is generic
enough to apply to emulation of any system, the primary focus of this
document, and the resources provided, is arcade game emulation.
This document contains no information about the commercial emulation
packages that are available.
If you have any information that should be added to this document,
then please email adcock@menudo.uh.edu or moose@rocknet.net.au !
Table of Contents:
Q and A
-------
Q.0 Trying to write an arcade emulator is crazy, isn't it?
Q.1 Which game would you recommend starting on?
Q.1.1 Which games are 'easiest' to emulate?
Q.1.2 Which games have the most available documentation?
* Q.2 How do I START?
Q.3 What language should I use?
Q.3.1 Do I *have* to use Assembly?
Q.3.1.1 Are you SURE about this Assembly business? :)
Q.3.1.2 Doesn't the choice of language depend on the target game/system?
Q.3.1.3 What about portability?
Q.3.2 But haven't some arcade emulators been written in C/C++?
Q.3.3 What about Java?
Q.4 Could you explain CPU emulation?
Q.4.1 CPU emulation sounds VERY complicated, how should I START?
Q.4.1.1 Is the 68k series of processors 'easy' to emulate on PCs?
Q.4.1.2 Why were only a handful of processors used in arcade games?
Q.4.2 Should I use CPU emulation code that is freely available?
Q.4.3 How do the CPU and ROMs interact?
Q.4.4 How should I handle CPU opcodes?
Q.4.5 What is Pokey?
Q.4.6 What is Slapstic?
Q.4.7 What about translation?
Q.4.8 Is there anything else I should know about CPU emulation?
Q.5 How useful are the switch settings and pinouts?
Q.6 How do I produce a memory map?
Q.7 How can I find what processor(s) the game uses?
Q.7.1 Where can I find information for a specific processor?
Q.8 Where might I find the ROMs?
Q.8.1 How do I disassemble the ROMs?
Q.8.2 How do I decode data from the ROMs?
Q.9 Should the sound be emulated or should samples be used?
Q.9.1 What about legal issues? Are samples copyrighted?
Q.9.2 What is the difference between a speech synthesizer and a
sample playback device?
Q.9.3 What was used in Williams Arcade Classics? (It sounds good!)
Q.9.4 Why is sound so *hard* to emulate?
Q.10 Where can I find other documentation for the game?
Q.10.1 What about schematics for the game?
Q.11 How might I contact someone who owns the machine hardware?
Q.11.1 Todd Krueger's offer to help
Q.12 Where can I find general descriptions of arcade games?
Q.13 Did other emulator authors keep any notes while they were working?
Q.14 Where can I find more information on the internet and WWW?
Q.15 Should I release my source code when I'm finished?
Memory Maps
-----------
* M.1 Crazy Climber
* M.1.1 Video
* M.1.2 Sound
* M.1.3 Other Details
* M.1.4 Memory Map
M.2 Dig Dug
M.2.1 Memory Map
M.3 Ms. PacMan / PacMan
M.3.1 ROM Files
M.3.2 Memory Layout
M.3.3 Memory Mapped Ports
M.3.4 OUT ports
M.3.5 Character Sets
M.3.5.1 Pascal Source (ZIPed an UUencoded)
M.3.6 Ms. PacMan ROMs are identical to PacMan?
M.4 Phoenix
M.4.1 Components
M.4.2 Functionality
M.4.3 Colors
M.4.4 Memory Map
* M.5 Sega System 16 Games
M.5.1 Hardware Information
* M.5.2 Memory Map
M.5.3 Scroll Video RAM
M.5.4 Fixed Video RAM
M.5.5 Color Video RAM
M.5.6 Main RAM
M.5.7 Video Registers
* M.5.8 I/O Registers
M.5.9 ROM Files
M.5.10 Graphics Formats
* M.5.11 Sega GFX Viewer V1.0 Source Code (ZIPed an UUencoded)
M.6 Sega Vector (Converta) Games
M.6.1 Components
M.6.2 Memory Map
M.6.3 I/O Inputs
M.6.4 I/O Outputs
M.6.5 Vector Processor
M.7 Space Invaders
M.7.1 Board Spec
M.7.2 Memory Map
Graphics Hacking
----------------
G.1 Who wrote this section?
G.2 Introduction
G.3 Location of Graphics in Specific Game ROMs
G.4 General Information
G.4.1 Pixel Layout
G.5 Notes and Requests
G.6 Mode Q (256x256x256) Source Code (ZIPed an UUencoded)
Pokey
-----
P.1 Who wrote this description?
P.2 You mean Pokey isn't just that guy that hangs around with Gumby?
P.3 Where did they come up with a name like Pokey?
P.4 General Description
P.5 Technical Description
P.5.1 Pin-outs
P.5.2 Address Lines
P.6 Where can I find source code and more info. for Pokey emulation?
P.7 Finding and using *real* Pokeys
AY-3-8910
---------
A.1 Who wrote this description?
A.2 Introduction and Disclaimer From Original Document
A.3 Technical Information
Game Bits
---------
B.1 What is this section about anyway?
* B.2 Commando [provided by edoardo (gambare@iol.it)]
B.3 Crazy Climber [provided by Vince Mayo (14u2c@diamond.nb.net)]
* B.3.1 Decrypting the ROMs by Lionel Theunissen (lionelth@ozemail.com.au)
B.4 Crush Roller [provided by Vince Mayo (14u2c@diamond.nb.net)]
B.5 Gyruss [provided by Mike Cuddy <mcuddy@scitexdv.com>]
* B.6 I, Robot [provided by John Manfreda (jmanfred@fh.us.bosch.com)]
B.7 Juno First [provided by Mike Perry (mj-perry@uiuc.edu)]
* B.8 Penia [provided by Perry McFarlane (ce596@torfree.net)]
* B.9 Space Invaders [provided by John Manfreda (jmanfred@fh.us.bosch.com)]
B.10 Star Wars [provided by Peter McDermott]
B.11 Tapper [provided by Clay Cowgill (clay@supra.com)]
* B.12 Toki [provided by David Winter (winter@worldnet.net)]
B.13 Turbo [provided by Patrick J. O'Reilly (oreillyp@execpc.com)]
* B.14 Tutankham [provided by Moose O' Malley (moose@rocknet.net.au)]
Step-by-Step
------------
S.1 Step-by-step implementation of an emulator for Phoenix
S.1.1 Part I: Pre-coding
S.1.2 Part II: Low/High Endian
S.1.3 Part III: Let's start coding!
S.1.4 Part IV: Run it!
S.1.5 Part V: To be continued...
* S.2 Step-by-step discussion of an emulator for Space Invaders
* S.2.1 My Background
* S.2.2 Getting started
* S.2.3 Disassemblers
* S.2.4 Space Invaders Specifics
References
----------
* R.1 List of Emulator Authors
R.2 List of Currently Emulated Games
R.3 List of Games People Want to See Emulated
R.4 Internet Resources
R.4.1 WWW Resources
R.4.1.1 General Arcade Emulation Links
R.4.1.2 ROM Images
R.4.1.3 Processor Information
R.4.1.4 Schematics
R.4.1.5 Miscellaneous Information
R.4.2 FTP Resources
R.4.3 FSP Resources
R.5 List of Arcade Games
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- Suzanne Archibald (suzanne@crysalis.com)
- Neil Bradley (neil@synthcom.com)
- Don Carmical (dcarmical@tri-lakes.net)
- Clay Cowgill (clay@supra.com)
- Mike Cuddy (mcuddy@scitexdv.com)
- Jim Dankiewicz (james.dankiewicz@resnet.ucsb.edu)
- Laurent Desnogues (desnogue@aiguemarine.unice.fr)
- Bryan Edewaard
- Chris Hardy (chrish@kcbbs.gen.nz)
- Ed Henciak (ethst3@pitt.edu)
- Joe Husosky (scubajoe@ix.netcom.com)
- Paul Kahler (phkahler@oakland.edu)
- Ralph Kimmlingen (ub2f@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de)
- Thierry Lescot (ShinobiZ@mygale.org)
- Moose O' Malley (moose@rocknet.net.au)
- Alan J McCormick (gonzothegreat@juno.com)
- Ivan Mackintosh (ivan@rcp.co.uk)
- Vince Mayo (14u2c@diamond.nb.net)
- Phil Morris (pmorrisb@cix.compulink.co.uk)
- Brian Peek (peekb@union.edu)
- Mike Perry (mj-perry@uiuc.edu)
- RisqMan (RisqMan@aol.com)
- Pete Rittwage (bushwick@ix.netcom.com)
- Adam Roach (adam.roach@exu.ericsson.se)
- Joel Rosenzweig (joelr@an.hp.com)
- Trevor Song (Sharrier@hotmail.com)
- Gary Shepherdson (od67@dial.pipex.com)
- Dave Spicer (emuchat@hubcap.demon.co.uk)
- Brad Thomas (bradt@nol.net)
- Allard van der Bas (avdbas@wi.leidenuniv.nl)
- Nemoto Yohei (BYY03025@niftyserve.or.jp)
- All the emulator authors out there... (And all the potential ones too!)
- Ian Chai, Glen Chappell, and everyone else responsible for Figlet v2.1.1
(It generated the ASCII fonts you'll see in here!)
- Everyone responsible for the creation and maintenance of Linux, X, and
DOSemu. Believe it or not, but I've actually written *most* of this
document using DOS's edit in a DOSemu window under Linux X!!
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Phil Morris brought an issue to my attention, and I decided to add
this section.
There are many arcade emulation projects in progress now. As far as I
know, no emulator author is doing this full-time. In other words,
it's a hobby, done in their spare time (They have *real* lives!).
However, it seems that some emulation projects may have become 'stalled'.
For some, new versions have not been released for a month or so.
This is a plea to emulator authors whose projects may be stalled:
Would it be possible to make your source code available?
This is for two reasons:
a) If you are tired/unable to do more work on your emulator(s), it
would be a shame to see your hard work wasted. If you're not going to
work on the emulations any more it would be great if someone else
could pick up where you left off and implement things you've so far
missed, such as sound, accurate colours, etc.
b) One day the big companies may take legal action against all the
emulator coders (I doubt it very much, but you never know) - if the
source code for the emulators is in the public domain then at least it
won't be forever lost.
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Q.0 Trying to write an arcade emulator is crazy, isn't it?
Neil Bradley (author of Emu) said himself, "Being unbalanced REALLY
helps." However, this has not stopped the dozens of emulator authors
from pursuing their goal. Anyway, most programmers are a bit crazy,
right?? :)
Q.1 Which game would you recommend starting on?
Neil Bradley suggests:
"Good question. I'd recommend picking one you like, because if you're
emulating a game just to emulating a game, there's no fun in it. Fun is
what keeps an emulation project goin."
Mike Perry suggests:
"I will go off on limb and suggest that you try to successfully emulate
a machine using the 6502 processor. The 6502 is a very simple and
powerful processor with has the 'feature' of having an instruction set
with a 1-1 correspondence to the x86 instruction set. By this, I mean
that every instruction on the 6502 instruction set also exists on the
intel x86. Better yet, in all but a few exceptions (1 or 2), the intel
instructions modify the exact same flags as the corresponding 6502
instructions, so there is little work needed to generate the resulting
6502 flag register settings. To top it all off, the 6502 was WILDLY
popular in the early-mid 80s so you can be sure that there are _many_
classic-era games which use this chip."
Q.1.1 Which games are 'easiest' to emulate?
I have been told by Moose that a number of sources suggest Phoenix is
the easiest game to emulate. Wiretap appears to have some good
documentation for Phoenix. See also Q.1.2.
Chris Hardy (author of Phoenix emulator for Win95) agrees:
"[Here are some reasons why I started with Phoenix...]
- Most importantly it has a good concise accurate description of the
hardware memory map. [Wiretap archive and section Q.1.2]
- It uses a 8085 which has an instruction set which is a subset of the
Z80, therefore you don't have to implement all the z80 instructions,
only the 8085 ones. (or borrow Marat's one and solve the problem)
- It only uses character graphics, which means you don't have to do any
sprite routines.
- The 8085 is slow enough to emulate completely in C. (ie. my emulator is
completely C). Although it is important to remember that the graphics
side of my emulator(s) is in assembler and hardware. It's just that I
didn't have to write it ;-) (Microsoft did!)"
Neil Bradley recommends:
"I wouldn't attempt Crystal Castles or Marble Madness, for example, as a
first emulation, because it has lots of custom chips that aren't
documented anywhere. Something simple, like Space Invaders, might be a
good place to start. Your biggest hurdle in making that one run will be
the Z80 emulation. In a nutshell, don't bite off so much that you can't
chew it. A new graphics system, new sound system, new processor, and new
mathbox board all make things futile for you. Start with games that, for
instance, use a CPU that you know, or a graphics chip that you know (if
applicable)."
Mike Perry has this to say:
"Which game is easiest? Gah, thats relatively hard to say. As long
as the game only has one processor (or two if one is used for sound)
then it will probably not be a terribly difficult task. If the game
is vector based, that will increase the difficulty level considerably.
The simpler the processor, the easier the programming task will be
and the more likely it is that the emulator will run at a decent speed
on a slower computer. In other words, an emulated 8088/z80/6502/6809
will not be difficult to handle on intel 486, but a 68000 will be
a challenge!"
Q.1.2 Which games have the most available documentation?
At the present time, there is very little documentation freely available.
Phoenix, Sega (Converta) vector games, and Space Invaders are described
in sections M.1, M.2, and M.3 (Memory Maps) of this document. You may also
want to check section R.4 (References). If anyone can provide information
on other games, I'll be happy to add it to this HowTo!
Dave Spicer says:
"I can't think of any with detailed documentation. The easiest game I
ever wrote a driver for was Space Invaders. It was a doddle!"
Q.2 How do I START?
Neil Bradley suggests:
"If you don't know at least one assembly language, emulation is going to
be a very difficult thing for someone to accomplish for two big reasons:
Most games written prior to 1985 were written all in assembly. That means
you're not going to have the luxury of looking at wonderful source code -
you're going to have to guess what it's doing by what a disassembly is
doing. Secondly, the concepts of I/O & memory, paging, etc... are all
familiar to the assembly programmer. Knowing hardware, and how to read
schematics helps immensely.
I find a game I want to emulate. Then I find out what other games are
similar enough to the platform of the game I want to emulate. If there
aren't any, I seriously reconsider doing it. If there are others, I go
ahead.
Implement the CPU emulator before anything else. Writing sound & graphics
engines won't do you any good if you don't have anything to drive them
with. ;-)
You need to know at least one high level language and an assembly
language - preferably the one contained on the video game you're trying
to emulate."
Neil Bradley summed it up on the emulator mailing list:
"Pick a game you want to emulate and stick with it. Get a CPU emulator
that you know and trust and use it to get things running. Grab a
disassembler and write yourself a small debugger to allow you to step
through code, stop at specific points, etc..."
Mike Perry offers this informative list of things to obtain:
"[You will need] information on the microprocessors used in the game.
Knowing the manufacturer and device number should be sufficient. You
must then seek out a technical reference for the appropriate processors.
In many cases you can mail the manufacturer for a free (or cheap) copy
of the tech specs. You will need the specs for
1) The opcode matrix: This will have the hexidecimal values for the
opcodes.
2) Instruction details: This will tell you exactly what each
instruction does. If the processor has a flags register (it
probably will!), it will tell you which flags are
modified/set/cleared and under what conditions.
3) Instruction cycle counts: Depending on the machine, it may
be necessary to keep an exact count of emulated cycles so that
interrupts can be triggered at an _exact_ time eg 50 mhz, no
more, no less. On vector machines, this may be a big deal.
According to the author of the Vectrex emulator, the interrupts
had to be trigged on the exact cycle or the whole display could
be screwed. For raster games, I seriously doubt a few cycles
will hurt anything.
4) Interrupt information: You need to know what interrupts can
be triggered and when. If the processor uses an interrupt
vector, you need to know the locations of the vector entries.
You also need to know whether interrupts are prioritized.
5) Addressing information: You need to know exactly what kind
of addressing modes are available on the microprocessor of
the machine. These modes must be emulated for memory reads
and writes, including instruction fetches and stack operations."
Chris Hardy had this to say:
"Hints on starting an emulator:
- Write a 8bit binary dumper. This allows you to dump the ROMs in a form
so you can work out which roms are the character roms and how the
graphics are formatted.
- Contrary to popular belief you don't have to have a complete character
graphics system going to have some fun. Work out where the ASCII and
number characters are in the character ROM's and display the display
memory as ASCII on the text screen.(Just replace anything else with an
"X" or something). I played my first emulated Phoenix game this way.
(It even scrolled the background!). If you have a background and
forground, just put them side by side. 80 columns is usually enough for
most arcade displays.
- As part of your processor emulator have a table in which you have a
count of the reads and writes to every memory location. This allows
you to immediately find what memory locations are being used by the
emulated code, ie. screen memory, other "device" memory locations.
If you need to, this can also be done for IN's and OUT's.
- You don't have to always draw the whole screen. If you use offscreen
buffers and a change table, you can work out which characters have been
changed and just update them. This speeded Phoenix quite a bit, as
drawing 1664 characters every frame took a while."
Dave Spicer offered this:
"I start on an individual emulation by finding the character hardware of
the game in question and implementing a simple version of it. This is
usually enough to see text on the screen and get some idea of what the
game is doing.
Q.3 What language should I use?
I suppose it's possible to use almost any language available. However,
for performance, assembly is definately the language of choice. High
level languages used in current emulators include C and C++.
Neil Bradley had these comments about languages to use in an emulator:
"You might be wise to learn C. The biggest reason is that it is the most
widely used language, and there are plenty of experts in the field to help
you out. Pascal is dead as a new development language, except maybe for
hobbyists, though I must admit Borland did a pretty damn good job of
making Turbo Pascal a viable entity. With all of their extensions and
nicities, it rivals C in its functionality. The same holds true for Visual
Basic. It's not really BASIC in the literal sense anymore - it's a C-like
language. The other reason is that about 95% of the CPU emulators I've
found are written in C. I think I found 1 that was written in Pascal.
[If you decide to use C++] you'll never make it on anything less
than a Penitum Pro 200. CPU emulation is very time consuming, and even
a single instruction or two can kill processor performance. To give you
an idea, my original 6502 emulator ran at 1.2MHZ when written in
optimized C (not C++). That was on a Pentium 120, and I'm no slouch
when it comes to optimizing. I rewrote my 6502 emulator in 32 bit
assembly and it's running at 15MHZ. Compilers are still no match for
a seasoned assembly programmer. Add in the extra overhead [of C++], and
you're toast. You'll never get good performance out of OO CPU emulation
code... Add in big-time overhead for class alignment [and the] CPU
emulator will be HORRIBLY slow... This is a really bad place to use C++.
C++ has its place in UI and API abstraction, but when you're talking
performance it's a *BAD* idea... Not to be too frank, but writing
something like a CPU emulator in C++ would be considered shitty
programming practice. ;-) If you'll notice, all well-performed emulators
are written in assembly - at least as far as the CPU emulation goes."
Mike Perry adds:
"I can tell you now that you do NOT want to use Delphi. Delphi is for
rapid prototyping and for developing graphical applications. An emulator
is not an application that is suited for development in Delphi.
Additionally, Delphi applications are only usable in Win95 and NT.
DOS, being a single user, single-tasking OS, is more likely to bring
better performance. [Using] Pascal is a possibility but Borland Pascal
has serious limitations in terms of efficiency. For instance, someone
was handling opcodes using a case statement
case op1: blah blah blah; return;
case op2: blah blah blah; return;
case op3: blah.....; return;
....
Now any reasonable C compiler, including Borland C++, converts this to
a jump table (ie, code array) for fast case determination. BPascal
on the other hands generates a series of mov, cmp (compare) and jmp
instructions, like a big if-else. This means that opcode 212 will
take around (212 * 4) cycles just to GET to the code using BPascal
while it takes less than 6 cycles using C!! Even if you DO use C,
your task is made MUCH easier using inline assembly. Better yet,
make assembly the main language and link in external C or pascal
function if necessary. The graphics routines should DEFINITELY
be in assembly. [You] WILL be better off learning [assembly]."
Dave Spicer warns:
"IMHO, writing an emulator in Pascal is not a particulatly good idea.
You'll be emulating machine code, so you want something that resembles
that in form."
Q.3.1 Do I *have* to use Assembly?
Neil Bradley says:
"Regardless of what some academics would like to believe, a compiler
can't outclass a good assembly programmer. You'll spend plenty of time
optimizing, and if you rewrote it in assembly, you're almost assuredly
going to get a 30-40% speed improvement. C compilers (and others for
that matter) solve for the general case, and make assumptions on what
registers/variables need to be saved. In assembly, you know the code,
and can write, at the CPU level, and write the most optimal instruction
sequence to match the common-case path of your code.
You really do need to know assembly to do a project like this - that is
to do it in an effective amount of time."
Mike Perry says:
"Normally I would not recommend writing an application primarily or
entirely in assembly. Assembly is minimally portable and if an
application spends 90% of its time executing 5% of its code, it does
precious little good to hand optimize the remaining 95% in assembly.
An emulator, on the other hand, is not your normal application. An
emulator's job is to emulate hardware. In emulation, you will be dealing
with registers, memory addressing and memory reads/writes. The
instructions the real processors use to do this sort of stuff are very
"basic". They are so basic that its actually easier to use x86 asm and
the intel registers to do what you want than it is to use a high level
language. Assembly makes it easy to manipulate 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit
values. C and Pascal make it downright tedious to manipulate more than
one size variable in an expression. At the least, your HLL code will
contain many many typecasts, making it very hard to read."
Q.3.1.1 Are you SURE about this Assembly business? :)
Paul Kahler points out:
"A number of people indicated that assembly is the only way to get good
performance on anything short of a pentium pro. I'd just like to say that
the first rev of the Cinematronics emulator was written in TURBO PASCAL
and seemed to run just fine on a Pentium-90. That was almost 2 years ago,
so we were trying to run on a 486 and had to move on to assembly. TP
allowed me to create an array of functions so I could grab the opcode and
call the proper function. That's really good performance considering the
CineProcessor doesn't map at all to x86 or anything else, and it ran at
1.7 MIPS! A 6502 should be no problem for C code on a Pentium or even a
486. But then there's graphics and sound also... I just wanted to point
out that ASM isn't the only way to go, and if you do things in C they'll
be portable. BTW I used the BGI drivers for the vector display back then
too!"
Pete Rittwage adds:
"I've been able to get stellar performance out of my 6502 purely in C,
including graphics overhead, even on my lowly 486/100.
I've also seen people get pretty good performance out of Marat's Z80 code
in such things as the Donkey Kong emulators, and that code is FAR from
optimized. It accesses things a couple of structures deep at times, which
is very inefficient."
Q.3.1.2 Doesn't the choice of language depend on the target game/system?
Neil Bradley clears things up:
"Writing an emulator strictly in C++, including CPU emulation and graphics
emulation will not give you good performance on anything short of a
pentium pro. The author of the Tempest emulator that runs under Windows
runs fine at 150MHZ, and it's written in C. If that's your target
platform, great. And if your target platform is a 486/66 and your graphics
are heavily intensive or running on a slow ISA card, you better not use C
or C++. To give you some benchmarks on some "famous" CPU emulators, here
are some #'s (not including graphics - just RAW CPU time) that indicate
the emulated speed on a 486/66 running Asteroids, compiled under Watcom
C++ 10.6 with the 486 compile option thrown:
Emulator Emulated speed
Marat's 6502 1.6MHZ
Apple IIe emu 800KHZ
Optimized Apple IIe emu 1.9MHZ
EMU's first 6502 C emulator 2.5MHZ
EMU's 100% Assembly 6502 6.8MHZ
My background is assembly & C optimization. I've spent greater than 20
years on numerous processors, and have programmed everything from tiny
microcontroller circuits to multi-CPU applications, so I'm no slouch when
it comes to C or assembly optimization. ;-) . The results above speak for
themselves. Keep in mind that there aren't any graphics routines or sound
routines in this code under this test.
So I'll reiterate what I've tried to say in the past: If your target
machine is a 486/66 with a crappy ISA card, you'd better squeeze
everything out of the emulator that you possibly can, because you'll need
it. EMU Uses a single page of 256 color graphics. It erases the prior
frame and draws the new one. Typical frames are 300 vectors. 600 Lines per
"frame", and roughly 25 frames per second. That's 15000 lines per second
that must be drawn, and if we say that the average line is 50 pixels,
that's 750,000 pixels a second.
Most games, such as Donkey Kong or Space Invaders aren't coming even close
to moving that many pixels on the screen. So in that case, you can get
away with having a less than totally optimized CPU. But with EMU, I
couldn't get away with it. There was too much to do. Linedraws are
extremely expensive, and I spent days working on high speed linedraw
routines (those of you who've been with EMU since the early days know what
I'm talking about).
The point I'm trying to make is that the more you optimize your CPU
emulation, the less of an impact it will have on your graphics emulation,
and the faster your code will run on a slower machine. If you want to make
your minimum platform a Pentium 166, you can probably get away with
writing it in Quick Basic.
I want as little intrusion from the CPU emulation as I possibly can get,
and I got better emulation by almost a factor of 3 by rewriting it in
assembly.
I don't think anyone said that ASM was the only way to go. I remember
saying that it is the most optimal way to go."
Laurent Desnogues says:
"I got a two times speed-up when converting a 6809 emulator written in C
to SPARC assembly language.
So I'm one of the exceptions... I wrote a Phoenix emulator that should
run on any Unix/X platform (one or eight graphics planes); it uses Marat's
Z80 emulator package and I get decent speed even on low end Suns. The
problem with Unix is that most of its implementations can not handle
real-time programs; the game often freezes while the kernel is doing
internal jobs... So I have to admit these platforms are not very well
suited to arcade game playing; but programming an emulator is by itself
enjoing, isn't it?"
Q.3.1.3 What about portability?
Neil Bradley answers:
"Just because you do things in C doesn't mean they're portable. There
are basically two platforms that need any attention for gaming: PC & Mac.
That's it. I don't know of anyone owning a Silicon Graphics workstation
saying to themselves, "Gee, wouldn't it be cool to fire up an emulated
version of Space Invaders on this thing?". The people I know who own
SparcStations or run Unix aren't interested in emulation or gaming in
general. Granted there are exceptions to that rule, but for the most part
the "other" platforms aren't really in the running.
But if I'm forced into a corner where I can get 3X performance out of
something by coding it in assembly for a platform I know, I'll do it and
blow off "portability". At the same time, as I've said before, I'd gladly
help out others on other platforms, giving them hints and helping them
with their emulation projects that are for a platform that I'm not
familiar with.
Besides, most code written to be "portable" isn't. It starts off that way,
but ends up using OS specific calls to improve speed, etc... The road to
non-portable code is paved with portability in mind. ;-) BTW, I run Unix
on synthcom, Win 95 on my sequencer/sound studio, Windows NT 4.0 Server on
one of my development machines, and DOS on the other. Guess which one I
use for games..."
Q.3.2 But haven't some arcade emulators been written in C/C++?
According to what I've heard, C and C++ have been *used* in some
emulators, but an entire emulator has not been written in only C or C++.
Neil Bradley says:
"Name one emulator that was written in C++ that runs reasonably on
anything less than a Pentium Pro 200. ;-) I don't know of an emulator that
is ENTIRELY written in C. EMU, for example, is written in C and assembly.
C for all the glue code and non-speed critical things, and assembly for
everything else. That's why it runs reasonably on a 486/66 with a decent
PCI video card.
[Chris Hardy's Phoenix emulator was coded in VC++ using Direct/X...
Note that it was written in C (not C++!) and compiled on VC++]
Not to lessen anything that Chris has done, but Phoenix isn't exactly a
CPU hogging game, as is something like Tempest, Battle Zone, or Red Baron.
The vector emulation is very time consuming, and even the originals slow
down in spots."
Q.3.3 What about Java?
Neil Bradley, after cringing in terror, says:
"The only way that you'd even have a prayer to get something to run fairly
quickly in Java is to make sure the client compiles it for their native
CPU (Visual J++, anyone?). In the case where you write an emulator in
Java, and it runs on a browser, you'd have an interpreter interpreting an
interpreter of a CPU in addition to the interpreter interpreting the
hardware actions as well. Interpreted Java is not built for speed.
The guys at Microsoft are getting almost identical performance out of
Visual J++ as the Visual C++ guys are (according to a Java proponent at
the last PDC), so compiled Java apps are a possibility.
It's hard enough getting optimal assembly emulations to run at full tilt
on a 486/66 without having an interpreter interpreting the emulator. Your
hit by doing that would be about 30:1.
If we had 2 Gigahertz Pentium PROs, it might be possible, but not with the
speed of the Java virtual machine interpreter. Don't bother unless you're
compiling it. You might have a chance then, but interpreted, no way. I
wouldn't bother trying it. ;-)"
Q.4 Could you explain CPU emulation?
The CPU emulation is the heart of any emulator. If the code is correct,
it will handle the ROM data, so you don't necessarily have to worry about
how the game ROM itself operates.
Since the CPU is the 'brains' of the machine, it can get very complicated.
Neil Bradley had this to say:
"When doing something with the Z80, for example, it's quite extensive.
You've got the functions of 300+ opcodes to deal with, and permutations.
Not to mention that some arcade manufacturers' code use the Z80
'undocumented' opcodes (though they're not so 'undocumented' anymore...).
Grab yourself a book on Z80, 6502, 6809, or whatever CPU you're working
with. That's the best way to start. The 8080->Z80 processors are actually
much more complex than the 6502."
Q.4.1 CPU emulation sounds VERY complicated, how should I START?
Mike Perry offers the following:
"I recommend that you read a few good books on computer architecture and
digital circuits and/or boolean algebra. If you understand how the
basics behind the following, you'll be well prepared to emulate a
microprocessor:
1) Fetch-decode-execute process
2) Buses and memory/data reading/writing
3) Interrupts and their implementations
4) Stack operations
5) Registers and flags
6) Binary arithmetic, two's complement representation, boolean algebra
I suggest 'Computer Hardware' by M. Mano. Another good book is
'Computer Architecture: A Practitioners Approach' (or something like that)
by Patterson and Hennesey. These are both college textbooks. Of the two,
the Patterson book would probably be the most helpful as it covers
architecture on the system level rather than the gate level. It covers
MIPS assembly language, pipelining (unimportant to emulation, although
you could use a similar technique to speed up the emulation), memory
addressing, virtual memory and IO devices/DMA."
Q.4.1.1 Is the 68k series of processors 'easy' to emulate on PCs?
Phil Morris found the following on a UseNet newsgroup:
"68k emulation can be done VERY quickly on intel... Check out ARDI's
Executor. They use a combination of an interpreter and a dynamic
recompiler. It reaches 68030 speeds on pentiums. Very cool. Their white
paper is good reading for anyone looking to write an emulator.
Maybe this White Paper is available on Ardi's Web site? (www.ardi.com)"
Q.4.1.2 Why were only a handful of processors used in arcade games?
Neil Bradley offers us a bit of history:
"Most of the issue was cost back then. The 6502, Z80, and 6809 CPU's were
the cheapest, and most of the games in the early 80's and late 70's
didn't need 68000's or 8086/80286's. The cost of a 6502 compared to an
8086 was about a quarter the price.
The 6502 got its start by doing about 30% of the functionality of the
8080. Throughout the years, the 6502 has been known by many programmers
as being a collosal piece of garbage. I always did hate the chip. It
worked, but barely. No 16 bit pointer registers, only 256 bytes of stack,
etc... It was the first CPU at the time that actually chaged its flags by
a register load. It was a pretty weak CPU in terms of functionality (as
evidenced by BattleZone & Red Baron). They could have implemented that
game with a higher CPU (like a Z80 @4 MHZ) and eliminated the mathbox
altogether. I think at the time it would have almost been cheaper to do
it this way.
The 6809 made quite a few improvements over the 6502 and the 8080/Z80. It
had the opportunity to learn from the 8080's & 6502's mistakes and was an
all around better chip. In some aspects the 8080 was superior (I.E. more
registers), but the 6809 had lots of nice features and was extremely
consistent.
The Z80 started when some guys who worked for Intel split off and made
their own company (Zilog). They took the 8080 design and added lots of
nice features to it to make it a REAL powerful chip. Of that era, the Z80
was the most popular CPU and the most powerful. Built in block move
commands & all kinds of register indirection. Most games of that era used
the Z80."
Q.4.2 Should I use CPU emulation code that is freely available?
Dave Spicer suggests:
"Writing a processor emulator is a big job and is very difficult unless
you know your your emulated processor fairly well. You might be better
off starting out with Marat's C based emulation code as that's a proven,
albeit slow, technology."
Neil Bradley says:
"If you are goal oriented, learn from their emulator first, then write
your own. If you want an education, by all means, but that's a big chunk
to bite off."
Q.4.3 How do the CPU and ROMs interact?
Neil Bradley instructs:
"Create your entire memory space, including loading the ROMs, and start
your execution wherever the processor starts. Don't try to interpret the
ROMs - you'll never get it right because it's completely unpredictable."
Mike Perry adds:
"As for variables and stuff, thats the beauty. You aren't SUPPOSED
to have to know how the processor is being used. You emulate all
of the opcodes and interrupts, and have a simple fetch-decode-execute
loop. You also emulate the supporting hardware (controls, gfx and
sound) to be called during interrupts. If those are written correctly,
the emulated game will run itself... You don't need to know the details
of the game code."
Q.4.4 How should I handle CPU opcodes?
Neil Bradley has this to offer:
"If you're going to be handing off a single opcode between classes, the
overhead will completely nullify any speed you could even hope to get.
Try using a pointer to the current virtual program counter and fetch
bytes as you need them. Use an array of function calls - one for each
opcode... Point invalid opcodes to a NOP function... [Pointers are] 4
bytes if you're doing 32 bit code."
Q.4.5 What is Pokey?
He is Gumby's friend! :)
Seriously, for a great description of what the Atari Pokey is, see the
Pokey section below.
Q.4.6 What is Slapstic?
It's a form of comedy. Nyyyuk nyyuuuk nyyyuuk... Woo woo woo woo woo!
Actually, it's a security chip Atari introduced in some of their games.
Suzanne Archibald provided this information:
"Unfortunatly, I don't have any information on the chip per se, just how
to avoid it in Gauntlet. See, for each machine using a slapstic chip
(each was different - the name being a generic term to Atari's copy
protection) the chip would have a unique function, in the case of
Gauntlet I/II the chip decoded the top 2 bits of the Maze data. With this
in mind, getting around Slapstic on Gauntlet isn't too difficult, you
simply use a ROM that is available, that has the correct Maze layouts
without needing decoding, you then disable the slapstic, and hey presto."
Q.4.7 What about translation? Would it be easier to translate the code
into a language the PC can compile rather than emulate the CPU?
Here's what I mean by translation: Write a program that reads in each
machine code instruction from the ROM (where the CPU instructions are
stored) and outputs a line of code in say, Assembly or C. If you devise
a set of translation rules from the machine code to your target code,
and if this idea works, you should get a program that you can compile
(and optimize if you like) that will perform the same operations as
the original ROM.
After I had this thought, Moose told me:
"This idea was discussed in c.e.m years ago.
The problem (as I understand it) with translation is :
- How do you ever know when you have translated all instructions/data?
Some bits of a game (say) only get called / run under real unusual
conditions.
- Where code is loopy, your translator would have to be super intelligent
to recognise the loop (which might span 1,000's / millions of
instructions).
- How do you ever know when / if you have captured all instructions / data.
The way I understand things, translation is extremely difficult, but not
impossible. However, I think it is several orders of magnitude in
difficulty above straight emulation. Then again, maybe it can be done."
Neil remarked:
"I've actually kicked around the idea of writing an emulation compiler,
which would actually take the native object code of the game and convert
it into the native machine's code, and execute THAT instead of emulating
the processor. That would allow the game to run at the native processor's
speed, and you'd get 5-10X speed improvement in CPU emulation. Even the
simplest of instructions winds up taking 20-30 clock ticks in emulation
land."
Q.4.8 Is there anything else I should know about CPU emulation?
Neil Bradley reminds:
"[Don't forget] to include events that happen at regular or random
intervals (like NMI's or interrupts)."
Q.5 How useful are the switch settings and pinouts?
Mike Perry suggests:
"Switch settings are important, but only because you'll probably want
to let the user initialize them to whatever they want. Even if you
don't, you still will need to emulate them because they are probably
memory mapped and the game code uses the information to set things
like number of lives, etc. If you dont know exactly what they do,
you'll probably have really weird settings in your game."
Neil Bradley adds:
"The switch settings are useful only once, usually. That's the time when
you first fire up the code and wonder whether or not the code is going
into self-diagnostic mode. Knowing what the switch settings were once
helped [Emu] get out of diag or halt mode. Knowing the pinouts didn't do
anything. Knowing where the address (from the CPU's standpoint) of the
switches were was MUCH more helpful!"
Dave Spicer says:
"[A knowledge of] electronics helps because it means you can use
schematics to fill in some awkward gaps. That said, most of the time I
just work from the original program code and make guesstimates as to what
everything should do."
Q.6 How do I produce a memory map?
Kevin Brisley offers:
"Well, I've been plugging away at trying to figure out the inner workings
of Burgertime and thought I'd try to get some discussion going in the
area of trying to create a memory map for an arcade game.
So far I've managed to determine the addresses the ROMs containing code
mapped to by checking for IRQ/NMI/Reset vectors and then looking through
the disassembled code for hints (eg. checking jmp's and jsr's to get an
idea of where the ROM goes).
The next step is determining where the rest of the ROMs go. I had planned
on doing this by scouring the code for references to addresses that I had
not found a ROM for and trying to determine the context of the access.
For example, if a piece of code looks like it's copying the bits to make
the letter 'A' and I know which ROM contains the charset then I'd have a
place for the ROM.
But I also have the schematic for Burgertime and was wondering if there
was an easier way. I thought that there must be a way to determine from
the schematic where the various ROMs go. Unfortunately I'm not an
electrical engineer and my talent for interpreting schematics is not
great.
The question also holds for memory mapped I/O. I was going to apply the
same logic to determining where the buttons mapped to but all of the
buttons and joystick appear on the schematic. Is there a way to trace
the connection to a button back through the schematic and figure out
what bit gets flipped in memory?
If this is not possible, how have the emulator authors out there
determined this stuff? Through the scouring code method or some other
method I haven't thought of?"
[I'm sure everyone would be happy to get more information on this...
anyone out there want to help?]
(I received this information from someone who is staring to work on an
emulator. He asked me not to reveal his name, because his time is limited
and the emulator may not be finished any time soon) :
"During the initial scan [of the ROMs] I used some tools that might be of
use to other emulator developers. Specifically Marat's DASM that's
supplied with the Z80 emulation package and a DOS tool that I found.
It's intended for debugging PCB mounted CPU's but can also be used to
disassemble and debug romfiles. It's called NOI25Z80.zip and is written
by John Hartman. This one is specifically for the Z80 ,but there are
versions for 6502 and other processors. It gives you a fully interactive
disassembler and memory dumper (HEX and ASCII). It can also trace (debug)
ROMS. Input files have to be in INTEL HEX format, so you need a utility
like BIN2HEX to convert ROMS to HEX files. Use ftpsearch
(http://ftpsearch.unit.no/ftpsearch) to find places to get it."
Note: I found the files in the SimTel archives: (see section R.4.1.3)
Directory SimTel/msdos/debug/
Filename Type Length Date Description
==============================================
noi25370.zip B 179655 951111 NoICE 2.5 remote debugger for TMS370
noi25_02.zip B 167495 951111 NoICE 2.5 remote debugger for 65(C)02
noi25_09.zip B 185554 951111 NoICE 2.5 remote debugger for 6809
noi25_11.zip B 178389 951111 NoICE 2.5 remote debugger for 68HC11
noi25_51.zip B 170645 951111 NoICE 2.5 remote debugger for 8051
noi25_96.zip B 170411 951111 NoICE 2.5 remote debugger for 80(1)96
noi25_z8.zip B 180580 951111 NoICE 2.5 remote debugger for Z8
noi25z80.zip B 191219 951111 NoICE 2.5 remote debugger for Z80
Q.7 How can I find what processor(s) the game uses?
See section R.5 under References.
Q.7.1 Where can I find information for a specific processor?
See section R.4.1.3 under References.
Adam Roach also suggests:
"...most processor manufacturers will provide free or cheap data on
their processors if you call or write them."
Dave Spicer had this to say:
"I don't know of any really good info on the net. However, you might
like to try and get hold of "Programming the Z80" by Rodney Zaks
(ISBN 0-89588-069-5). This is the book I use if I need to look up any
Z80 info... I'm not so sure about books for 6502. I always used to use
the Commodore 64 programmer's reference guide!"
Neil Bradley's source for the 6502 was:
'Programming the 6502' by Rodnay Zaks was my bible for developing the
6502 emulator used in EMU."
Q.8 Where might I find the ROMs?
Try the resources in R.4.1.2 and R.4.2. If all else fails, find someone
who owns the machine, and see if they can help you (see Q.10).
Q.8.1 How do I disassemble the ROMs?
If you are lucky, someone may have already written a disassembler for
the processor in your target game. Check sections R.4.1.3 and R.4.2
under References.
Q.8.2 How do I decode instructions, variables, data, sprites, colors,
graphics, etc. from the ROMs?
Neil Bradley's answer:
"Trial and error. Seriously. Anything beyond this explanation can't be
described in 30 words or less... It's a mix of RAM and ROM in that space,
in addition to hardware in that space as well. It's different for each
platform."
Dave Spicer says:
"Use a debugger and a graphics viewer to find the data (I wrote my own).
Other things require you to make sense of the original game code and work
out what it's doing."
Q.9 Should the sound be emulated or should sample be used?
This has been a hotly debated question on Neil's emulator@synthcom.com
mailing list, so I thought I'd address it here.
It seems there are two factions in this debate:
- Those who want an emulator to be 100% emulated.
No samples should be used because this is 'cheating'.
Even at the risk of having poorer quality sound, or slower
overall emulation, these "purists" would like to see the
sound emulated...
- Those who want an emulator to be as close as possible to the
real thing.
Samples should be used because they provide better quality sound,
and can produce bass effects that were produced by the arcade
cabinet.
Neil Bradley says:
"The whole purpose of emulation is to EXACTLY DUPLICATE the look, feel,
sound, etc... of the game.
The Pokey uses a top octave divider that basically pulls pulses off the
data & addressing bus to generate its sound. Because of the odd frequency
of the Pokey, everything is slightly flat, and off key (musicians, ever
notice this?). The sound of a top octave divider circuit sounds nothing
like FM synthesis that's found on the SB and other boards. You can get
somewhere in the ballpark, but you'll always find that FM synthesis in
sound cards is somewhat thin. That's totally opposite of the Pokey.
For other games that use more conventional synthesizer chips, sound is
much easier, because they use standard waveforms, etc...
Sampling gives you the truest to life representation of the real thing,
which is exactly what emulation is going for.
With all due respect, the average individual can't tell the difference
between a sample and the real thing. The only thing that would make it
fake to you is knowing that it was a sample.
Sorry if I come across as a bit agressive about the sample issue, but it's
one of my hot bottons. So I'll ask the question again - do you want the
sound cards to attempt FM synthesis on something that doesn't sound like
FM synthesis and won't sound like the original, or would you like it to
sound like the original?"
Ed Henciak adds:
"I'd also like to emphasize sampling in game emulation. I have begun work
on a Sega vector game emulator (primary focus is Star Trek). You may have
seen this on Moose's page as my senior project here at Pitt. Anyway, I
don't even plan on emulating the sound. I have a Star Trek set and will
use samples for all audio. The goal of emulating old arcade games (to me)
is to bring back the experience of playing these games. If you have a
'finished' emulator (i.e. the final revision you release) with weak/no
sound, it just misses the point of emulation. I understand 'EMULATION'
refers to emulating all hardware in the game, but I think an arcade
emulation should be limited to only having to emulate the cpu and video.
Audio is critical to any game playing experience (in my opinion, Gyruss
would have been kinda lame w/o that killer soundtrack). And from what I
have been reading in this group, it is way too wacky from game to game to
make it 'perfectly emulated'. Plus, it hogs CPU time. In games such as
Dave Spicer's Pac Man, the audio is perfectly emulated. I believe Pac Man
uses 1 Z80 CPU and 1 Sound Chip. Not too much overhead!!! Star Wars, on
the other hand, uses 4 POKEYS, and Major Havoc uses 3 CPUs in addition to
the 4 POKEYS!!! I believe that if we want to see these games emulated w/o
additional hardware, and, more importantly, the authors are up for it, we
should focus on sampling audio from our games, make an 'audio archive' of
sampled sounds at 44KHz (possibly make a small circuit to take this input
from our machines directly to the sampler), and pray the authors take
advantage of this. Granted, I have only been an 'emulator programmer in
training' for a couple weeks now. I still have a long ways to go in this
area and fully respect all you authors out there for such incredible work!
I just want to push sampling because it helps to fully bring back the
arcade experience!!!
Q.9.1 What about legal issues? Are samples copyrighted?
Neil Bradley counsels:
"There are only two conditions where you can copyright a sound:
#1 If the sound itself is a sample (as in the samples in the Star Wars &
Empire Strikes Back games)
#2 If the sound itself is contained within a sample playback unit (I.E.
Joust, Robotron, etc...). There are some direct waveforms that can't be
copyrighted (Sine/Sawtooth, etc...)
If #1 is the case, the only way you can get legal right to redistribute is
to license it.
If #2 is the case, the only way you can legally utilize the sound is to
re-sample it, otherwise you'd be copying the data right out of the EPROM.
Both case #1 and Case #2 above are legally considered "creative works".
The Pokey is a sound synthesizer chip (among other things). It is designed
to generate a wide variety of sounds. If it were true that you couldn't
legally sample a real world synthesized sound, then no one would be using
synthesizers.
Plenty of lawsuits were filed with large musical instrument corporations
due to sample stealing (Roland & Yamaha both stole Fairlight's "chior"
sample that's used on quite a few big-time hits in the 80's). In all
cases, they were sample-sourced lawsuits. Not one has ever been filed
where the source was synthesis.
There have been suits filed under patches being stolen and reused in other
synths, but under copyright law it's considered software since it's stored
as data.
Atari can't copyright the sound that the pokey generates. If that were the
case, then any sample-playback synthesizer (like almost everything sold
today) patch preset couldn't be used in a published song. As a published
producer and musician, I can assure you all that this is not the case."
Q.9.2 What is the difference between a speech synthesizer and a
sample playback device?
Joel Rosenzweig says:
"The difference between a speech synthesizer and a sample playback device
is a little fuzzy, but I'll describe the two so you'll see why I call
Star Wars speech reproduction 'sample playback' instead of 'speech
synthesis.'
In sample playback, a waveform is stored in a compressed or decompressed
state in memory. This waveform is generally longer than a phoneme, and
when played, an entire word or phrase is heard. Generally, an entire
sentence would be stored as 'one sample', so that when the microprocessor
signals that some speech should occur, it says to the sound unit, play
speech sample number 'x' which might be the entire sample 'Use the force,
Luke.' This playback device then reads data from an EPROM starting at the
location of the sound sample for this speech, and reads the data. After
the decompression step, a digital to analog conversion step takes place,
and the analog waveform is output. When this single operation is finished,
the entire 'speech phrase' is complete.
In a speech synthesizer, speech is produced by the catenation of small
sounds called 'phonemes.' The English language has a little over 50
phonemes. You can create any English word with the right combination of
phonemes. These phonemes can be stored as programming data for a
'synthesizer'' (it says to the FM synth, 'how to generate this sound
programatically') OR the phoneme data could be live samples from a human.
In order to create a 'WORD' the microprocessor determines the correct
string of phonemes that need to be played in order to generate the correct
sound. A string of phonemes are sent to the speech synthesizer which then
will play the phonemes in order using the technology for that chip (either
sample playback or by programming an FM synthesizer.) Many phonemes are
read in precise order to generate a word, and then a sentence. Whereas
only one read/playback cycle is needed to play a sentence with a sample
playback device implementation, the speech synthesis implementation is
required to do many shorter cycles to achieve a similar outcome.
A speech synthesizer by nature, is able to reproduce ANY 'English' (say)
word because rather than storing the words themselves, it just stores all
the phonemes needed to produce these words. A sample playback device, is
not capable of reproducing ANY English word because it only knows how to
play back the samples that are stored in memory. (these might be words, or
it could be a sound effect)
Now, certainly, if you wanted to, you could record all the English
phonemes, store them as samples, and then use a sample playback device and
a microprocessor to ACT like a speech synthesizer. In fact, this scheme
works quite well and you can get some 'human like' sounding speech out of
them. But the main point is that a sample playback unit is capable of
playing back ANY sampled sound and is not bounded to generate speech only.
A speech synthesizer then is a more limited device that might employ the
use of a sample playback device in order to play its phonemes (if they are
stored that way). And yes, if perhaps a phoneme were stored as a sample,
then you could store an entire speech sample as one 'phoneme' but then
you'd technically have a sample playback device, and not a speech
synthesizer.
So, to wrap up, the biggest difference is that sample playback devices are
used to play back any sample of sound imaginable, and can be used to play
back whole samples of speech. A speech synthesizer is a device that in
some instances behaves just like a sample playback device, but its VALUE
is that it can produce any word from a set of phonemes, and is not limited
to 'pre-recorded' speech or other sounds.
In Star Wars, the TMS 5220 is a device that plays back pre-recorded
samples of speech data, stored in the EPROMS of the sound board. It is not
capable of producing any speech we could dream up, because it does not
have individual phonemes stored anywhere accessable to it, hence it is not
a speech synthesizer. The advantage here is that Luke's voice sounds like
Luke, and Darth Vader sounds like Darth Vader, etc. A rudimentary speech
synthesizer is not capable of copying different 'voices' and is usually
limited to small changes in pitch, speed, etc.
I believe that Atari named this chip a speech synthesizer because they
used the word 'synthesizer' loosely, to mean 'speech production' which is
what it does. Though, its not strictly limited to speech as they could
have put any sounds in memory that they wanted to."
Q.9.3 What was used in Williams Arcade Classics? (It sounds good!)
Neil Bradley answers:
"All of the WA classics are *SAMPLES*. Even the original sounds that go
into the sound roms for Joust, Robotron, etc... are samples of
synthesizers. They are mixed off line, and played back real-time."
Joe Husosky says:
"To recreate the sound they hooked up the sound board and instructed it to
play each sound the game has one at a time. The really cool thing about
the WIN95 WAC (DOS version also included) is that they have all the sounds
included as WAV files. You can really customise WIN95 with all the WAC
sounds."
Q.9.4 Why is sound so *hard* to emulate?
Neil Bradley complains:
"I've been asked multiple times why I don't 'just add sound'.
Well, the lousy sound cards we've been cursed with have different
structures from almost every other form of synthesis known to man. I'm
talking filtering, pitch, etc...
Sorry to say it, but not even the most expensive Sound Cards are high
quality. They are cheap, piles of garbage. Compared to their big brother
counterparts (I.E. the digital or analog synthesizer), they are noisy,
brash, cranky, and of such low quality it's amazing they work at all. Just
so you all know, my reference equipment consists of racks of synthesizers,
and compared to them, no sound card is even moderately close to their
quality.
So partly the reason I don't bother with sound is that the quality is so
poor. It's better than a PC speaker, and it gives SOME sound, but saying
that it has synthesis capabilities is like saying a Moped is well suited
for transportation in all weather conditions.
For specifics: The Pokey. The only proper way to emulate this chip is to
sample it. FM Syntehsis doesn't sound like top octave divided square
waves. FM Sounds thin by comparison. So if you want the character of the
Pokey, you sample it. This is called true emulation. Anything else is an
imitation. Lots of circuits have bass boost and image enhancers to get
their "sound", and without sampling the real thing, you're going to get
thin & cheesy sounds in a lot of cases.
There aren't enough oscillators on all sound cards to emulate a 2-4 Pokey
configuration, either. So what do you do? Sounds like a mixed sample
playback is the correct thing. That means you'd better have damned
efficient mixing code! I keep telling people over and over that if you
want good performance on a particular low-end platform, machine code the
thing! I've seen mixing code speed up 4X after being recoded in assembly.
It doesn't make much difference on a Pentium 166, but the 486 users will
really appreciate it.
Okay, now that we've all decided that sampling is the way to go for Pokey
emulation, let's consider a few things. First, you need to have access to
the game. Second, you need to get every sound that a game will make
sampled. In most cases, getting all these sounds seperately isn't
possible (I.E. Battlezone's engine noise & firing sounds). Lastly, once
you have each individual sample, you need to reverse engineer the
commands to the Pokey that would cause that sound to occur, and more
importantly, when it should stop.
These aren't straightforward steps. Getting a correct sample (and I don't
mean sampling it with a $20 Radio Shack mic and a Sound Blaster) is hard
work. You'd spend hours getting a good, high quality sample, necessary
for true emulation.
In a lot of cases, there aren't enough oscillators or waveforms to choose
from when emulating other sound chips. The envlope types don't match,
Sound Blasters lack resonant filters or other filter modes, and waveforms
don't match up to the ones availale on the game to be emulated. So what do
you do? Sampling is the answer. This means that the CPU spends time mixing
sounds, which makes the game slower. Recoding in assembly (hint hint) is
a good way to maximize your performance. ;-)
In most cases, sound chips used in video games don't have primitives that
match up to the primitives that your average sound card has, so using the
synthesis part of the card to emulate the sound is in a lot of cases a
lost cause.
So the lack of sound emulation in all kinds of emulators should tell you
something. ;-) The sound architecture in sound cards is almost completely
different from that of your favorite video game, and emulation is a
collosal pain in the ass, if not impossible, to pull off.
So have some mercy on us emulator authors, will ya? ;-)"
Q.10 Where can I find other documentation for the game?
You might try to contact someone who owns the machine. See Q.10.
Q.10.1 What about schematics for the game?
You might try to contact someone who owns the machine. See Q.10.
Also, see R.4.1.4 under References for some schematics available on
the web.
Q.11 How might I contact someone who owns the machine hardware?
The Video Arcade Preservation Society (VAPS) maintains a list of
people who own arcade games. These folks might have technical
documents that came with the machines. They may also be able to dump
ROMs if they are not already available on the internet. If you ask
nicely, you might be able to find what you are looking for...
See section R.4.1.5 for information about VAPS on the WWW.
Q.11.1 Todd Krueger's offer to help
This message was sent to the emulator mailing list by Todd Krueger
[ToddK52685@aol.com] :
[I've taken some parts out of it that do not relate to arcade emulation...]
"To all it may concern,
My name is Todd Krueger. I have been (for many years now) a video game
collector. At first I started with the likes of the original Atari
machines then it followed with the Nintendos, Turbo Grafixs ect. Then my
collection continued to include arcade machines starting with Golden Axe
then back to Space Invaders then Pacman and so on. To date, my collection
includes 200+ arcade titles (Some with books and docs some without) and
near every home video game machine released. (Alot were donated) My
intention of this is to start a museum in Las Cruces, NM.
My collection started as a hobby and now is an honest attempt to save
this important part of history. I believe that emulation is an important
part of this preservation. So I would like to be a source for emulator
programers. I can provide photos, sounds, some schematics or the loan of
the original boards (on a case by case basis). All I ask in return is to
be a beta tester.
Some of the popular titles in the collection are: Space Invaders
(original b/w, part II b/w & color), Galaga (original and plus),
Pacman (orig., MS. & super), Gauntlet, Dig Dug, Bubble Bobble,
Asteroids (orig. & deluxe), Tempest, Battlezone, Arkanoid
(orig. and Revenge of Doh), Ikari Warriors, Contra, Donkey Kong
(1, 3, and junior), Frogger, 1942, Berzerk, Star Wars (orig. and Empire),
Defender, Golden Axe, Street Fighter II, Mortal Kombat (orig. and II),
Time Pilot 84, Time Soldiers, Mr. Do, Galaxian, Block Out, Shinobi,
Altered Beasts, and many others (new titles in all the time).
Some of the systems are: Atari (400, 800, 520ST, 1040ST, Jaguar), Coleco,
Sega (master, Genisis, CD, 32X, 32X CD, Saturn), Turbo Grafx, Nintendo
(8-bit, Super, Pocket, Super Gameboy, N64, Virtual), 3DO, Playstation,
Vectrex, Amiga, TI 99/4, and many others. Many references.
I will give any help I can in your programming endeavors and I promice I
will not use any of your products or betas for personal profit nor would
I even show your products to anyone without your permission. I further
promise to be an honest and good beta tester if you choose to use me.
Also, if you or anyone you know has old video game equipment that they
would like to donate to our Video Game Museum project (We need name
suggestions) you may do so to:
Mission Computer Enterprises
c/o Todd Krueger
412 LaCrosse St.
W.S.M.R., NM 88002
This address is temporary because the store is not fully open and I am
still in the midst of my Army Retirement, but this should be good for a
couple of months. Just in case, before you do or send anything, email me
at ToddK52685@aol.com
Todd H. Krueger"
[Sounds like a damn good deal to me!!]
Q.12 Where can I find general descriptions of arcade games?
The VAPS (see Q.10) also maintains a searchable database containing
information about virtually every arcade game ever made. Most entries
include the company resposible, the year released, and a brief
description of gameplay. The database is the KLOV (Killer List Of
Video games). The search engine can be found as a link off the main
VAPS site.
Q.13 Did other emulator authors keep any notes while they were working?
In Neil Bradley's case:
"Mental notes. Sometimes printouts of my code when I knew it was buggy.
Sometimes I collected info about the game platform in stacks of paper for
reference, but nothing proprietary or non-commonly available material was
kept (at least in my case)."
Dave Spicer's experience:
"Yup, I have about 10 notebooks full of scribbles. Usually my notes
consist of rom locations and register lists with occasional outlines of
various techniques for implementing a game's hardware. Lately I've tried
to get into the habit of documentating hardware within the driver source
code."
[When asked if he wrote detailed specifications for each game...]
"Not for individual emulations, no. It's usually impossible as I'm finding
out how a game works, and what's required, whilst I'm writing the
emulation. You can't spec something that you don't fully understand!
Emulator core resources are another matter. Before adding anything to the
emulator core (something I haven't had to do for months now), I write
documentation covering what's required and how the programming interface
will work."
Q.14 Where can I find more information on the internet and WWW?
See section R.4 under References.
Also, Neil Bradley suggests:
"Do an infoseek search on '+cpu +emulator'. There is a page that has
emulators, and many, many other links that will give you more than you
asked for. ;-)"
Q.15 Should I release my source code when I'm finished?
By all means YES!! :D
It's really up to each individual author. Some people (I won't name names)
have chose to keep their emulators from the public, with thoughts of a
commercial release. Others have released their emulators as freeware.
Still others plan to release the source code with their freeware
emulators. I, personally, think that emulation is a hobby to be shared
with the rest of the world...
Mike Cuddy says:
"I plan on releasing every scrap of code, documentation, etc. when I'm
done. Making emulators is hard-enough without charging people money, or
hoarding information (dig, dig ... you know who you are ;-) -- besides,
given the quasi-legal status of most of the ROM images, it's hard to
justify charging people -- I'd rather have more emulators floating around!
And like I said, when this ordeal is done, the release will be a SOURCE
release."
--------------------------------------------------------------------
8b d8 8b d8
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8 " 8 8.dP' 8P Y8P Y8 8' .8 8P YbdP 8 " 8 8 8 8 8 `Yb.
8 8 `Y88P 8 8 8 `Y8P' 8 dP 8 8 `Y88 88P' Y88P
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
M.1 Crazy Climber
CRAZY CLIMBER HARDWARE DETAILS AND MEMORY MAP
by Lionel Theunissen (08/01/97)
Please don't take any of this information as gospel. This is what I have
gleaned from my analysis of the CC ROMs and circuits, and I could be
wrong about a few things. Some of it is best guess, but most of it
should be correct. Bear in mind that it was quite a while ago (3 years)
that I was originally working on this, so coming back into it I'm a
little fuzzy on details.
M.1.1 Video
The video circuitry for Crazy Climber is similar to other early 80's
games, but has some unique features. The display is character generated,
32 characters across and 28 high, which makes 256*224 pixels. The 1k of
screen RAM addresses the character ROMs (ROMs 3-6); a pair for each
character set, which give two bits per pixel, and along with the colour
RAM, determine the colour for each pixel. Each vertical character column
(32 in all) can be scrolled independantly using the column scroll
registers at 9800h. Note that unlike most other games of the time CC
uses a horizontally oriented picture tube (as in a VGA monitor), rather
than the vertically oriented tube as used in Pacman, Galaxians, and
Space Invaders.
As in most character generated displays of the time, the colour of each
pixel is determined by a combination of the lower 4 bits of the colour
RAM and the two bits per pixel from the character generator ROMS. Bit 4
of the colour RAM selects between two character sets.
An unusual feature of the display circuitry is what I call the Big (or
main) sprite. There are 256 bytes of RAM at 8800h which are attached to
their own character generator ROMs (ROMs 1&2). This can be moved as one
big block using the control registers at 98dch-98dfh. This sprite is
used for the logo in the opening screen, the bird, and other large
objects in the game.
I have yet to work out much of the detail regarding the small sprites,
but they seem to be similar to pacman/galaxian. Anyone who would like to
help out with this please contact me (I have limited time at the
moment.)
M.1.2 Sound
Crazy Climber uses an AY-3-8910 addressed at I/O 8&9 for music, and has
a sample playback system for other sounds controlled by the two ports on
the AY-3-8910 and registers at a004h, a800h, and b000h. ROMs 12&13
contain the sample data. From the circuit it appears that the sample
information is 4 bit with two 4 bit nybbles per byte of ROM which are
read sequentially. I haven't confirmed this though.
M.1.3 Other Details
There is a watchdog circuit which will reset the processor if the
machine switches (coin, player start, etc) at b800h are not read for a
certain period of time. This ensures that if the program crashes due to
a power glitch or whatever, the program will reset. There is little
point in emulating this.
M.1.4 Memory Map
Note that the address decoder on CC only decodes to 2k blocks, therefore
1k of RAM at 9800h will also appear at 9c00h. In places the software
will write to a mirror address; Eg. the Colour RAM is addressed at 9c00h
and the column scroll registers at 9800h. These are actually both part
of the same 1k RAM on the CC boards. The column scroll registers take up
the first 32 bytes of the colour RAM. Since these bytes correspond to an
area of the screen which is not displayed they can be used for this
purpose.
0000h-4fffh ;20k program ROMs. ROM11=0000h
ROM10=1000h
ROM09=2000h
ROM08=3000h
ROM07=4000h
8000h-83ffh ;1k scratchpad RAM.
8800h-87ffh ;256 bytes Bigsprite RAM.
9000h-93ffh ;1k screen RAM.
9800h-981fh ;Column smooth scroll position. Corresponds to each char
column. *This is actually part of the colour RAM.
98dch ;big sprite control.
98ddh ;big sprite colour.
98deh ;big sprite y position.
98dfh ;big sprite x position.
9c00h-9fffh ;1k Colour RAM: Bits 0-3: char colour scheme.
Bit 4: 0=charset1, 1=charset2.
0a000h ;RD: player 1 cntl. WR: NMI: 0=disable, 1=enable.
0a001h ;WR: Video horizontal invert.
0a002h ;WR: Video vertical invert
0a004h ;WR: dig sound trigger?
0a800h ;RD: player 2 cntl. WR: dig sound speed?
0b000h ;RD: dip switches. WR: dig sound volume?
0b800h ;RD: machine switches/watchdog.
I/O 8 ;AY-3-8910 Reg?
I/O 9 ;AY-3-8910 Reg?
*If anyone can help fill in some of the blanks or has corrections please
email me.
Lionel Theunissen (lionelth@ozemail.com.au)
M.2 Dig Dug [provided by Ivan Mackintosh (ivan@rcp.co.uk)]
M.2.1 Memory Map
Taken from the "Dig Dug CPU PCB Schematic Diagram" - Sheet 3a
HEXA- R/W DATA FUNCTION
DECIMAL
ADDRESS D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0000-3FFF R D D D D D D D D 1st Priority Z80 CPU ROM (16K)
0000-1FFF R D D D D D D D D 2nd Priority Z80 CPU ROM (8K)
0000-0FFF R D D D D D D D D 3rd Priority Z80 CPU ROM (4K)
6800-680F W D D D D Audio Control
6810-681F W D D D D Audio Control
6820 W D 0 =3D Reset IRQ1 (Latched)
6821 W D 0 =3D Reset IRQ2 (Latched)
6822 W D 0 =3D Enable NMI3 (Latched)
6823 W D 0 =3D Reset 2nd and 3rd Z80 CPUs
(Latched)
6825 W D Custom Chip 53 Mode Control
(Latched)
6826 W D Custom Chip 53 Mode Control
(Latched)
6827 W D Custom Chip 53 Mode Control
(Latched)
6830 W Watchdog Reset
7000 R/W D D D D D D D D Custom Chip 06 - Data
7100 R/W D D D D D D D D Custom Chip 06 - Command
8000-87FF R/W D D D D D D D D 2K Playfield RAM
8800-8BFF R/W D D D D D D D D 1K Motion RAM (HPOS, VPOS)
9000-93FF R/W D D D D D D D D 1K Motion RAM
9800-9BFF R/W D D D D D D D D 1K Motion RAM (PIC)
A000 W D Playfield Select (Latched)
A001 W D Playfield Select (Latched)
A002 W D Playfield Color Select (Latched)
A003 W D Alphanumeric Color Select
(Latched)
A004 W D Playfield Select (Latched)
A005 W D Playfield Select (Latched)
A007 W D Flip Video
B800-B83F W D D D D D D D D Write EAROM Address and Data
B800 R D D D D D D D D Read EAROM Data
B840 W D D D D Write EAROM Control
M.3 Ms PacMan [provided by Allard van der Bas (avdbas@wi.leidenuniv.nl)]
I'm stuck at the moment, so it wouldn't hurt to get some feedback on what
I found out so far. The information holds for mspacman (non bootleg
version, the bootleg version is only different in how it processes it's
interrupt).
[Note: This information also applies to PacMan. See section M.2.6]
M.3.1 ROM Files
name type location
--------------------------------------
mspacman.6e code $0000-$0fff
mspacman.6f code $1000-$1fff
mspacman.6h code $2000-$2fff
mspacman.6j code $3000-$3fff
mspacman.5e char non memory mapped (see pascal source)
mspacman.5f char ? non memory mapped (see pascal source)
mspacman.u5 ??? non memory mapped
mspacman.u6 ??? "" """ ""
mspacman.u7 ??? "" """ ""
M.3.2 Memory Layout
ROM $0000-$3fff code + data
RAM $4000-$43ff video 1 (filled with $40 means clear)
$4400-$47ff video 2 (filled with $0f means clear)
$4c00-$4fff general purpose RAM
M.3.3 Memory Mapped Ports
$5000-$5007,$5040,$5080,$50c0 ($5050-$505f).
$5080 : dipswitches ?
$50c0,$5040 : joystick / slots ?
$5000 - $5007 : timers (for interrupt) ?
$5050 - $505f : ??? <- referenced only once.
M.3.4 OUT ports
$00 : interrupt chooser
An OUT $FA at port 00 chooses interrupt routine at $3000.
This one is only activated once ($3000 has some sort of machine check).
An OUT $FC at port 00 chooses interrupt routine at $008d.
This is the general interrupt used throughout the game.
The bootleg version handles interrupts in a different way, (not IM2). But
accesses the same interrupt routines.
M.3.5 Character Sets
The chars are built up really weird, chars are encoded using 2 bits per
pixel, but chars are 8x8, so 1 char takes 16 bytes. The first 8 bytes are
the lower pixels and the second 8 bytes are the top pixels. Look at the
include pascal source to figure the chars out.
M.3.5.1 Pascal Source (ZIPed an UUencoded)
I've ZIPed and UUencoded two pascal source files Allard van der Bas sent
me. The information is much more compact in this form -- including the
full pascal source would have taken up too much space!
From the comments:
{ Used to find characters in rom files. Mspacman chars are really 2 bits
per color, but use only one color to detect shapes, Dumps both character
roms on a 320x200 screen }
And Allard said:
"The mode13h Unit isn't fast enough to support the screen updates needed
for decent emulation. (I got about 30 fps using predefined sprites on my
P120/Mach64; the overhead of the emulator will kill this to about 5 fps).
But you're free to do what ever you want with it. (Just loose the (c)
notice in mode13h.pas)."
Just cut and paste this UUencoded block to a new file and decode it.
If this is a problem, let me know and the source files can be distributed
with the HowTo as separate files...
begin 644 avdbas.zip
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MO#QX1I`'2ZSJ&Y%WF\P]"O(2.G$<(B^BV-W`?\J`DN_C=,XGDCX$,)E,R-;K
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M;8[E7%SA0<8ZF.<+8X&"QT5>)T'"98&R"V0=7`?E]PL\!U1*,Y%(=)C=A1<]
M(@>[(T1=`J5)`46QD:)Y8CRF46(\A*ND$F$G#-X"L(2P$WK1$POY>GS6:IGL
MXAFO<C<(43,QYBC+=9_C5A^_/^+6/?5^3_5^I1P_#)($S7^$.+9J?YRD?P9-
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M+1KM@4$!2<[+WZW^%Z,]J#+H^S*B9J.P<F`[``3,[\D7KAV(38K=0.P2ED-A
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M4L$,)V*$8!+NQ$QT@.@1-@B_`-A#JW@9.'85"E.:-:LP:X9!,C?MLHN'!?84
M'M.3KN66S3BV@O-$CMHTCO"QQGMHLM''A7]5>V?P6H,E/,5B?=;.3DO6DWG6
MB;632=A.0,Y%MGLJ^9JM<O2I68)"YD8GEJPBG2<P>X/M`CZ>UR-H#RU**G@I
MC2M3K"X.%_1>4AXPR,-/%47E+4@=MKP%C=3@K((ML0@:+70[I$(![7DY!@OE
M*%T&$8)WYKN3),Z"/(@C&'V%N<?OQMD-/!LBRB*2_;YH"HI"6O+RDT[;SWNB
MR%<MPQWWK-0OHZ>1JA&MJ4$7IP)%/X0)'`['H8M4W$@O)SJL8B/_^"E,3$)7
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M47W7#K7S`J,4E-RY\C9(WG=I-V$_(/PV0T\/.SE9/?U*"<-5PDP+&Q5K89(:
M',4-5+NX@%(:,FAX="HW3DJ\%+%2<0I1N:UIE3G?>4IYW=TX#RW]>7M05%QT
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MRD_E;2EL/B_PDRJ5W.F1N\7V8*MRMBZ?6YO2"D\VWR^/N#?)!46UZM+\%`M_
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MWI:9]P7EOJ#<%Y3[@O+_O*#\GRHGMQ23Q8FFNK8D!Q3EQUSRT$,(.X6(XI!L
MPN3$(1'18T6IG"Q5DUBV:-^,B]V>[??:;K]U/-OUE8)46O+]=>^&HK=5O9M?
MRE07*\IO-*9YSGZC@=*O-#(RR.<6YL79H@@$9L[`N,`^6%]B?[%)L8I1KNVX
MI/V1-7\;DBFZ7BLG@HT/?/[[(.LQD@^`(K1N9J4/@)2MGGUW*%+ZKRCO1_D=
M\IN'+=^X+CY^]-DVX.B=_/,CUEDR?&"<G1=6T]_RS\\6(O2Y:R@LE<<L\PR,
M=J^2H71A4OM!DSS2;#/LS=B+#SVVX*[NK[OG$5]R:9B+3T7QY+CI"NE(K0X<
M?O*E3/&AJJ\HP/]_:!S\#5!+`0(4`!0````(`,^^<B'<H%/0<P,``-X*```,
M``````````$`(`````````!&24Y$0TA!4BY005-02P$"%``4````"``&OW(A
M/Q9U)FL(```A+```"P`````````!`"````"=`P``34]$13$S2"Y005-02P4&
2``````(``@!S````,0P`````
`
end
M.3.6 Ms. PacMan ROMs are identical to PacMan?
It turns out that the ROMs i was working with are pacman ROMs. I did a
file comparison after I discovered this fact, and it turns out that the
ROMs I took from the mspac.zip file (mspacman.6e -- 6j) aren't any
different from the roms from goodpac.zip (pacman.6e -- 6j).
Maybe this is the way it's supposed to be, because you can build a
mspacman from a pacman by building in a daughter board. And the roms u5 u6
u7 come from that board. But I can't figure those out (yet).
So what's the value of this information for you:
My previous information doesn't apply to mspacman, but to pacman!
[Or possibly both...]
M.4 Phoenix [provided by Ralph Kimmlingen (ub2f@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de)]
M.4.1 Components
- 8085 CPU @5.5 Mhz
- 8x2kB ROM
- Two plane display (CHARSET-A, CHARSET-B)
CHAR-A: 2x2kB ROM, 4x0.5kB RAM
CHAR-B: 2x2kB ROM, 4x0.5kB RAM
- 2x3 bit color DAC
- 8 bit vertical scroll register
- MN6221AA 2voice melody module
please note: as Phoenix uses a 90 degree rotated picture tube, all
references to 'horizontal' positions actually mean VERTICAL
ELECTRON BEAM positions.
M.4.2 Functionality
The picture consists of two independent planes, where each pixel is
represented two bits. As the lower plane is used for scrolling (CHAR-A,
starfield), the first row is always invisible (scroll-buffer). All sprites
and text are displayed in the upper plane (except for eagles).
_____26x8 pixel___________
|xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx| <-- first row (score count etc.)
| |
| |
| /+\ |
. .
: : <32x8 lines>
| | |
| |
| | |
| |
|_____^__________________|
The graphic data for each plane is drawn from a 8x8 charset and an
attached video ram of 2x1024 bytes. Only 26*32 bytes are actually used,
representing a screen size of 26*32 characters. Each video ram consists
of two banks, which allows for double buffering (see video control
register). Vertical scrolling is controlled by a 8 bit value, which
determines the first line to be drawn by the video logic. Example:
scrollreg= 9 --> video logic starts reading video ram at byte 32 and
charset-rom at the second byte.
After finishing row 26, row 0 is drawn (->wraparound).
M.4.3 Colors
Two 8-to-3 lookup-tables (PAL's) are responsible for color output.
These PAL's allow for a palette of 6 bit (64 colors) :
7 bit value --> Lookup-Table1 --> 3x1bit (RGB) --> DAC ] video out
7 bit value --> Lookup-Table2 --> 3x1bit (RGB) --> DAC ] (RGB)
RED BLUE GREEN
2bit 2bit 2bit
The 8 bit value for lookup tables is composed of the following signals:
Bit from
---------------
0 ]
1 ] bit 5-7 of video ram value (divides 256 chars in 8 color sections)
2 ]
3 ] 2 bit pixelcolor
4 ] (either from CHAR-A or CHAR-B, depends on Bit5)
5 0= CHAR-A, 1= CHAR-B
6 palette flag (see video control reg.)
7 always 0
M.4.4 Memory Map
0000-3fff 16kB ROM (code + tables)
4000-43ff RAM A (1kB)
lower 32x26 bytes used for video ram (CHAR-A),
remaining 192 bytes for variables
4800-4bff RAM B (1kB)
lower 32x26 bytes used for video ram (CHAR-B),
remaining 192 bytes for variables
5000 2 bit video control register (write only)
Bit Used for
---------------
0 switching between VIDEO RAM banks (double buffering)
0: r/w access to 4000-43ff or 4800-4bff
is directed to bank0
1: r/w access to 4000-43ff or 4800-4bff
is directed to bank1
1 color palette swap (blue/red eagles etc.)
this bit represents A6 of color PAL chip
2-7 not used
5000-53ff video control (mirrored)
5800 8 bit vertical scroll register (CHARSET-B)
this value determines the first of 32x8 vertical pixels
to be shown (wraparound fashion)
5800-5bff scroll register (mirrored)
6000 sound control A
Bit Used for
---------------
0 ]
1 ] frequency voice1
2 ]
3 ]
4 ] volume voice1 (probably)
5 ]
6 ] melody module command:
7 ] { <silence>, <for luise>, <???>, <alarm beep> }
6000-63ff sound control A (mirrored)
6800 sound control B
Bit Used for
---------------
0 ]
1 ] frequency voice2
2 ]
3 ]
4 ] volume voice2 (probably)
5 ]
6 ] noise channel (probably volume 0-3)
7 ]
6800-6bff sound control B (mirrored)
7000 8 bit game control (read only)
Bit Used for
---------------
0 coin
1 start1
2 start2
3 -
4 fire
5 right
6 left
7 barrier
7000-73ff game control (mirrored)
7800 8 bit dip-switch (read only)
Bit Used for
---------------
0 dip-settings
1 dip-settings
2 dip-settings
3 dip-settings
4 dip-settings
5 dip-settings
6 dip-settings
7 for video ciruits : flip picture vertical
when read by CPU:
->horizontal sync: this signal is logical HIGH
during video output of row 0*8-25*8,
otherwise LOW.
7801-7bff dip-switch (mirrored)
M.5 Sega System 16 Games
Games : Shinobi, Altered Beast & Time Scanner
Version : 1.2
Author : Thierry Lescot (thierry.lescot@ping.be)
First edition : 30-11-96
Last update : 05-01-97
M.5.1 Hardware Information
Main CPU is a Motorola 68000 at 10 Mhz with 64K RAM ( + video RAM )
Sound CPU is a Zilog Z80 (at 4 Mhz ?)
Sounds chip are Yamaha 2151 (FM) and 3012 (DAC)
M.5.2 Memory Map
Location Size Function
-0000 0000 256 K Main 68000 code + misc. data
to
0003 FFFF
-0040 0000 64 K Scroll video RAM
to (see section M.4.3 for details)
FFFF
-0041 0000 4 K Fixed video RAM (text page)
to + video registers
0FFF (see section M.4.4 for details)
-0044 0000 1 K Sprites control registers
to
03FF
-0084 0000 4 K Color memory (2048 palette registers)
to (see section M.4.5 for details)
0FFF
-00C4 0000 I/O Registers (see section 1.6)
-FFFE 0007 1 byte Used to control the Z80 program (for sound)
-FFFF 0000 64 K Main RAM
to (see section M.4.6 for details)
FFFF
M.5.3 Scroll Video RAM
The scroll video RAM can contain up to 16384 tiles (256 lines of 64
characters). There are 2 bytes for each tile, this is the format:
AAAAAAAA BBBBBBBB B7->B0 Tiles number in the bank (256)
+76543210+76543210+ A3->A0 Bank selector (16)
+--------+--------+ A4 Bank page selection (32 banks/page,
256 chars/bank)
A5 Priority flag
A7->A6 *function not found yet*
Colors: the color base register number is (BANK AND 0x1C)*4
Bank selection: If bit A4=0 the bank selected is the value of A3 to A0,
if A4 is set to 1 the bank number is:
(value of A3 to A0)*16*(value of byte $FFFFF095)
M.5.4 Fixed Video RAM
The fixed video RAM can contain up to 2048 tiles (but only 26 lines of 42
characters are used). There are 2 bytes for each tile, this is the format:
AAAAAAAA BBBBBBBB B7->B0 Tiles number in the bank (256)
+76543210+76543210+ A0 Bank selector (0 or 1 only)
+--------+--------+ A7->A1 Color selector
M.5.5 Color Video RAM
The color video RAM can contain up to 2048 color registers. The 1024 first
registers are used for text and scroll video display and the last 1024 are
used for sprites. There are 2 bytes for each register, this is the format:
????BBBB GGGGRRRR R3->R0 Red value (0-15)
+76543210+76543210+ G7->G4 Green value (0-15)
+--------+--------+ B3->B0 Blue Value
Note: The 4 first bytes (marked ?) have the values 0, 3, 6 or 9. Anyone
know what that means?
M.5.6 Main RAM
This memory contains, RAM, registers and SRAM. If anyone has more
information about this part, please E-Mail me, thanks.
Some special bytes:
F018: if bit5 is set 1, the screen is not updated
F01C: Timer ?
F01E: Sprites inactive if set to 0xFF
FF00-FFFF : SRAM in Altered Beast and normal RAM in Shinobi.
M.5.7 Video Registers
410E81: Video page selection register for foreground (Byte)
410E83: Video page selection register for background (Byte)
410E98: Horizontal foreground scroll register (Word)
410E9A: Horizontal background scroll register (Word)
410E91: Vertical background scroll register (Byte)
410E93: Vertical foreground scroll register (Byte)
440000-4403FF: The sprites registers. There are 16 control bytes for each
sprite (64 sprites maximum). This is the function of the 16
bytes.
00 : last sprite line on the screen
01 : first sprites line on the screen (sprites height = [00]-[01])
02 : high value of the sprite X position
03 : low value of the sprite X position (X = [02]*256+[03])
04 : horizontal sprite flipping flag (flip if value = 01)
05 : sprite width (real width = [05]*2) (!! signed byte)
if the bit7 is set to 1, the sprite is flipped vertically
06 : high value of sprite rom position
07 : low value of sprite rom position
08 : sprite bank selector
bit7-bit4 are always at 1 if the sprite is active
bit3-bit0 is the sprite bank number (0-F)
09 : sprites priority and base color register selector
bit7-bit6: 10 - foreground sprite
01 - background sprite
11 - sprite over everything
bit5-bit0: base color registers (is 1024+16*value)
0A : zoom function \
0B : zoom function - unknown format (never used in Shinobi)
0C to 0F are not used in current emulated games
The sprite location in bank is ([06]*256+[07]+[05])*2
M.5.8 I/O Registers
C41003 - 1 BYTE - 1ST PLAYER CONTROL Bit 0 - Magic Bit 4 - Down
Bit 1 - Attack Bit 5 - Up
Bit 2 - Jump Bit 6 - Right
Bit 3 - Unused Bit 7 - Left
C41007 - 1 BYTE - 2ND PLAYER CONTROL same as 1P
C41001 - 1 BYTE - GENERAL CONTROLS Bit 0 - Coin 1 Bit 4 - 1P Start
Bit 1 - Coni 2 Bit 5 - 2P Start
Bit 2 - Test Bit 6 - Unused
Bit 3 - Service Bit 7 - Unused
C42001 - 1 Byte - Dip Switch settings #1 - Game configuration
C42003 - 1 Byte - Dip Switch settings #2 - Coin configuration
There are some other registers in this area but I don't know the function.
M.5.9 ROM Files
Shinobi
-------
When you load the A1-A5 and B1-B8 roms, you must load the rom like this:
bytes N of ROM loaded at start address+1+N*2 and bytes N of complement
ROM loaded at address start address+N*2
Shinobi.A1 68000 code, loaded at 0000-0001
Shinobi.A2 68000 code, loaded at 0001-0001
Shinobi.A4 68000 code, loaded at 0000-0000 (complement of A1)
Shinobi.A5 68000 code, loaded at 0001-0000 (complement of A2)
Shinobi.A7 Z80 code + music data, loaded at 0000
Shinobi.A8 Z80 ROM, samples
Shinobi.A9 Z80 ROM, samples
Shinobi.B1 gfx sprites, not memory mapped
Shinobi.B2 gfx sprites, not memory mapped
Shinobi.B3 gfx sprites, not memory mapped
Shinobi.B4 gfx sprites, not memory mapped
Shinobi.B5 gfx sprites, not memory mapped (complement of B1)
Shinobi.B6 gfx sprites, not memory mapped (complement of B2)
Shinobi.B7 gfx sprites, not memory mapped (complement of B3)
Shinobi.B8 gfx sprites, not memory mapped (complement of B4)
Shinobi.B9 gfx tiles, not memory mapped (bit 0 of each pixels)
Shinobi.B10 gfx tiles, not memory mapped (bit 1 of each pixels)
Shinobi.B11 gfx tiles, not memory mapped (bit 2 of each pixels)
M.5.10 Graphics Formats
The sprites: there are 4 bits / pixels (16 colors), colors 0 and 15 are
used for transparency. There are 2 pixels coded in each byte, the first
pixel coded in bit7 to 4 and the second in bit3 to 0.
The tiles: the size is 8x8 pixels and there are 3 bits / pixels (8 colors),
color 0 is used for transparency.
I found the same format in the following roms: Shinobi, Altered Beast,
Golden Axe, Quartet I and II, Time Scanner, Shadow Dancer, Moonwalker,
Choplifter, Alien Syndrome, Out Run, Turbo Out Run, After Burner II,
E-Swat, Hang-On. It seems to be a standard for Sega games.
M.5.11 Sega GFX Viewer V1.0 Source Code (ZIPed an UUencoded)
I've ZIPed and UUencoded a C source file that Thierry Lescot sent
me. The information is much more compact in this form -- including the
full source would have taken up too much space!
From the comments:
Sega Arcade Gfx Viewer v1.0 - Character Version
Thierry Lescot, ShinobiZ@ping.be
Usage :
showchar.exe file1 file2 file3
game name file1 file2 file3
Shinobi shinobi.b9 shinobi.b10 shinobi.b11
Altered Beast ab11674.bin ab11675.bin ab11676.bin
Golden Axe ga12385.bin ga12386.bin ga12387.bin
Shadow Dancer sd12712.bin sd12713.bin sd12714.bin
Time Scanner ts10543.bin ts10544.bin ts10545.bin
Hang On 6841.rom 6842.rom 6843.rom
After Burner II 11113.rom 11114.rom 11115.rom
Alien Syndrome c09.as c10.as c11.as
Choplifter 7127.rom 7128.rom 7129.rom
E-Swat e12624r e12625r e12626r
Moonwalker m13216r m13217r m13218.r
Out Run 10230.rom 10231.rom 10232.rom
Out Run 10266.rom 10267.rom 10268.rom
Quartet quartet.c9 quartet.c10 quartet.c11
Quartet II q7698.bin q7699.bin q7700.bin
Turbo Out Run 12323.rom 12324.rom 12325.rom
WonderBoy II ml8 ml9 ml10
Just cut and paste this UUencoded block to a new file and decode it.
If this is a problem, let me know and the source files can be distributed
with the HowTo as separate files...
begin 644 showchar.zip
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MG/PY^YG<G_-<GK.E!]=3N&&.4J9I^S0JP^5WK?*7+F!#*WUJTS5[)!M[Y54H
MT\?+4N3^`H.*>GHZW':6>Z:2F5KOQ_^;R26I[N\K<@IW+4U5DZD].!B]ZI&L
MW]*E7`&9;[M=C_J,U@OJ$Y21["8DX\E%L:W(S6")*4MV72SF3B=]X%LM`$_Y
M/I,TV2$THPSJEQ\#+`0%_BRB2R*:G;),'`M7J3X1^1%1^U#`2Q(FGPN7JV50
M?BZ<^]QYS#\5?F%[51Y9&JGWQ'S]_(&)CW",OD>3=W=?IO(4W/I(*%GA$B1:
M":;HY?E4C;:;[:J6=)R%]#<B!3Q]U1]4]=^>@;EC,[3Q<NA&1.-!S0^HUP-#
MK`4.D4OE,4)@=J4_XAYR.0FE(A+3,*H),K8%]?Z1H-Y_)*BW+<C<%C3WXI?/
M_M:P\K8BK?[F?27QQ1%E<[0D2RXVB98M"?V:!+`,223ID[VC$;FVYF\Y=B4Y
MV")7ONMT4.`3'!*TQC3J=KN--5Z\F]672_FJE.]0=4-CVU!_T;"W;6A4X\MC
M%[3.EMPERO75S[.S3].[R_%T?#'--TDSVS0SM^(%9?0RP73\\[2ZUU:CY?N+
M/%/++0.*_"=02P$"%``4````"``GBR0BCBQ_B&$&``!<$```"@`````````!
I`"``````````4TA/5T-(05(N0U!+!08``````0`!`#@```")!@``````
`
end
M.6 Sega Vector (Converta) Games
M.6.1 Components
Main Processor: Z80 4Mhz
Sound Processor: 8035
M.6.2 Memory Map
0000 - 07ff 2k ROM on CPU board
0800 - afff 48k ROM board
c800 - cfff 2k RAM on CPU board
d000 - dfff downloadable RAM on sound board
e000 - efff 4k Vector RAM
M.6.3 I/O Inputs
cpu bd
fc (374)
fb (373)
fa (372)
f9 (371)
f8 (370)
xy control
bf (277)
be (276)
bd (275)
univ snd bd
3f (077)
M.6.4 I/O Outputs
cpu bd
------
f9 (371)
f8 (372)
xy control
----------
bf (277)
be (276)
bd (275)
univ snd bd
-----------
3f (077) bit 8 = reset 8035
M.6.5 Vector Processor
The vector processor starts at vector ram adr 0
Symbol Instructions (10 bytes / symbol)
10 bits little-endian
byte 1 <draw symbol, last symbol> L x x x x x x x
byte 2,3 X start (DAC initial) x axis up/down counters
byte 4,5 Y start (DAC initial) y axis up/down counters
byte 6,7 adr of line instructions vector address counter
byte 8,9 appearance, angle symbol angle latch
byte 10 size serial multiplier
Line Instructions ( 4 bytes / line )
byte 1 <draw/blank line, last line, color> L R R G G B B D
byte 2 length vector length counters
byte 3 line angle vector angle
byte 4 screen quadrant vector angle
M.7 Space Invaders [provided by Nemoto Yohei (BYY03025@niftyserve.or.jp)]
note - The Sound port is uncomplete!
1996.7.20 Ryusendo/Root
M.7.1 Board Spec
CPU 8080, i8080 is lower-compatible chip of Z80-CPU
RAM 8kbytes, i8kSRAM @8 piece
ROM 8kbytes, i16kEPROM @4 piece
SOUND Sound Effect with analog circuit
Input Device 2way stick + 1 button *2
coin switch, 1Player start, 2Player start
TILT switch
M.7.2 Memory Map
0000h +--------------------------+
| Program ROM |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
1FFFh | |
+--------------------------+
2000h | Work RAM |
23ffh | |
+--------------------------+
2400h | |
| Video RAM |
| |
| |
| |
3FFFh +--------------------------+
| |
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FFFFh | Not Used |
+--------------------------+
I/O map
-------
*** Port 1
[IN]Controller
bit 0=CREDIT (0 if deposit)
bit 1=2P start(1 if pressed)
bit 2=1P start(1 if pressed)
bit 3=0 if TILT
bit 4=shot(1 if pressed)
bit 5=left(1 if pressed)
bit 6=right(1 if pressed)
bit 7=Always 1
*** Port 2
[IN]Controller
bit 0=Always 0
bit 1=Always 0
bit 2=Always 0
bit 3=Always 1
bit 4=shot(0 if pressed)
bit 5=left(0 if pressed)
bit 6=Always 0
bit 7=Always 0
[OUT]Shift Value
*** Port 3
[IN]Shifted Bitmap
Port3=Port4<<(8-(Port2 & 7))
ex. LD a,3
OUT (2),a
LD a,10110011b
out (4),a
in a,(3) ; reg a is 10011000b
[OUT]Sound
bit 0=UFO
bit 1=Shot
bit 2=???
bit 3=Hit
bit 4=???
bit 5=???
bit 6=???
bit 7=???
*** Port 4
[OUT]Bitmap
*** Port 5
[OUT]???
*** Port 6
[OUT]???
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.d88b 8 w 8 8 8 w
8P www 8d8b .d88 88b. 8d8b. w .d8b d88b 8www8 .d88 .d8b 8.dP w 8d8b. .d88
8b d8 8P 8 8 8 8 8P Y8 8 8 `Yb. 8 8 8 8 8 88b 8 8P Y8 8 8
`Y88P' 8 `Y88 88P' 8 8 8 `Y8P Y88P 8 8 `Y88 `Y8P 8 Yb 8 8 8 `Y88
8 wwdP
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
G.1 Who wrote this section?
Brad Thomas (bradt@nol.net) spent some time hacking on the graphics in
various ROMs, and these are the results he sent me. Expect more
information on this in the future...
(All references to 'I' are referring to Brad.)
[Note: This refers only to sections G.1 to G.5]
G.2 Introduction
I decided to take up the task of seeing how the graphic shapes were stored
in rom images to better help my understanding of the internals of arcade
games. Below you will find the discussion of how graphics are stored in
various games. At this time I will be detailing two different methods I
have discovered.
G.3 Location of Graphics in Specific Game ROMs
This section will detail the following games:
(Tant archives used for file listing)
Centipede 136001.201 136001.202
Millipede 136013.106 136013.107
Donkey Kong dk.3n dk.3p <--Background blocks
dk.7c dk.7e <--Top Half of sprites
dk.7d dk.7f <--Bottom half of sprites
Vanguard sk4_ic13.bin <--Special case rom
Contains both parts
merged into one file
Scramble 5f 5h
Frogger frogger.606 frogger 607
Bagman a2_1e.bin a2_1j.bin <--1st set
a2_1c.bin a2_1f.bin <--2nd set
Amidar Japanese amidar.5f amidar.5h
Pool (Billards Game) pool.d pool.e
Lost Tomb lostt.5f lostt.5h
The End ic30 ic31
Zaxxon zaxxon.14 zaxxon.15
Others that probably apply:
(I can almost see them but not all there yet...)
Xevious
Dig Dug
G.4 General Information
It took me a while to see what was happening with the graphics. First I
thought the two files should be merged together as one but after some
experimenting I found that the two files work in conjunction with one
another.
G.4.1 Pixel Layout
The best way to describe this is to give an example.
I will be using the Donkey Kong file dk.3n which has the first 8 bytes of:
38 00111000
7c 01111100
c2 11000010
82 10000010
86 10000110
7c 01111100
38 00111000
00 00000000
As you can see this makes the shape of a 0 (zero).
Now here's the rub... You have two files that look very similar and are
wondering what to make of them. Did they just include two copies of the
same graphics. No they didn't. What they did was devise a way to get
another color on the screen.
Let's look at an example from the two files:
26 00100110 24 00100100
6f 01101111 6d 01101101
71 01110001 cf 11001111
78 01111000 ee 11101110
78 01111000 8e 10001110
71 01110001 df 11011111
35 00110101 51 01010001
00 00000000 00 00000000
To plot the pixels you have to use same number position from each file.
[Chris Hardy suggested a new representation...]
Pseudo color defs:
0 & 0 :" "
0 & 1 : +
1 & 0 : *
1 & 1 : X
Take 26 and 24 from the first line:
26 00100110
24 00100100
--------
" X X* "
The final example looks like:
" X X* "
" XX XX*X"
"+X**+++X"
"+XX*X++ "
"+***X++ "
"+X*X+++X"
" +*X * X"
" "
The result is what would be plotted given whatever color scheme.
The bytes run to the right in the file of course, but the line plotting
runs from the right to the left essentially. The above would be the
rightmost slice of the 8 slices and the 00 and 00 combo would be the
leftmost slice.
If you plot this on a mode 13 screen the graphic would be sideways,
As would be on a long vertical monitor (which I am speculating).
What I have described will only show a 8 x 8 pixels block on the screen.
Some games use more than one to make the full character.
Donkey Kong sprites are 16 x 16 so you would use 16 bytes to get the first
half of the sprite on the screen (from the first file set) and 16 from the
second file set.
Millipede uses more than one block to make up bigger sprites/characters.
In some games, the numbers are shown backwards or mirrored. This is just
how they were stored.
The one item that I cannot comment on this time is the color schemes used
for the various games. In my trials I just picked 4 colors that were
different enough to show the differences.
G.5 Notes and Requests
I pretty sure this is correctly transcribed from my notes. If anyone finds
any errors I have made please let me know. I have written a small utility
to view these but it is not user friendly at all so at this point I'm not
going to release it. If by some chance someone else decides to make one,
please let me know. Also, if anyone has anything to add to this document
please email me. (bradt@nol.net)
I am also looking for the following:
Memory layout for Scramble, Amidar, Bagman and any other Stern game.
Schematics and memory layout for Vanguard.
Everything relating to Krull (Schems, memory layout, ROMS!!!!)
I will be working on another part of this section that covers graphics
storage for other games.
G.6 Mode Q (256x256x256) Source Code
Gary Shepherdson (od67@dial.pipex.com) sent the following code to me.
Emulator authors have recently been asking for code that would let them
use a video mode suitable for their target game(s). It seems Mode Q,
256x256x256, is the answer for many...
Just cut and paste this UUencoded block to a new file and decode it.
If this is a problem, let me know and the source files can be distributed
with the HowTo as separate files...
begin 644 modeq.zip
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MD;-)&GF! R(DLL0AA_/F#*G=K9T&KZW=S8W=+6CPTABM=Q_.+^ *[.[^P<+\
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2 $ 0 U O@@
end
-----------------------------
888b. 8
8 .8 .d8b. 8.dP .d88b Yb dP
8wwP' 8' .8 88b 8.dP' YbdP
8 `Y8P' 8 Yb `Y88P dP
dP
-----------------------------
P.1 Who wrote this description?
Bryan Edewaard wrote this up and passed it along to Moose O' Malley, who
passed it along to me... ;)
P.2 You mean Pokey isn't just that guy that hangs around with Gumby?
Nope.
P.3 Where did they come up with a name like Pokey?
POKEY (stands for: POts & KEYs) - Atari #CO12294
P.4 General Description
Pokey is a custom IC developed by Atari for use in the Atari 400/800 Home
Computers, but they eventually found their way into many classic Atari
coin-ops, and are more flexible than the more common GI AY-3-8910 family
of sound generators. Pokey sound effects have a unique sound that is easy
to recognize once you know what to listen for.
P.5 Technical Description
The Pokey chip consists of 4 general purpose frequency dividers
(cascadable), serial I/O ports, varying length feedback-shift registers
(polynomial counters) to create unique sound effects, a keyboard decoding
matrix, an IRQ line that can trigger on 8 separate events, 8 potentiometer
inputs, and a random number generator that is used for noise effects and
also to provide a RANDOM register for program use.
P.5.1 Pin-outs
1. GND 40. D2
2. D3 39. D1
3. D4 38. D0
4. D5 37. Audio Out
5. D6 36. A0
6. D7 35. A1
7. Master Clock 34. A2
8. Pot 6 33. A3
9. Pot 7 32. R/!W
10. Pot 4 31. CS1
11. Pot 5 30. !CS0
12. Pot 2 29. !Interrupt
13. Pot 3 28. Ser. Out
14. Pot 0 27. Clk. Out
15. Pot 1 26. Clk. In
16. !Key Read1 25. !Key Read2
17. Vcc 24. Ser. In
18. !Key 5 23. !Key 0
19. !Key 4 22. !Key 1
20. !Key 3 21. !Key 2
CS1 & !CS0 are 2 chip select lines that are used in address decoding to
put Pokey on the bus. One can be tied to Vcc(CS1) or GND(!CS0) if you do
not need both.
The Master Clock in the Atari Home Computer is 1.79MHz, the CPU clock.
P.5.2 Address Lines
The address lines of Pokey select the following registers:
00 AUDF1 - W 1st frequency divider
POT0 - R Position of pot input 0
01 AUDC1 - W Each channel has a control register as follows:
Bit 7,6,5 = Distortion 0-7
0 0 0 = 5 bit poly -> 17 bit poly
0 0 1 = 5 bit poly
0 1 0 = 5 bit poly -> 4 bit poly
0 1 1 = 5 bit poly
1 0 0 = 17 bit poly
1 0 1 = polys off - pure tone
1 1 0 = 4 bit poly
1 1 1 = polys off - pure tone
Bit 4 = if 1, hold channel at vol level for D/A use
Bit 3,2,1,0 = Volume
POT1 - R Position of pot input 1
02 AUDF2 - W 2nd frequency divider
POT2 - R Position of pot input 2
03 AUDC2 - W Control register 2
POT3 - R Position of pot input 3
04 AUDF3 - W 3rd frequency divider (used with AUDF4 for serial
IO)
POT4 - R Position of pot input 4
05 AUDC3 - W Control register 3
POT5 - R Position of pot input 5
06 AUDF4 - W 4th frequency divider
POT6 - R Position of pot input 6
07 AUDC4 - W Control register 4
POT7 - R Position of pot input 7
08 AUDCTL W Master configuration for the sound channels
Bit 7 = 17 or 9 bit poly counter (change noise
sound)
Bit 6 = Clock channel 1 with undivided clock
Bit 5 = Clock channel 3 with undivided clock
Bit 4 = Cascade dividers 2 and 1 (16 bit mode)
Bit 3 = Cascade dividers 4 and 3 (16 bit mode)
Bit 2 = Enable high-pass filter on channel 1,
select frequency with channel 2
Bit 1 = Enable high-pass filter on channel 3,
select frequency with channel 4
Bit 0 = Divided clock = clock/120 or clock/28
ALLPOT R Shows state of all 8 pot inputs (counting or done)
09 STIMER W Any non-zero value will start the dividers if they
have been stopped
KBCODE R Last key pressed
Bit 7,6 = Modifier keys (Control & Shift on Atari
Comp)
0A SKREST W Strobe this address to reset SKCTL bits 5-7
RANDOM R Returns the top 8 bits of the poly counter
0B POTGO - W Strobe this address to start testing the pots
0C unused
0D SEROUT W Put bytes to be sent serially here
SERIN - R Read bytes received serially here
0E IRQEN - W Turn Pokey interrupts on and off
Bit 7 = Special key ('BREAK' key on Atari Comp)
Bit 6 = Any other key
Bit 5 = Serial byte ready to read
Bit 4 = Serial byte needed to send
Bit 3 = Serial output done
Bit 2 = Divider 4 reached 0
Bit 1 = Divider 2 reached 0
Bit 0 = Divider 1 reached 0
IRQST - R Determine what caused an interrupt - bits as above
OF SKCTL - W Serial port control
Bit 7 = Force break (zero state) in serial output
Bit 6,5,4 = Serial mode
0 0 0 = Use external clock
0 0 1 = Use ex. clock for send, ch. 4 for read (
A)
0 1 0 = Use channel 4 as clock
0 1 1 = undefined
1 0 0 = Use ch. 4 for send, ex. clock for read
1 0 1 = undefined
1 1 0 = Use ch. 2 for send, ch. 4 for read
1 1 1 = Use ch. 2 for send, ch. 4 for read (A)
(A) = async. mode using ch. 4 as bit shift
clock
Bit 3 = Two tone mode (analog casette)/ Logic mode
Bit 2 = Fast pot scan - less accurate pot reading
Bit 1 = Enable keyboard scanning
Bit 0 = Enable keyboard debounce
SKSTAT R Serial Port Status
Bit 7 = Serial frame error (SKREST clears bits
7,6,5)
Bit 6 = Serial data in overrun
Bit 5 = Keyboard overrun
Bit 4 = Current bit at serial input port
Bit 3 = Realtime version of KBCODE bit 6 (shift)
Bit 2 = Key at KBCODE is still pressed
Bit 1 = Serial byte not ready to read
Bit 0 = Always 1
P.6 Where can I find source code and more info. for Pokey emulation?
Try doing a search for 'pokey' on the web. You might find something
useful. Also, check out the following site:
http://www.htw.uni-sb.de/people/mgietzen/atari/xl_intern.html
This page has some interesting information about emulating the old Atari
home computers, but it might be useful to anyone doing arcade emulators
as well! (6502 CPU emulation, graphics, collisions, sound, etc.)
P.7 Finding and using *real* Pokeys
Check section R.4.1.5 (Miscellaneous Information) for a link to a site
that has schematics for a Pokey card to plug into the parallel port of
a PC!
Here are some vendors that still sell Pokeys:
B&C ComputerVisions
1725 De La Cruz Blvd Ste 7
Santa Clara CA 95050-3011
USA
tel: (408) 986-9960 Phone Orders: Tue - Fri 10am-6pm
FAX: (408) 986-9968 Store Hours: Thur & Fri 10am-6pm / Saturday
10am-5pm
Vendor: new/used hardware, commercial/PD/freeware/shareware.
MAJOR ATARI PARTS SOURCE
Best Electronics
2021 The Alameda Ste 290
San Jose CA 95126-1127
USA
tel: (408) 243-6950 1-5pm Pacific Time Mon-Fri
FAX: (408) 243-8274
Vendor: new hardware, commercial software
Developer: "XE" Touch, Best Joystick, Best Light Gun.
MAJOR ATARI PARTS SOURCE
Here is a link to other Atari vendors and developers:
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/atari-8-bit/vendev/faq.ht
ml
-----------------------------------------------------
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dPYb YbdP wwP YbwwdP 8 8 8 8P Y8
dPwwYb YP wwww 8 wwww dP""Yb `8w88 8 8b d8
dP Yb 88 Y88P `YbdP' 8 8 `Y88P'
-----------------------------------------------------
A.1 Who wrote this description?
Chris Hardy sent this to me:
"What follows is a description of the AY-3-8910 sound chip which was
popular for many arcade games. (Bagman, Crazy Kong, Crazy Kong Jr.,
Gyruss, Juno First, Scramble, and others use this chip.)
This came from a technical document about the Spectra Vision MSX machine
which uses a AY-3-8910 for sound.
(http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/fms/MSX/Portar.txt). I found it by doing a
WWW search for "ay-3-8910".
Also there is some source code for Marat's MSX emulator to emulate the
AY-3-8910 (http://freeflight.com/fms/fMSX)"
A.2 Introduction and disclaimer from original document
MAYER's SV738 X'press I/O MAP version 1.5
Creation date: 1991.
Last edition: Sunday 14-May-95 11:57:57.
This I/O documentation was written 1991 by MAYER of WC HAKKERS. It
consists of gathered info about the MSX computer SV738 X'Press (here
upgraded to MSX 2 by changing ROM and VRAM - see documentation about
MSX-2 upgrading). Thanks to Henrik Gilvad (Denmark) for info about the
MSX-2 MVDP and the MSX-2 ROMs, to Pel F Hansen (Norway) for VRAM info and
to Jonas Lindstrvm (Sweden) for some MVDP info.
This documentation is not completed, but it includes the most important
things when dealing with I/O ports on a MSX.
I do not take any responsibility for changes done by anybody else later
in the text. If you change anything I advise you to leave a note on the
last page about the change.
This text may not be sold, included in commercial software/hardware or
firmware packages and it may not be duplicated by any means without the
authors permission.
This text is shareware; You might copy it an spread it as long as you
don't sell the copies. So if you spread this documentation, leaving this
page intact and without changes, you have my permission to duplicate it.
A.3 Technical Information
Note 6a1,6b1,6c1:
PORT.A0,A1,A2 I AY-3-8910 PSG (Programmable Sound Generator)
----------
Port summary:
A0 W 6a1 I AY-3-8910 PSG Register select
A1 W 6b1 I AY-3-8910 PSG Data write
A2 R 6c1 I AY-3-8910 PSG Data read
The AY-3-8910 is a I/O chip whith 3 sound generators.
It controls the three MSX std. audio channels, joystick and cassette.
Function/register table:
Frequency, audio channel A-C: 0...5
Noise freq.: 6
Mixer: 7
Volume: 8 ...10
Envelope: 11...13
Joystick and cassette: 14
Paddle,joystick sel,touchpad: 15
For register summary, see note 6a1 (port A0).
For SOUND A,B (register write) example, see note 6b1 (port A1).
For register read example, see note 6c1 (port A2).
For joystick read example, see note 6c1 (port A2).
Note 6a1:
PORT.A0 I AY-3-8910 PSG Register select
-------
Port A0h WRITE = PSG register select.
This port selects the current PSG register (0-15).
Registers are:
0 = Fine freq. channel A (0-255)
1 = Freq. channel A (0-15)
2 = Fine freq. channel B (0-255)
3 = Freq. channel B (0-15)
4 = Fine freq. channel C (0-255)
5 = Freq. channel C (0-15)
Output frequency (tone):
f = 3.579M/2
T -------------------
16*(256*fine+coarse)
Where "coarse" are one of the coarse frequency setting registers,
1, 3, or 5 and "fine" are one of the fine frequency setting
registers, 1, 2 or 4.
6 = Noise period (0-31)
Output frequency (noise):
f = 3.579M/2
N --------------
16*NoisePeriod
Where "NoisePeriod" are register 6.
7 = Mixer
bit Expl.
0 = Channel A tone enable (0=Enable,1=Disable)
1 = Channel B tone enable (0=Enable,1=Disable)
2 = Channel C tone enable (0=Enable,1=Disable)
3 = Channel A noise enable (0=Enable,1=Disable)
4 = Channel B noise enable (0=Enable,1=Disable)
5 = Channel C noise enable (0=Enable,1=Disable)
6 = I/O port A mode (0=input, 1=Output)
7 = I/O port B mode (0=input, 1=Output)
8 = Volume channel A (0-15, 16=Envelope)
9 = Volume channel B (0-15, 16=Envelope)
10= Volume channel C (0-15, 16=Envelope)
11= Envelope fine freq. (0-255)
12= Envelope freq. (0-255)
Envelope frequency (tone or noise):
f = 3.579M/2
E ----------------------
256*(256*ECoarse+EFine)
Where "ECoarse" are the coarse envelope frequency setting register 12
and "EFine" are the fine envelope frequency setting register 11.
Note that the envelope period is
1
-----
f
E
13= Envelope shape (0-15)
C A A H
O T L L
N T T D
T
0 0 X X \________ 0
0 1 X X /________ 4
1 0 0 0 \\\\\\\\\ 8 (Repeating, see figure)
1 0 0 1 \________ 9
1 0 1 0 \/\/\/\/\ 10 (Repeating, see figure)
1 0 1 1 \ 11 (See figure)
1 1 0 0 ///////// 12 (Repeating)
1 1 0 1 / 13
1 1 1 0 /\/\/\/\/\ 14 (Repeating)
1 1 1 1 / 15
14= I/O port A (Joystick and cassette)
bit Expl.
0 = Joystick UP (0=Moved, 1=Not moved)
1 = Joystick DOWN (0=Moved, 1=Not moved)
2 = Joystick LEFT (0=Moved, 1=Not moved)
3 = Joystick RIGHT (0=Moved, 1=Not moved)
4 = Joystick trigger A
5 = Joystick trigger B
6 = Keyboard mode (On japanese machines only)
7 = Cassette input
15= I/O port B (Joystick select)
bit Expl.
0 = 1 (Used as handshaking output if touchpad)
1 = 1 (Used as handshaking output if touchpad)
2 = 1 (Used as handshaking output if touchpad)
3 = 1 (Used as handshaking output if touchpad)
4 = Pulse 1 (Positive pulse starting a monostable timer)
5 = Pulse 2 (Positive pulse starting a monostable timer)
6 = Joystick select (0=Connector 1, 1=Connector 2)
7 = Kana LED (Keyboard mode indicator. On japanese machines only)
Bits 4 and 5 is used by a program wich uses a paddle. A short
positive edge pulse on bit 4 (or 5) starts a monostable timer (in the
attatched paddle) and the paddle sets one of the joystick bits in
register 14 low (FIRE A (FIRE B),L,R,D or U). When the monostable
times out, the joystick bit in port 14 is set high again. The length
of the counting period of the monostable timer is set (in the
attatched paddle) by a variable resistor. The computer determine the
position of the variable resistor by measuring the time while the
joystick bit in register 14 is low.
PULSE _________|-|______________________
FIRE A/B
or ---------|______________|---------
L R D U
| - - - - - - -| = Variable resistor
Note 6b1:
PORT.A1 I AY-3-8910 PSG Data write
-------
Port A1h WRITE = PSG data write.
Used to send data to current PSG register.
Examples:
This routine will do the same as the BASIC command
SOUND A,B
where A is the PSG register and B is the byte to write
sound: out (0A0h),a ; Select register
ld a,b
out (0A1h),a ; Send data
ret
Note 6c1:
PORT.A2 I AY-3-8910 PSG Data read
-------
Port A2h READ = PSG data read.
Used to read data from current PSG register.
Examples:
How to read a byte from a register is shown in this routine
(Input: [a]=PSG register, Output: [a]=Data read)
read_psg:
out (0A0h),a ; Select register
in a,(0A2h) ; Read data
ret
This routine will read joystick 1 or 2:
F3 di
3E 0F ld a,0fh Write this for Write this for
D3 A0 out (0a0h),a Joystick port 1: Joystick port 2:
DB A2 in a,(0a2h)
E6 DF / E6 AF and 11011111b; 0DFh and 10101111b; 0AFh
F6 4C / F6 03 or 01001100b; 04Ch or 00000011b; 003h
D3 A1 out (0a1h),a
3E 0E ld a,0eh
D3 A0 out (0a0h),a
DB A2 in a,(0a2h)
Now register [a] will have the following configuration for joystick
in port 1 (or port 2):
Bit #: 76 5 4 3210
|| | | ||||
Name: 10 TRG2 TRG1 RLDU
Where TRG2 is the second trigger button (not used on most Commodore
joysticks).
------------------------------------------------
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------------------------------------------------
B.1 What is this section about anyway?
I've received lots of information from a number of different people.
Most of it has found a specific place in the HowTo, but a few things
just don't seem to fit anywhere. I'll put this miscellaneous information
in this section, with a sub section for each game. Perhaps these bits
of information will be useful to someone trying to emulate these games...
B.2 Commando [provided by edoardo (gambare@iol.it)]
I've got the original commando's board and my dream is see this game on
my PC...
MANUFACTURER: CAPCOM of America
YEAR: 1985
CPU(s): 2 Nec D780-1 (It's a Z80 compatible chip)
SOUND: 2 Yamaha YM2203c
B.3 Crazy Climber [provided by Vince Mayo (14u2c@diamond.nb.net)]
In case anyone might be intrested in emulating this game(besides me),
here is some docs I have made to make Crazy Climber emulation:
Uses one Z80, one AY3-8910 for sound
ROMS Identification
-----------------------
CC12 Sound
CC13 Sound
CC11 Loads at 0000 - 0fff
CC10 Loads at 1000 - 1fff
CC09 Loads at 2000 - 2fff
CC08 Loads at 3000 - 3fff
CC07 Loads at 4000 - 4fff
CPU working area RAM is 8000-83ff (2 2114s) (1k x 4bit)
CC06 All graphice ROMS I think. They are attached to six 2125s
CC05 (512 x 4bit?) This would be 3000 bytes of RAM area (for video RAM
CC04 possibly?)
CC03
CC02 Character ROMS I think. They are attached to two 5101s
CC01 (256 x 4bit) only 256 bytes being used. (also video RAM?)
-------------------------
Other information in CC Schematics:
RD0 - 8000
RD1 - 8800
RD2 - 9000
RD3 - 9800
RD4 - a000
RD5 - a800
RD6 - B000
RD7 - B800
I might be wrong about the 3K RAM from the six 2125s. (I believe they
are (512 x 4) = (2 of them = 512 bytes) which would mean there would
only be 1.5K total out of the six.
B.3.1 Decrypting the ROMs by Lionel Theunissen (lionelth@ozemail.com.au)
"HOW TO DECRYPT THE CRAZY CLIMBER ROMS" by Lionel Theunissen.
Please note that if anyone does use this info for their own CC emulator
project I do ask that credit be given where credit is due. I'm not asking
for any money, just to be acknowledged in the emulator credits. It was a
LOT of work to crack this!
As for the decryption algorhythm, a few things; There are two sets of
ROMS in the tant archive (Brian Peek's mirror). One is supposedly the
genuine set, and the other a bootleg. The set I have on my boards seems
to be a hybrid between the two. The program ROMS (7-11) are the same as
the bootleg set and the others seem to be the same as the genuine set.
The encryption on the bootleg set is different to the genuine set. The
following description only applies to the bootleg program ROMs (Only the
program ROMs are encrypted). If you look at ROM11 with a hex editor the
first few bytes should be as follows if you have the right set:
FE FF FF EE 73 00 A0 96 AC 00 44 54 44 54 44 54
The encryption is quite sophisticated and cannot be decrypted without
dissassembling the code, working out where the data tables are, and then
reassembling. I actually had to write a special Z80
disassembler/unscrambler to do this (This was written on a C64 if you
want the program). NOTE: Don't panic! A Z80 emulator program can be
easily modified to decode the encrypted ROMs on the fly. Please don't
ask me for decrypted versions of the ROMs.
On the Z80 there is a pin called M1 or 'machine cycle one'. This pin
indicates when the processor is doing the opcode fetch of an instruction
execution. In other words, for an instruction like a Jump which consists
of 3 bytes, the first byte is the opcode and the following two bytes are
the address to jump to. The M1 pin will only be active while reading the
first byte. The decryption is only applied when the M1 pin is active. in
other words for a Z80 jump instruction:-
ROM bytes xx 00 40 -----> would become C3 00 40 ;xx is encrypted byte.
^^ ^^
Note that the bytes containing the jump address stay the same.
Similarly, for a two byte instruction, only the first byte will be
encrypted, and of course all one byte instructions would be encrypted.
What this means is that decryption cannot be applied to the whole file
because all data reads are unencrypted.
Just to make life a little more difficult, the encryption is different
on odd and even addresses. The encryption involves scrambling bits
0,2,4,6 through a prom which is toggled by A0. The following index
tables taken from my disassembler/unscrambler program decode the opcode
bytes. Use evetab for even addresses and oddtab for odd addresses. The
values in the tables are all decimal. For example for encrypted value of
1 on an even address you would read 84 (decimal). For an encrypted value
of 4 on an odd address you would read 64 (decimal).
evetab:
db 65, 84, 70, 19, 81, 20, 2, 82
db 73, 92, 78, 27, 89, 28, 10, 90
db 5, 16, 67, 86, 1, 85, 6, 22
db 13, 24, 75, 94, 9, 93, 14, 30
db 97, 116, 102, 51, 113, 52, 34, 114
db 105, 124, 110, 59, 121, 60, 42, 122
db 37, 48, 99, 118, 33, 117, 38, 54
db 45, 56, 107, 126, 41, 125, 46, 62
db 68, 17, 23, 66, 0, 80, 83, 87
db 76, 25, 31, 74, 8, 88, 91, 95
db 21, 64, 7, 18, 4, 69, 3, 71
db 29, 72, 15, 26, 12, 77, 11, 79
db 100, 49, 55, 98, 32, 112, 115, 119
db 108, 57, 63, 106, 40, 120, 123, 127
db 53, 96, 39, 50, 36, 101, 35, 103
db 61, 104, 47, 58, 44, 109, 43, 111
db 148, 193, 135, 215, 129, 196, 130, 210
db 156, 201, 143, 223, 137, 204, 138, 218
db 132, 208, 147, 194, 209, 197, 214, 150
db 140, 216, 155, 202, 217, 205, 222, 158
db 180, 225, 167, 247, 161, 228, 162, 242
db 188, 233, 175, 255, 169, 236, 170, 250
db 164, 240, 179, 226, 241, 229, 246, 182
db 172, 248, 187, 234, 249, 237, 254, 190
db 145, 192, 199, 211, 212, 149, 146, 134
db 153, 200, 207, 219, 220, 157, 154, 142
db 144, 128, 198, 131, 213, 133, 195, 151
db 152, 136, 206, 139, 221, 141, 203, 159
db 177, 224, 231, 243, 244, 181, 178, 166
db 185, 232, 239, 251, 252, 189, 186, 174
db 176, 160, 230, 163, 245, 165, 227, 183
db 184, 168, 238, 171, 253, 173, 235, 191
oddtab:
db 80, 17, 18, 82, 64, 85, 86, 87
db 88, 25, 26, 90, 72, 93, 94, 95
db 81, 20, 3, 70, 69, 4, 66, 6
db 89, 28, 11, 78, 77, 12, 74, 14
db 112, 49, 50, 114, 96, 117, 118, 119
db 120, 57, 58, 122, 104, 125, 126, 127
db 113, 52, 35, 102, 101, 36, 98, 38
db 121, 60, 43, 110, 109, 44, 106, 46
db 84, 21, 22, 19, 16, 5, 2, 67
db 92, 29, 30, 27, 24, 13, 10, 75
db 68, 1, 71, 23, 0, 65, 83, 7
db 76, 9, 79, 31, 8, 73, 91, 15
db 116, 53, 54, 51, 48, 37, 34, 99
db 124, 61, 62, 59, 56, 45, 42, 107
db 100, 33, 103, 55, 32, 97, 115, 39
db 108, 41, 111, 63, 40, 105, 123, 47
db 129, 133, 215, 210, 193, 197, 151, 146
db 137, 141, 223, 218, 201, 205, 159, 154
db 212, 208, 131, 134, 213, 144, 195, 198
db 220, 216, 139, 142, 221, 152, 203, 206
db 161, 165, 247, 242, 225, 229, 183, 178
db 169, 173, 255, 250, 233, 237, 191, 186
db 244, 240, 163, 166, 245, 176, 227, 230
db 252, 248, 171, 174, 253, 184, 235, 238
db 145, 149, 199, 194, 209, 148, 135, 130
db 153, 157, 207, 202, 217, 156, 143, 138
db 196, 192, 147, 150, 132, 128, 211, 214
db 204, 200, 155, 158, 140, 136, 219, 222
db 177, 181, 231, 226, 241, 180, 167, 162
db 185, 189, 239, 234, 249, 188, 175, 170
db 228, 224, 179, 182, 164, 160, 243, 246
db 236, 232, 187, 190, 172, 168, 251, 254
I have been thinking that it would be a fairly simple matter to use
these tables in a Z80 emulator so that when it decodes the opcodes it
uses the above tables to index the encrypted ROMs. This would allow an
emulator to use the original encrypted ROM images.
If anyone needs any other help regarding Crazy Climber please email. I
have worked out most of the memory map and have a partly working CC
reconstruction already.
B.4 Crush Roller [provided by Vince Mayo (14u2c@diamond.nb.net)]
I have looked at the code from Crush Roller and Pacman posted at the
Repository and have noticed serveral similarities (besides the same coding
for graphics). I looked at the size of the ROMs and started placing them
together, and gave this a try:
copy /b cra+crc pacman.5e
copy /b crb+crd pacman.5f
copy /b cr1+cr5 pacman.6e
copy /b cr2+cr6 pacman.6f
copy /b cr3+cr7 pacman.6h
copy /b cr4+cr8 pacman.6j
After I have tried this, I loaded the appended ROMs into Dave Spicer's
emulator (as Pacman), and it worked well with sound (except for the
colors). One other thing about sound. After the game is over, the sound
will hang on a note until a new game is started, or escape. Try it out.
Its worth a look.
I give avdbas@wi.leidenuniv.nl credit for this. I would not have known
where to put the ROMs without the sample code.
B.5 Gyruss [provided by Mike Cuddy (mcuddy@scitexdv.com)]
Mike Cuddy has now set up a WWW page for his Gyruss emulator. He has
provided technical information about Gyruss on his page:
http://www.fensende.com/Users/mcuddy/gyruss/
Since this information is likely to change as Mike digs deeper into the
inner workings of the game, I've decided not to copy the information
into the HowTo. Check the above URL for Gyruss information...
B.6 I, Robot [provided by John Manfreda (jmanfred@fh.us.bosch.com)]
Sound uses a custom IC. The IC is actually 4 pokey chips, using a
'chip on board' packaging technique (flat piece of fiberglass with chips
placed directly on and covered with epoxy). From what I am told, this is
identical to the sound scheme used on Major Havoc.
B.7 Juno First [provided by Mike Perry (mj-perry@uiuc.edu)]
Well, someone with a Juno First board gave me the chip numbers and
described one as white NEC D780D which is also found on his Galaga board.
This has been verified to be a Z80 so that is the processor I will be
emulating. The sound chip has been verified to be a SONY AY-3-8910, which
has already been emulated in the Vectrex and MSX emulators, so even if I
don't know squat about sound programming right now, the adlib/OPL3 code is
out there.
B.8 Penia [provided by Perry McFarlane (ce596@torfree.net)]
Penia (a derivative of Pengo with the famous 'popcorn' music) has been
found to have encrypted ROMs.
Here is a C program that will decrypt a Penia file:
#include<stdio.h>
main(int argc, char *argv[]){
FILE *fp,*fp2;
int c;
int i;
fp=fopen(argv[1],"rb");
fp2=fopen(argv[2],"wb");
i=0;
while((c=fgetc(fp))!=EOF){
if(!i){
fputc(f(c^0x0a),fp2);
}else{
fputc(f2(c^0x82),fp2);
i=!i;
}
}
}
f(a){
unsigned int b,c;
b=(a<<4)&0xa0;
c=(a>>4)&0x0a;
a=(a&0x55)|b|c;
return a;
}f2(a){
unsigned int b,c;
b=(a<<6)&0x80;
c=(a>>6)&0x02;
a=(a&0x7D)|b|c;
b=(a<<2)&0x08;
c=(a>>2)&0x02;
a=(a&0xf5)|b|c;
return a;
}
B.9 Space Invaders [provided by John Manfreda (jmanfred@fh.us.bosch.com)]
Processor info:
Intel 8080A
Sound info:
Discrete circuits are used to generate all of the sound on space
invaders. Each sound generated has its own unique analog circuit.
B.10 Star Wars [provided by Peter McDermott]
I'm just basing this on my schematics. The StarWars sound board which is
the sole item in the machine responsible for sound output, has the
following parts:
1) a single "TMS-5220 Speech Synthesizer"
2) a "Speech Synthesizer Clock Generator"
3) a "Speech Synthesizer Power Switch" (which is just a circut)
Yes, the sound sounds a lot like the movie. Maybe the 5220 is a DAC, not a
speech synthesizer... However, they did label the DACs in the analog vector
generator "DAC" and not "vector synthesizer."
B.11 Tapper [provided by Clay Cowgill (clay@supra.com)]
Tapper is based on the Bally/Midway MCR III architecture. Basically you
have three PCB's -- the Super CPU, Video Generator II, and the Super Sound
I/O.
The Super Sound I/O contains about 48 lines of digital I/O (tapper only
uses a few), two 8910 sound chips (the 8-bit dataports on the chips are
used to drive a vibrato/tremelo/filter setup), all run from a Z-80 (at
2MHz) with 2K of RAM and about 10K Max ROM.
The Super CPU is a 6MHz Z-80 board with some RAM and about 48K of address
space for game code. The Super CPU also generates a low(er) resolution
"background" image from two 8K ROMs. The Super CPU talks to the SSIO
through a communication port with a little bit of TTL RAM. The Super CPU
also control the Video Generator II.
Video Generator II is essentially a Sprite engine. Bitplanes of sprite
data are stored in sets of 4-ROM wide banks, one bit per pixel. There's
line buffer and position/character selection RAM on the board.
It's non-trivial hardware to emulate (the Sound system could be
particularly vexing), but if you get it going you should be able to run
Spy Hunter, Demolition Derby, and Discs of TRON on the same emulator with
just changing the ROM images.
B.12 Toki [provided by David Winter (winter@worldnet.net)]
The sound chip is an YM-3812, as seen on the board.
B.13 Turbo [provided by Patrick J. O'Reilly (oreillyp@execpc.com)]
As you probably know from the FAQ and Moose's page, I am in the process of
creating an emulator for Turbo.
I have received a few responses from helpful individuals to get this
project underway. I am still looking for more initial information so I can
start to create the emulator.
Here are my assumptions so far:
1) Turbo uses one Z80 microprocessor.
2) The screen is approximately 256x384x32 (2:3 aspect-ratio.)
3) Sound is not very complex.
4) Steering wheel is digital, gear-shift is digital, and pedal is
analog.
5) Cockpit screen might be 4:3 aspect-ratio.
I have no schematics, manuals, technical literature, or ROM images to
support these assumptions. This comes from my knowledge of electronics
and from playing the game many times. What can I say, I am a nut for this
game.
Has anyone attempted to create a turbo emulator? Is anyone privy to
technical specifications or ROM images which they are willing to share?
Does anyone has screen shots or sound samples? Most importantly, does
anyone else like this game besides myself?
If I can get enough information and the ROM images, I will definitely
start producing the emulator. I will also be willing to beta out version
to anyone who wants to test it and give me feedback.
I plan on coding the entire emulator in IBM compatible assembly.
Hopefully, it will be playable on my ancient 486DX50.
Anyone interested can e-mail private at: oreillyp@execpc.com
Thanks for your time and interest, all help and suggestions are welcome
and appreciated.
B.14 Tutankham [provided by Moose O' Malley (moose@rocknet.net.au)]
Tutankham (1982 Konami, licensee Stern)
Raid King Tut's tomb. Sideways-shooting only.
CPU : 6809
Sound : Z80 and 2 x AY-3-8910's
PinOut : Konami pinout (ala Amidar/Frogger)
Hardware : Looks a lot like Amidar, Time Pilot and Scramble.
Konami board number : GX350 - Tutankham
BTW, Tutankham was my favourite arcade game !!
--------------------------------------------------------------------
.d88b. w 888b. .d88b. w
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d8 8 8.dP' 8 8 wwww 8 b YbdP wwww d8 8 8.dP' 8 8
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
S.1 Step-by-step implementation of an emulator for Phoenix
Written by Brian Peek (peekb@union.edu) and Chris Hardy
PLEASE NOTE: Do not send email to Chris asking for help. He's got a
real job and plenty of other things to do...:) BUT, please DO feel free to
send email to me (Brian) if something doesn't work. I'm the one who has
actually typed all of this from his emails and my own experiences, so it's
my fault if anything has been ommitted or typed incorrectly.
So you want to write an emulator for your favorite arcade game, eh?
Well, this will HOPEFULLY take you step by step through the creation
process of an emulator using the game Phoenix. Almost all of the technical
information in this discussion comes from Chris Hardy, author of the
awesome Windows 95 Phoenix/Pleiades emulator using DirectX. Chris has
helped me along with my own emulator project, and taught me much about
writing an emulator by having me write my own Phoenix emulator. This
step-by-step will use the game Phoenix, Chris' technical information, and
my own experiences. Also, keep in mind that our emulators were written
using Marat Fayzullin's Z80 CPU emulation core. With the CPU stuff out
of the way, we can concentrate on graphics and whatever else needs to be
done.
I'll try to give some basic/generic information for each step, and then
give an example of what I'm talking about by using Phoenix. After
following all of the steps of this guide, you should actually have Phoenix
up and running on your screen!
Before you even attempt to write an emulator, please be aware that you
will need to know the following:
1) More than a basic knowledge of the C/C++ programming language,
especially things dealing with bit operators.
2) Assembly language. It's not necessary to know a great deal about it,
but you should know what opcodes are, what registers are, how they
differ, and what a few opcodes do. You don't need to know what the game
is really doing while it's running, so a basic understanding of
assembly should be OK.
3) Graphics programming. You should know what bitplanes are, how to draw
pixels, use of blitting functions, etc. Again, not a great deal of
knowledge is required, but you should know the basics.
4) Hardware. You need to know what interrupts, cycles, vertical blanks,
and things of that nature are.
5) Your compiler. Each compiler had it's own little idiosyncracies that
need to be known. I work with Borland C++ 5.01 and all of the code
contained in this section is guaranteed to run on it. I haven't tested
it on any other compiler, so I don't know how it will react.
[Note: I've got it to work on DOS-based Turbo C++ 3.0, and
Borland C++ 3.1 (I know, I have ancient compilers...)]
I will try to explain as much of the above as I can while describing
the creation process of the emulator, but without a basic understanding of
the above, you might not understand what I'm trying to say.
Now, let's get started!
S.1.1 Part I: Pre-coding
Before you start coding, you'll need to do the following:
1) Pick a game you want to emulate, preferably one with a Z80 processor
since that's what this guide will use, however I'm going to try to make
this as generic as possible so any processor will work.
2) If the game uses a Z80, congratulations! Now go download the Z80 CPU
emulator from http://www.freeflight.com/fms
3) READ AND STUDY IT! It's important to know what functions need to be
written by you and how they fit into the whole scheme of things.
4) Download the Virtual Gameboy source code from the same site as above.
This is an excellent example for the use of Marat's Z80 emulator.
5) READ AND STUDY IT! With this, you'll understand even more how the
functions fit into place.
6) Obtain a memory map or make one yourself. In the case of Phoenix,
there's an excellent memory map right in this text file.
[See section M.3.4 -- In fact, look over all of section M.3...]
S.1.2 Part II: Low/High Endian
I'm giving this it's own section because it's so critical. And because
I forgot to check it when I started my emulator. :)
In the "gb.c" file, (you should have already downloaded it and read
it!) there's a check for the "endian-ness" of the machine. This is very
important because it determines which byte is the most significant for
your machine/compiler. In my case (Borland C++ on a P166), it was requried
that I had LSB_FIRST defined in the "z80.h" header file. I suggest you cut
and paste the code from the "gb.c" file into a temporary file and run it.
It will then tell you if it needs to be defined or not.
The code is repeated here:
/*** STARTUP CODE starts here: ***/
T=(int *)"\01\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0";
#ifdef LSB_FIRST
if(*T!=1)
{
puts("********** This machine is high-endian. *********");
puts("Take #define LSB_FIRST out and compile VGB again.");
return(0);
}
#else
if(*T==1)
{
puts("********* This machine is low-endian. *********");
puts("Insert #define LSB_FIRST and compile VGB again.");
return(0);
}
#endif
You should #define LSB_FIRST and try running it. If it doesn't give an
error, you should define it in the actual Phoenix emulator we'll be
writing. Otherwise, try undefining LSB_FIRST and run it again. If no error
is shown this time, then do not define it in the acutal emulator.
S.1.3 Part III: Let's start coding!
1) Read the ROMs into a "virtual" address space as they would be in the
real game. In the example of Phoenix, the following would be done:
byte *RAM;
RAM = malloc(0x8000);
if (!RAM) ERROR;
FILE *in;
in = fopen("phoenix.45", "rb"); //read in the phoenix ROM in binary mode
if (!in) ERROR;
fread(&RAM[0x0000], 0x800, 1, in); //read in 0x800 bytes at position
fclose(in); //0x0000
in = fopen("phoenix.46", "rb");
if(!in) ERROR;
fread(&RAM[0x800], 0x800, 1, in); //read in 0x800 bytes at position
fclose(in); //position 0x800
...and so on. I used a "for" loop to do this, but wrote the steps out
here to show what is happening.
For Phoenix, we're loading 8 ROMs that are 2K each, or 2048 bytes, or
0x800. That's 16K to you and me. So, 16K = 16,384 bytes = 0x4000. We also
have 8K of RAM in Phoenix, so that's another 16K, or 16,384 bytes = 0x4000
for a grand total of 32K (32,768 bytes), or 0x8000.
Now, all of your ROMs should be located in "RAM". Please note that we
are only loading PROGRAM ROMs, and NOT character ROMs.
2) Since we're using Marat's Z80 core, we must code the functions that are
needed for the emulator to operate. In most cases, this should only be
M_RDMEM, M_WRMEM, DoIn, DoOut, Interrupt, and Debug. In M_RDMEM and
M_WRMEM we need to check to make sure we can read/write to/from the
location requested, and emulate any hardware that might be in any of
these locations (i.e. dipswitches).
For Phoenix, only M_RDMEM, M_WRMEM are needed. However, please keep in
mind that just because DoIn, DoOut, etc. are not being used for
anything doesn't mean they don't exist. You need to create empty
functions for ALL of the functions in the "z80.h" header file that
aren't being used. These functions should be DoIn, DoOut, Patch,
Interrupt, and Debug.
a) Now we need some background stuff. Phoenix uses vertical blanks to
update the screen instead of triggering an interrupt. In order to
trigger a vertical blank to update the screen, we need to count the
number of "cycles" that have occurred since the last vertical blank.
A "cycle" is a set period of time in which the processor will do
something. It is generally a time frame determined by the clock
speed of the processor. So, every instruction that is passed to the
CPU takes X amount of cycles to execute. We know (or can guess...)
the amount of cycles that can be executed in one video frame (60th
of a second for the US (NTSC), 30th of a second for Europe (PAL)).
Therefore, if we add up all of the cycle counts for each instruction
that the emulator executes, we can tell when we have executed a
"video frames" worth of instructions. When this has happened, we can
get the emulator to trigger a vertical blank or an interrupt.
Marat's Z80 code counts down instead of up and checks when the cycle
count is less than zero. If you've read through Marat's code like I
told you to above, you've probably noticed a #define for INTERRUPTS
and a couple of variables for working with interrupts, namely ICount
and IPeriod, in the file "z80.c". IPeriod should be set to the
number of cycles that should occur before triggering an interrupt
(or in our case, a vertical blank flag) which is 12000 for Phoenix.
So, the line in "z80.c" will read:
IPeriod = 12000;
So, ICount will count the number of cycles that have occurred, and
when it is less than 0, we can trigger a vertical blank. The way
Phoenix triggers a vertical blank is by setting bit 7 of the
dipswitch to 1.
The dipswitch for Phoenix is located at 0x7800, which is mirrored
from 0x7801-0x7bff. For Phoenix, what I did was create a variable
which would hold the current dipswitch settings. When this location
is then read, it knows it's time to update the screen. So, when you
are coding your M_RDMEM function, you need to return the proper
value of the vertical blank bit, as well as reset it back to 0.
To do this, I created a variable of type "byte" (defined in the
"z80.h" file if you read it) to hold the dipswitch settings. For
this example, we'll just use an int variable which will toggle
between 0 and 1 as desired.
b) Now we can code our M_RDMEM function!
int DipSwitchSYNC = 0; //global variable defined earlier
byte M_RDMEM (word A)
{
// decode the addresses (A)
if(A >= 0x7800 && A <=0x7bff) //are we reading dip switch memory?
{
if(DipSwitchSYNC == 1) //if SYNC bit of switch is 1
{
DipSwitchSYNC = 0; //set it to 0
return 128; //return value where bit 7 is 1
}
else
return 0; //return value where bit 7 is 0
}
else if (A < 0x8000) //We're reading from ROMs or RAM
return RAM[A];
//Default: Display a warning and return memory value
printf("WARNING! Reading from location %04X\n", A);
return RAM[A];
}
c) Our M_WRMEM function will be much similar, except here we're
assigning a value to a particular position in RAM instead of
returning it.
void M_WRMEM (word A, byte V)
{
//decode the addresses (A)
if(A < 0x4000) //We're reading from the ROMs
{
printf("WARNING! Attempting to write to ROM")
return;
}
else if(A > 0x3fff && A < 0x8000) //We're reading from RAM
RAM[A] = V;
}
3) Now we need to toggle the DipSwitchSYNC to 1 when the IPeriod number of
cycles has been reached. In the "z80.c" file, you'll see in the Z80()
function some code that reads:
#ifndef INTERRUPTS
blah blah blah
#else
blah blah blah
Well, since we've defined interrupts in the "z80.h" header file, we're
going to add some code that will trigger the vertical blank (but
remember, we're not REALLY doing an interrupt...).
So, under the line:
#else
we're going to add our own vertical blank trigger. We've already
created the global variable that toggles between 1 and 0, so we need
to toggle it to 1 when a "vertical blank's" number of cycles has
occured (12000 for Phoenix).
Our added code will look like this:
extern int DipSwitchSYNC; //defined at top of "z80.c"
extern byte *RAM; //also defined at top of "z80.c"
...
if(ICount<=0) { //if we've exceeded the number of cycles
ICount+=IPeriod; //reset the count to 12000
if(!CPURunning) break;
DipSwitchSYNC = 1; //set the switch to 1 so when the dipswitch
} //is read again, it will know it's time for a
//VBlank, and reset it to 0
4) OK. You may not realize it, but all of the code is now in place to
actually run Phoenix! But, we now have to write a bit more so it will
display something to the screen. For simplicity's sake, we'll just add
it to the above section of code, but normally this wouldn't be done.
a) More background information is needed. Phoenix uses nothing but
characters to display it's alphanumeric characters as well as
anything else you see on the screen. This is pretty rare. Normally
games use sprites to move objects around the screen (i.e. Pacman is
a sprite, but the dots are characters). For Phoenix, all we need to
do is emulate the characters, and no sprite routines are needed.
What we're about to write will update the ENTIRE screen everytime a
vertical blank is triggered. Normally we'd keep track of the
previous screen and only update the characters which have changed.
But, for the sake of simplicity and length of this guide, we'll just
redraw the entire screen.
The other thing to keep in mind is that Phoenix used a vertical
monitor, so we need to compensate for this when writing the
characters to the screen. The Phoenix display was 26 characters
horizontally by 32 characters vertically. We also need to remember
that the characters aren't stored in anything even close to ASCII.
What is stored in the video portion of memory is a reference to the
position of the appropriate character in the character ROM. Since
we're not doing true graphics right now, we only need to convert the
character reference to it's ASCII equivalent. Let's watch....
int x, y, pos; //defined at top of function
unsigned char c;
...
if(ICount<=0) { //this is the same code as above...we're
ICount+=IPeriod; //just adding a bit to it....:)
if(!CPURunning) break;
DipSwitchSYNC = 1;
gotoxy(1, 1); //start drawing at the top left
//ONLY FOR PC's!!!
for(y = 0; y < 32; y++) { //rows of characters
int pos = 0x4000+32*(26-1)+y; //position into video memory
for (x = 0; x < 26; x++) { //columns of characters
c = RAM[pos]; //get character at current pos
if(c>=1 && c<=27) //if it's a letter
c+='A'-1; //turn it into one!
else if (c == 31) //this is an asterisk
c = '*';
else if (c > 30 && c < 42) //these are numbers
c+= 16;
else if (c == 43) //this is a hyphen
c = '-';
else if (c == 42) //this is a period
c = '.';
else if (c > 0x00) //let's just draw X's for the rest
c = 'X';
printf("%c", c); //spit it out!
pos -= 32; //move to next character in VRAM
} //end for
printf("\n"); //we're at end of row!
} //end for
} //end if
I suppose that position line could use some explanation. Our video
area of RAM for the foreground characters starts at 0x4000 according
to our memory map. So, we're starting at 0x4000, adding the screen
height, multiplying by screen width minus 1, and adding the current
row we're on. You SHOULD be able to replace 26 and 32 above with the
width and height of the game you want to emulate.
Now whenever a vertical blank is called, it will redraw the screen!
Neat, eh?
5) We've got the ROMs loaded, vertical blanking is setup, and the screen
will be redrawn when necessary. Only one thing left to do... finish the
main() function!
Here, we need to reset the Z80 and start the actual emulation. You
might also want to clear the screen before actually starting the
emulation. So, right after the code that loads the ROM we'll add these
things:
reg R; //defined at top of main function
textmode(C4350); //set display to 50 lines - ONLY FOR PCs!!!
clrscr(); //guess...:) - ONLY FOR PCs!!!
ResetZ80(&R); //This resets the Z80 to its proper starting values
Z80(R); //Actually starts the emulation
S.1.4 Part IV: Run it!
1) If you have all of the above things in place, you should now be able to
compile and run this program! Make sure your Phoenix ROMs are in the
proper directory, and make sure all of your header files are included
as needed. You should need to include stdio.h, alloc.h, and conio.h.
You also need a reference to the "z80.h" header file in your main file.
Lastly, be sure that BOTH your main file (i.e. phoenix.c) AND "z80.c"
are being compiled together! In Borland C++, you would do this by
adding "phoenix.c" and "z80.c" to your project before compiling.
That should do it! Hopefully you should see Phoenix running on your
screen in a text display and you'll see something similar to this:
SCORE1 HI-SCORE SCORE2
000000 000000 000000
X0 COIN00 X0
INSERT COIN
etc.
If not, try checking the "endian-ness" again and make sure you haven't
made any typos in the above functions. Also be sure you've put
everything in the right place.
S.1.5 Part V: To be continued...
I'm going to end it here for now. At this point you should have a basic
understanding of what vertical blanks/interrupts are, how characters are
stored in memory, how to load ROMs into a virtual space, and a few other
things. The next installment (hopefully...) will contain some information
on how to do character graphics and keyboard input.
S.2 Step-by-step discussion of an emulator for Space Invaders
How I wrote a Space Invaders emulator
An essay in Arcade Emulation
Neil Bradley - neil@synthcom.com
Before I get into this, I want to stress that the Space Invaders mentioned
in this document is not yet available in EMU 2.0, but it will be after
mid-January 1997. It is basically a step by step of how I wrote a Space
Invaders emulator from start to finish.
S.2.1 My Background
I spent 7 years at Intel corporation, most of that optimizing Intel based
assembly language. I know many microprocessors and microcontrollers, and
also have a hardware background. I also am fluent in C & C++ and have a
good amount of PC hardware experience.
I'm not trying to scare you off or brag at all, I'm just trying to explain
where I am coming from when I say things. The "How did he know that?"
question might come up during this document, and the answer most likely is
"been there - done that". ;-)
S.2.2 Getting started
The SI emulator was to be the basis for me writing a Z80 emulator (which
as of this writing is still in progress) in assembly for all to consume.
One of the best ways to write a processor emulator is to make it emulate
code you know runs. No video games I know of come up and execute garbage
code, so you're pretty well assured that using video game code as a test
case is a pretty good idea in the development stage.
I must stress that the most valuable resource to us is the internet. Learn
all you can from all that is available. That is partially how I did the
Z80 emulator. Take what others have to offer, learn from it, and in turn
produce something else that others can benefit or learn from.
If you're not writing your own processor emulator, skip to section S.2.4,
"Space Invaders Specifics".
I had prior experience writing a 6502 emulator in assembly and knew what
would work and what wouldn't. This time I wanted to write a general
purpose extensible emulator that would be multi-processor aware, and would
emulate as fast as possible. I also got beaten up for not "being portable".
If you want portable, go grab any of the slower than desired CPU emulators
available on the internet. If you want high performance on lower end
machines, use assembly. Pick what architecture you're going to go with and
do it! I also don't intend on getting into the C vs. Assembly argument.
I'm getting 4X the performance AT A MINIMUM against various C emulators
for the same CPU, so there is something to be said for assembly. The
answer is written in stone for me. Judge for yourself. If you want it
portable, you'll take a performance hit. Accept it now.
I decided to first see what others had done with Z80 emulators, so I
searched the web for "+z80 +emulator" and got a few links. It led me a few
sites, so I downloaded Marat Fazyullin's Z80 emulator and xtrs (TRS-80
emulator for Unix) and had a peek. It's always good to have more than one
person's interpretation as to how an emulated processor should function,
so find as many as you can when something doesn't make sense.
I also purchased several Z80 books, two of which I found to be
particularly useful. One is "How to program the Z80" by Rodnay Zaks and
"Z80 Assembly Language Programming" by Peter W. Steele and Ivan Tomek.
These are handy references. Rodnay's book as timing information, but is
missing some instructions. It's also nice to have two or more books to
check against each other, as often there are discrepencies. Both books
mentioned above are out of print, but can usually be found at tech book
stores.
I wrote the basic "main loop" routine to basically fetch instructions and
jump into a large jump table to each of the corresponding Z80 instruction.
I also predefined what some of the registers would hold while the Z80 was
emulating. HL is stored in BX, BC is stored in CX, DH Contains the Z80's
flags, and DL contains the accumulator. ESI Is the source execution
address, and EAX & EDI are used for general purpose computation throughout
the emulator. The only time I ever used the high part of EBX or ECX was to
quickly save the state of some registers, do some operations that could
use them, and shift them back. Something like this:
shl edx, 16 ; Save flags & accumulator for later
[do work with dx here]
shr edx, 16 ; Restore flags & accumulator
It functions just like a push, but doesn't take up a memory cycle and
doesn't create a cache hit.
There are several things you need to keep in mind when writing a processor
emulator:
1) Get RID of CALL functions. They are very expensive. For example, the
Z80 emulator has no calls. It's all handled by jumps. It might be
convenient to have the different addressing modes in a nice callable
table but your emulator will take a good hit when doing it this method.
Consider using macros.
2) Minimize jumps whenever possible.
3) Keep the most commonly used virtual registers in native processor
registers.
4) Minimize memory accesses. These are killers.
5) Keep total data & code accesses as far under 256K as possible. The
smaller the total data & code accesses the better of a chance of
fitting into the system's cache.
6) Use macros to handle things like flags - not jump or call tables.
7) Create a general purpose read memory/write memory (and read/write I/O
if the processor you're emulating requires it). Use this when doing
data access functions, but DO NOT use these to fetch instructions. Most
of the time you'll be spending will be in emulating the actual
instructions and not moving data around.
8) Don't branch if you don't have to. Keep the most commonly executed path
one that doesn't take a conditional branch. This can cause performance
hits as well.
9) Make use of the instructions available to you. Even if you think you
know a processor through and through, I would advise sitting down for
quite some time studying its instruction set and taking advantage of
every possible instruction you can.
10) Use xchanges to temporarily save off registers you just aboslutely
MUST use.
11) For flags, use lookup tables if you can find a convenient way to look
up add/subtract/dec/inc flags. I did this with the Half carry &
overflow flags in the Z80 emulator.
12) When using the Intel architecture, use the 486> instructions even if
you're not doing 32 bit code (though I would recommend that you DO).
You can still use the extended parts of registers even though you're
in real mode.
To anyone saying "I'd like my code to run on a 386 or lower", consider
what you're saying. These are pretty weak machines, and even 486
motherboards with CPU's these days are going for $60-$100 new. The extra
constraint you'll put on yourself by not having the extended registers and
32 bit addressing (and some 486 instructions) will cause you to spend more
time trying to get good performance out of low end machines that would
wind up hurting performance on a 486 or Pentium. Be careful, and consider
the extra work for trying to go for a low-end system when the next to low
end machines aren't that much more money.
These are just some of the guidelines that have worked extremely well for
me.
S.2.3 Disassemblers
Another thing that is a life saver for processor emulation is a
disassembler. Get your hands on a disassembler that you can trust. I found
such a beast at Riddle's Roost (Sean Riddle's excellent Williams page) at
http://www.ionet.net/~sriddle/willy.shtml. (that is spelled correctly).
Sean has given us a freeware disassembler to use (thank you Sean!).
I modified the disassembler to do two things - disassemble a single
instruction and display registers on a single line. I displayed all the
registers I was interested in, and a disassembly including the program
counter and the actual bytes that were being disassembled. This is what
you need for a simple debugger.
Before I did all this, I allocated 64K and loaded in the ROMs at the
appropriate places, and set the program counter to 0 (for Z80's). Then it
went into my main loop.
The main loop would allow me to single step through the execution, run
with a disassembly, and run to a specific address. This way you can watch
the code modify the register & see if it's right or not, or if it takes a
wrong turn somewhere.
I started off with no instructions emulated. I ran the Space Invaders code
and let it run until it hit an invalid opcode. I implemented that
instruction, ran the code to that point, recompiled, etc... and kept going
until things were completely implemented. This was a good way for me to
keep an eye on each instruction, and to at least semi-verify that they
were working as I implemented them.
This is important, because once you have the basic code to handle one type
of an instruction (like ADD or SUB), implementing other similar
instructions using different registers is easier, and most likely your
code will be debugged before the other variants are added.
I kept at it until the code was running well enough to keep running
without hitting unimplemented instructions. Onto the game information...
S.2.4 Space Invaders Specifics
The first thing I did was go looking for a memory map of this game. It
turns out that I had gathered enough information just by watching what the
code was doing to figure out where most everything was, but I wanted to
see if things were where I thought they were. So I got ahold of Michael
Adcock's Emulator How-To guide, and the Space Invaders memory map was
there.
It told me where the graphics RAM, ROM, and user RAM was, and a little bit
of information about the I/O ports that were used. I also figured that SI
used some form of interrupt because I did hit an "EI" instruction. On the
Z80, you can either jump to a specific vector or have the hardware insert
an instruction on the bus to execute when an interrupt happens. I didn't
have schematics, but my guess was they were implementing an RST $xx
instruction or something.
Then I remembered - Space Invaders uses an 8080, where all interrupts go
to 0008h and all NMI's go to 0010h. Sure enough, a quick disassembly of
these addresses yielded intelligent code. ;-) So I threw down a magic
interrupt to occur about every 20-30 milliseconds and now things started
to happen.
I didn't know the orientation of the graphics, but a few things I did know
about graphics gave me some ideas. I knew that Space Invaders was black
and white, so I figured 1 bit per pixel. I hooked any writes to Space
Invaders video memory to call a function I had written to poke it directly
into the monochrome card's memory.
I got a blotchy image that looked as if my horizontal sync was off
somehow. The width of the Space Invaders image turned out to be 20h bytes
(32 * 8 pixles = 256 pixels). Once I mapped it to the video monitor, it
displayed SI sideways! So I hacked together a routine to turn it from a
horizontal image to a vertical image, and up came the game - until the
invaders started to come. Space Invaders is 248 X 256 - bits packed
vertically.
I got one invader and that was it. After looking through all kinds of
code, I came across a section that looped through 55 bytes checking to see
if it was zero or non-zero. If it was zero, it would skip to the next
byte. If it was non-zero, it would draw an alien. BTW, I modified the
debugger to output to the monochrome card so I could watch what was going
on. Also, there are 55 aliens in an invading fleet. ;-) That's where I
made the connection.
Something wasn't happening. I double checked the emulation of the
instructions I had implemented, and everything looked in order (minus a
few bugs and those didn't affect it). I hooked up another Z80 emulator to
it and got the same results. At this point I wasn't debugging a problem
with the CPU emulator itself - I was debugging a problem with game
environment emulation.
I then remembered that I hadn't implemented a periodic NMI, so I decided
to hook it up with about 50 millisecond intervals. I reran it. Voila. The
fleet came up and things worked great.
I had also taken notes during the emulation process and discovered that
several I/O addresses were being read. 02h, 03h, 04h, 05h, and 06h. 5 & 6
were being written to but never read from. I took a look in the emulation
how-to and found a section on the actual I/O addresses. I hooked the port
values up to basic keys on the keyboard and was able to start playing the
game.
I don't have schematics, and to this day still haven't figured out the
correct NMI/INT ratio values, but increasing interrupts causes the shots
to move much much faster, and increasing NMI's causes the fleet to invade
faster.
I must admit Space Invaders is a pretty simple game to emulate. Not much
to it, so if you're considering emulating a video game for the first time,
keep some of these ideas in mind, and try 'em out. The only thing I'd do
differently is if I had a reference machine or schematics to work against.
When a particular I/O address or memory address is puzzling me, I check
the address decoders on the schematics to try and find out where it's
wired to. It's similar to reading a roadmap without any road names or
town names on it, and filling it in as you go. Having a good command of
how hardware works will help immensely.
-------------------------------------------------------
888b. d8b
8 .8 .d88b 8' .d88b 8d8b .d88b 8d8b. .d8b .d88b d88b
8wwK' 8.dP' w8ww 8.dP' 8P 8.dP' 8P Y8 8 8.dP' `Yb.
8 Yb `Y88P 8 `Y88P 8 `Y88P 8 8 `Y8P `Y88P Y88P
-------------------------------------------------------
R.1 List of Emulator Authors
- Suzanne Archibald (suzanne@crysalis.com)
Atari System I/II emulator (PROJECT TERMINATED)
[??]
- Neil Bradley (neil@synthcom.com)
http://www.synthcom.com/~emu
Emu v1.9 (emulates Asteroids, Asteroids Deluxe, Battlezone,
Black Widow, Gravitar, Lunar Lander, Red Baron,
and Space Duel)
[Assembly, C++]
Postal Address:
Neil Bradley
1511 SW Park Avenue #317
Portland, Oregon 97201
- Kevin Brisley (kevin@isgtec.com)
Burgertime emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Mike Cuddy (mcuddy@scitexdv.com)
http://www.fensende.com/Users/mcuddy/gyruss/
Gyruss emulator v0.03
Audio Board Simulator for Gyruss
[C]
- Laurent Desnogues (desnogue@aiguemarine.unice.fr)
Phoenix emulator (NOT RELEASED -- Unix/X only!)
[SPARC assembly]
- Juan Jose Epalza (jepalza@arrakis.es)
http://www.arrakis.es/~jepalza/
Ladybug v1.0
Mr Do! v2.1 (supports Mr Do and Mr Lo)
Mr Do Run Run v1.2
Mr Do's Castle v2.0
Mr Do's Wild Ride v1.2
[??]
- Keith Gerdes (k.gerdes@genie.com)
Food Fight and Quantum emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[Assembly]
- Chris Hardy (chrish@kcbbs.gen.nz)
Phoenix emulator v1.03 (Win95/NT4 only!)
(emulates Phoenix and Pleiades)
[C (compiled with VC++), Direct X]
[Expect more from Chris soon: Galaxian, Super Galaxians, Scramble,
Moon Cresta, War of the Bugs, Pisces, and maybe more!]
- Tom Hafner (hafner@mail.aracnet.com)
http://www.aracnet.com/~hafner
Missile Command v1.0
[C]
- Ed Henciak (ethst3+@pitt.edu)
Star Trek emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Ishmair (ishmair@vnet.es)
http://valhalla.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/emul8
The End in asm v0.5 (LAST VERSION -- INCLUDES SOURCE)
[C]
- Ville Laitinen (ville@sms.fi)
Crazy Kong emulator v0.3b (96/10/20)
The End (Dec/27/1996)
[??]
- Jean-Marc Leang (jeanmarc.leang@ping.be)
Rygar emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Thierry Lescot (ShinobiZ@mygale.org, ShinobiZ@ping.be,
Thierry.Lescot@ping.be)
http://www.mygale.org/06/shinobiz/shinobi.html
System 16 Arcade Emulator v0.5
(emulates Shinobi, Altered Beast, Shadow Dancer, Time Scanner (on side),
and Golden Axe (not playable yet))
[32bit C (using DJGPP v2.0) and 32bit Assembly,
Allegro v2.1 graphics library]
Postal Address:
Thierry Lescot
Rue des Wagnons, 81
7380 Quievrain
Belgium (Europe)
- Letoram (letoram@algonet.se)
Burgertime emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Paco Lopez (jsellest@filnet.es) and
Abel Bezunces (miguelfm@arrakis.es)
Ghosts & Goblins emulator (NOT RELEASED)
(Information is needed badly, if anyone can help, please contact them!)
[??]
- Ivan Mackintosh (ivan@dales.rmplc.co.uk)
http://valhalla.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/emul8
http://dales.rmplc.co.uk/ivan/
Vanguard Emulator v0.02
[C]
- Kurt Mahan and Paul Kahler (kmahan@novell.com)
Cinematronics emulator (NOT RELEASED)
(emulates Barrier, Boxing Bugs, Demon, Ripoff, Solar Quest, Space War,
Speed Freak, Star Castle, Star Hawk, Tail Gunner, War of the Worlds,
and Warrior)
[C, Assembly]
Postal Address:
Kurt Mahan
4579 S. Suncrest
Salt Lake City, UT 84117
- Vince Mayo (14u2c@diamond.nb.net)
Crazy Climber emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Mark McGregor (mmcgrego@uoguelph.ca)
Battlezone emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[Visual C++]
- Warren Mills (100605,3262@compuserve.com)
The Arcade Machine v0.01
(emulates Amidar (US/Japan), Galaxian, Galaxian X, Super Galaxian,
War of the Bugs, Space Invaders, Space Invaders Deluxe)
[C]
- Sergio Munoz (sergio@webmedia.es)
Pengo emulator v0.4
[??]
- Patrick O'Reilly (oreillyp@execpc.com)
Turbo emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Mike Perry (mj-perry@uiuc.edu)
Tron and Juno First emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Pete Rittwage (bushwick@ix.netcom.com)
Virtual PCB v0.4 (emulates Centipede and Millipede)
[??]
- Heinrich Rckeshuser (hr@elbatex.via.at)
Xevious emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[Assembly]
- Nicola Salmoria (MC6489@mclink.it)
http://valhalla.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/emul8
Multi Pacman arcade machine emulator v0.3
[C]
- Will Schupp (thedr@dwx.com)
Space Invaders (and others) emulator (NOT RELEASED)
(This one will be freeware, and source code will be released!)
[C]
- Martin Scragg (mnm@onaustralia.com.au)
http://valhalla.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/emul8
Galaga
Moon Cresta
[C]
- Gary Shepherdson (od67@dial.pipex.com)
http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/terrace/od67/kong.htm
Kong emulator v0.2
(emulates Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Jr., Mario Brothers)
[C, Assembly]
- Eric Smith
Atari Vector Simulator (emulates Asteroids, Asteroids Deluxe,
Battlezone, Black Widow, Gravitar,
Lunar Lander, Red Baron, and Space Duel)
Centipede Simulator (emulates Centipede and Millipede)
(NOT RELEASED -- Unix and MAC only!)
[C]
- Dave Spicer (emuchat@hubcap.demon.co.uk)
http://www.hubcap.demon.co.uk/sparcade.htm
Sparcade v1.94
(Too many games to list. Visit the homepage!)
[Assembly]
- Roger Sunshine
Tempest emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Lee Taylor (qbert@defender.demon.co.uk)
http://www.defender.demon.co.uk/qbert.html
Q*bert emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Lionel Theunissen (lionelth@ozemail.com.au)
Crazy Climber emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- Brad Thomas (bradt@nol.net)
http://valhalla.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/emul8
Donkey Kong
Frogger
[C]
- Allard van der Bas (avdbas@wi.leidenuniv.nl)
http://valhalla.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/emul8
Amidar
Multi Pacman arcade machine emulator v0.3
Pengo
RallyX
The End (Dec/27/1996)
[C]
- Nemoto Yohei [Ryusendo/Root] (BYY03025@niftyserve.or.jp)
http://svr1.exa.co.jp/~nemoto/
Space Invaders emulator v1.0 (MAC ONLY)
[??]
- unknown
1942 emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[C/C++/Delphi]
- unknown
Bagman emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- unknown
I, Robot emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- unknown
Rastan emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- unknown (Moose is working on this one too!)
Tutankham emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[??]
- unknown
Star Wars emulator (NOT RELEASED)
[Assembly]
R.2 List of Currently Emulated Games
For a comprehensive list of games that have been emulated, please see:
- Moose O' Malley's Arcade Emulation Page
http://www.rocknet.net.au/~moose/arcade_emulation_game_info.html
- Phil's Arcade Emulation Page
http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~pmorrisb/index.html
R.3 List of Games People Want to See Emulated
Moose has been running an Arcade Emulation Survey. To see the current
results, and to vote for the arcade game of your choice, please see:
http://www.rocknet.net.au/~moose/arcade_emulation_survey.html
It appears that Galaga is the most eagerly awaited game. This is
definately one of the classics, and perhaps we will see one or more
emulations of it soon!
R.4 Internet Resources
R.4.1 WWW Resources
R.4.1.1 General Arcade Emulation Links
- Moose O' Malley's homepage
http://www.rocknet.net.au/~moose
- Phil's Arcade Emulation Page
http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~pmorrisb/index.html
- The Australian Arcade Emulation Mirror
http://www.onthenet.com.au/~hunter/arcade.htm
- Dave's Video Game Classics
http://www.gamepen.com/gamewire/classic/classic.html
- Arcade Emulation Programming Repository
http://valhalla.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/emul8/arcade.html
Also, see the pages for individual emulator authors under R.1.
R.4.1.2 ROM Images
- Michael's Arcade ROMs
http://www.fangz.com/~aladdin/ziped.htm
- Arcade ROMs (mirror of ftp.tant.com in tabular form)
http://www.vu.union.edu/~peekb/arcade.html
- AROM - [The arcade ROM site]
http://www.mygale.org/11/hpmaniac/arom.htm
- Williams pinball ROMs
http://www.pinball.wms.com/tech/roms.html
R.4.1.3 Processor Information
- Chipdir sites
http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/
http://www.hitex.com/chipdir/
http://www.civil.mtu.edu/chipdir/
http://ftp.unina.it/pub/chipdir/chipdir.html
- 2901 AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) 4-bit
- Wiretap archive
ftp://wiretap.spies.com/game_archive/emulation/processors/2901
- 6502 MOS Technologies/Rockwell 8-bit
- Programming card listing opcodes
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards/cards.html#list
- Wiretap archive
ftp://wiretap.spies.com/game_archive/emulation/processors/6502
- Marat Fayzullin's 6502 emulation code
http://freeflight.com/fms/CPUs/
- NoICE debugger for 6502
ftp://ftp.coast.net/SimTel/msdos/debug/noi25_02.zip
- "Monitor" -- a 6502 disassembler for the PC
http://dales.rmplc.co.uk/ivan/atari/
- 6808 Motorola 8-bit (6802 without RAM)
- Programming card listing opcodes
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards/cards.html#list
- Wiretap archive
ftp://wiretap.spies.com/game_archive/emulation/processors/6808
- 6809 Motorola 8-bit
- Programming card listing opcodes
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards/cards.html#list
- Wiretap archive
ftp://wiretap.spies.com/game_archive/emulation/processors/6809
- 6809 disassembler and data files for Williams games
http://www.ionet.net/~sriddle/willy3.html#soft
- 6809 instruction set
http://ironbark.bendigo.latrobe.edu.au/staff/mal/6809.htm
- 6809 stuff
http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/embedded/6809/
- 6809 disassembler (Perl script!)
http://www.oasis.leo.org/perl/scripts/misc/disassemble.6809.dsc.html
- NoICE debugger for 6809
ftp://ftp.coast.net/SimTel/msdos/debug/noi25_09.zip
- 68000 Motorola 16-bit
- Programming card listing opcodes
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards/cards.html#list
- Wiretap archive
ftp://wiretap.spies.com/game_archive/emulation/processors/68k
- 8080A Intel 8-bit
- Programming card listing opcodes
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards/cards.html#list
- 8085A Intel 8-bit
- Programming card listing opcodes
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards/cards.html#list
- 8910 (sound chip)
- Source code for Marat's MSX emulator to emulate the AY-3-8910
http://freeflight.com/fms/fMSX
- Schematics and information on 8910 and its family of processors
http://andercheran.aiind.upv.es/~amstrad/CPC_Guide/index.html
- Z80 Zilog 8-bit
- Programming card listing opcodes
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards/cards.html#list
- Wiretap archive
ftp://wiretap.spies.com/game_archive/emulation/processors/Z80
- Marat Fayzullin's Z80 emulation code
http://freeflight.com/fms/CPUs/
- Marcel's new and improved Z80 emulation engine
http://www.komkon.org/~dekogel/misc.html
- Z80 description
http://www.ee.washington.edu/eeca/micro/z80.html
- Z80 assembler/disassembler (for MAC)
http://www.emagic.de/mmm/z80
- Small C development system for Z80
http://www.cs.uwa.edu.au/~mafm/robot/small-c-readme.html
- Z80 disassembler
http://www.ionet.net/~sriddle/midway.html
- NoICE debugger for Z80
ftp://ftp.coast.net/SimTel/msdos/debug/noi25z80.zip
- dZ80 v1.00 -- Freeware Z80 disassmbler
http://www.inkland.demon.co.uk/dz80/index.htm
R.4.1.4 Schematics
- Schematics for sale ($15 each)
http://www.webwrite.com/cgould/hbalde/lib3.html
(Astro Fighter, Donkey Kong, Galaga, Mario Brothers, Pac Man,
Popeye, Robotron, Space Invaders)
- Free Schematics
http://www.cyberpass.net/~jrok/schem.html
(Burger Time, Dig Dug, Frogger, Galaga, Gyruss, Junior Pacman, Mappy,
Moon Cresta, Q*Bert, Scramble, Time Pilot '84, Xevious)
R.4.1.5 Miscellaneous Information
- COMP.EMULATORS.MISC FAQ
http://www.why.net/home/adam/cem
- Denis Hruza'a Stern Page [Berserk/Frenzy info!]
http://199.171.196.3/~king/stern.html
- Denis Hruza's Crystal Castles Page
http://199.171.196.3/~king/crystalc.html
- Gyruss Emulation Page
http://www.fensende.com/Users/mcuddy/gyruss/
- PacMan Memory Map
http://control.indigita.com/david/arcade/memory-map.html
- PacMan Information and Resources (some programs and C source!)
http://control.indigita.com/david/arcade/own.html
- Pokey Board in your Parallel Port!
http://w3.one.net/~mhill/pokey/sound.html
- Assault, Asteroids, Asteroids Deluxe, Battlezone, Black Widow,
Dig Dug, Firefox, Lunar Lander, Majestic Twelve, Pengo, Quantum,
Smash TV, Space Zap, Total Carnage, and more! (pinouts, switch settings)
http://www.multipath.com/d.jefferys/vids/spacezap/spacezap.html
- Video Arcade Preservation Society
http://www.vaps.org
- Wiretap Gopher Archive
http://wiretap.spies.com/Gopher/game_archive
R.4.2 FTP Resources
The following FTP sites provide useful files for the development of
arcade emulators:
- Arcade ROM archive
FTP.TANT.COM /pub/game_archive
/incoming
- Mirror of FTP.TANT.COM
FTP.VESATEC.COM /pub/arcade/roms
- Wiretap's arcade emulation information
WIRETAP.SPIES.COM /game_archive
R.4.3 FSP Resources
Note: Don't ask me what FSP is, or how to use it. If you don't know,
just use the FTP/WWW resources instead. There is a FAQ on FSP...
- Arcade ROMs (a mirror of Brian Peek's archive)
host: 129.7.12.229
port: 1980
R.5 List of Arcade Games (Compiled from the KLOV, ftp.tant.com, and others)
Note: I need information about what processors each game uses.
PLEASE email me with this information if you have it!
Also, if there are other processors I should include, let me know!
Key: C = Processor used as CPU
S = Processor used for sound
X = Processor used for something...?
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Name | Company |Year| Processors |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | |2|2|6|6|6|6|6|6|6|8|8|8|8|8|8|Z|P|T|
| | | |2|9|5|8|8|8|8|8|8|0|0|0|0|0|9|8|o|T|
| | | |0|0|0|0|0|4|0|0|0|3|3|8|8|8|1|0|k|L|
| | | |3|1|2|8|9|0|0|1|2|5|9|0|5|8|0| |e| |
| | | | | | | | | |0|0|0| | |A|A| | | |y| |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|'88 Games |Konami |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|005 |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|10-Yard Fight |Taito |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|1942 |Capcom |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|1943 |Capcom |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|19th Hole |Status |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|720 degrees |Atari |1986| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|8 Ball |Magicom |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|APB |Atari | | | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|AV Mah Jong Part II |Nihon Bussan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ace Attacker |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Action Fighter |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Adv. of Robby Roto |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Aeroboto |Williams | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|AfterBurner |Sega |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|AfterBurner II |Sega |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Air Busters |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Air Duel |Fabtek |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Airwolf |Hokkadio |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ajax |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Aladdin |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Alcon |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Alex Kid |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Alien Invader |Universal |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Alien Syndrome |Sega |1987|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Aliens |Konami |1990|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|All-Amer. Football |Leland |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Alley Master |Cinematronics |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Alley Rally |Exidy |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Alpha Mission |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Alpine Ski |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Altered Beast |Sega |1988|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ameri-Dart |Ameri |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|American Football |Temco |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|American Horseshoes |Strata |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Amidar |Stern |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Anti-Aircraft |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Apache 3 |Tatsumi | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Aqua Jack |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Aquattack |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Arabian |Atari |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Arcade Driver |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Arch Rivals |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Area 88 |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Arkanoid |Taito |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Arm Wrestling |Nintendo |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Armored Attack |Cinematronics |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Armored Car |Stern | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Assault |Atari |1988| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Asterix & Obelix |unknown |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Asteroids |Atari |1979| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Asteroids Deluxe |Atari |1980| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|S|
|Astro Blaster |Sega | | | | | | | | | | |S| | | | | |C| | |
|Astro Chase |Exidy |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Astro Fighter |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Astro Invader |Stern |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Astron Belt |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Asuka 'N' Asuka |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Atari Baseball |Atari |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Atari System 1 |Atari |1983| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| |
|Atari System 2 |Atari |1984| | | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | |
|Ataxx |Leland |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Atomic Castle |LDCS |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Atomic Punk |Irem |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Aurail |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Avalanche |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Avenger |unknown |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Avengers |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Aztarac |Centuri |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|B. R. & Plan. of Zom|Sega |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Baby Pac-Man |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bad Dudes |Data East |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bad Dudes vs. Dragon|Data East |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Badlands |Centuri |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Badlands |Atari |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bag Man |Stern |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Bandito |Exidy |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bank Panic |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Barracuda |Coinex | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Barrier |Cinematronics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Baseball Season II |Leland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Basketball |Atari |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Batman |Atari |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Battlantis |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|BattleTech |ESP Productions|1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Battleshark |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Battlewings |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Battlezone |Atari |1980| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|S|
|Bay Route |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bazooka |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Beast Busters |SNK |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Beezer |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bega's Battle |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bermuda Triangle |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Berzerk |Stern | | | | | | |S| | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Big Event Golf |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Big Run |Jaleco |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bionic Commando |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Birdie King |Taito |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Birdie King II |Monroe |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Birdie Try Golf |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Black Tiger |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Black Widow |Atari |1982| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Blades of Steel |Konami |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Blasted |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Blaster |Williams |1983| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Blasteroids |Atari |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Block Out |Cal. Dreams |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Blood Brothers |Fabtek |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bloxeed |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Blue Print |Midway |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Blue Shark |Midway |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Body Slam |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bomb Jack |Tehkan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Boomer Rang'r |Data East |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Boot Camp |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Boot Hill |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bosconian |Midway |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Bottom of the Ninth |Konami |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Boulder Dash |Exidy |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bouncer |Enter. Sciences|1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bowl-o-Rama |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bowling Alley |Midway |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Boxing Bugs |Cinematronics |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|BreakThru |Data East |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Breakout |Atari |1976| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Breakout Deluxe |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bristles |Exidy |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Brute Force |Leland |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bubble Bobble |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bubbles |Williams |1983| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Buggy Challenge |Data East |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bull's Eye |Sega |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bullet |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bump & Jump |Data East |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bump and Jump |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Burger Time |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Burokushiido |Sega |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Buster Bros. |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cabal |Fabtek |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cadash |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Calypso |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Canyon Bomber |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cap. Amer. & Avengr.|Data East |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Capcom Bowling |Capcom |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Captain Commando |Capcom |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Carnival |Gremlin |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Carrier Airwing |Capcom |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Castle of Dragon |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Castlevania |Konami |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Caveman |Gottlieb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Caveman Ninja |Data East |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Centipede |Atari |1981| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cerberus |Cinematronics |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Challenger |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Champion Baseball |Sega |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Champion Baseball II|Sega |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Champion Wrestler |Taito |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Championship Sprint |Atari | | | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Change Lanes |Taito |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Charon |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Chase H.Q. |Taito |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cheyenne |Exidy |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Chicken Shift |unknown |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Chiller |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|China Gate |Romstar |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Chinese Hero |Kitcorp | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Choplifter |Midway |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Chopper I |SNK |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cinemat-System |Cinematronics |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Circus |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Circus Charlie |Centuri |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cisco Heat |Jaleco |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Clash Road |Status | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cliff Hanger |Stern |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cloak & Dagger |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cloud 9 |unknown |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Clowns |Midway |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cobra Command |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cocoon |Williams | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Colony 7 |Taito |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Columns |Sega |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Combat |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Combatribes |Technos |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Commando |Capcom |1985|S| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Compugraph Foto |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Computer Space |Nutting Ass. |1972| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Congo Bongo |Sega |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X| | |
|Congorilla |Falcon |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Continental Circuit |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Continental Circus |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Contra |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cool Pool |Catalina |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cool Pool |Catalina |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cops 'n Robbers |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cosmic Avenger |Universal |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cosmic Chasm |Cinematronics |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Cosmic Guerilla |Universal |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cosmic Monsters |Universal |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crackdown |Sega |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crackshot |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crash |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crash 'n Score |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crater Raider |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| | | |
|Crazy Climber |Nichibutsu |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| |S|
|Crazy Kong |Falcon |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Crazy Kong Jr. |Falcon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Crime City |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crime Fighters |Konami |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crossbow |Exidy |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crossfire |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crowns Golf |SNK |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crowns Golf Hawaii |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cruisin' |Jaleco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Crush Roller |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Crystal Castles |Atari |1984| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cube Quest |Simutek |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cyberball |Atari |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|D.J. Boy |Am. Sammy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Damp Matsumota |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dangar |Nichibutsu |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Danger Zone |Cinematronics |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Darius |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dark Adventure |Konami |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dark Mist |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dark Planet |Stern |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Darwin 4096 |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dead Angle |Fabtek |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Death Race 2000 |Exidy |1976| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Deep Scan |Gremlin |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Defender |Williams |1980| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Demolition Derby |Midway |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Depth Charge |Gremlin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Desert Assault |Data East |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Destroyer |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Devastators |Konami |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Devil Zone |Nichibutsu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Dig Dug |Namco |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Dirt Fox |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dirt Fox |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dirtbike |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Discs of Tron |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| | | |
|Dodgem |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Domino Man |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dominos |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Donkey Kong |Nintendo |1981| | | | | | | | | |S| | | | | |C| |S|
|Donkey Kong III |Nintendo |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Donkey Kong Jr |Nintendo |1982| | | | | | | | | |S| | | | | |C| |S|
|Double Axle |Taito |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Double Dragon |Romstar |1987|S| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Double Dragon 3 |Technos | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Double Dragon II |Technos |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Double Dribble |Konami |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Double Play |Cinematronics |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Downtown |Romstar |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dr. Pong |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Drag Race |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dragon Breed |Irem |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dragon Buster |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dragon Saber |Namco | | | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Dragon Spirit |Namco | |S| | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | |X|
|Dragon's Lair |Cinematronics |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Dragon's Lair II |Leland |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Driving Force |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dungeons & Dragons |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dunk Shot |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dyger |Sharp Image | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dynamite Duke |Fabtek | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dynamite Dux |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|E-Swat |Sega |1990|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Eagle |Centuri | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Eggs |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Elevator Action |Taito |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Elimination |Kee Games |1973| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Eliminator |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Empire City 1931 |Romstar |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Empire Strikes Back |Atari | | | |X| |C| | | | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Enduro Racer |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Esc. Planet Robot |Atari |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Espial |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Excite League |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Exerion |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Express Raiders |Data East |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Extermination |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Exterminator |Gottlieb |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Eyes |Rock-Ola |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|F-1 |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|F-1 Dream |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fantasy |Rock-Ola | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fantasy Zone |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fast Freddie |Atari |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fax |Exidy |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Field Combat |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fighting Golf |SNK |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fighting Hawk |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Final Blow |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Final Fight |Capcom |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Final Lap |Atari |1988| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Final Lap 3 |Namco |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Final Lap II |Namco |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Final Round |Konami |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fire One |Exidy |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fire Trap |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fire Truck |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Firefox |Atari |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Flak Attack |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Flash Gal |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Flash Point |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Flicky |Midway |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Flip & Flop |Exidy |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Flipull |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Flying Shark |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Flying Tiger |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Food Fight |Atari |1983| | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Football |Atari |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Forgotten Worlds |Capcom |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Formation Z |Jaleco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Formula K |Kee |1974| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Fourtrax |Atari |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Free Kick |unknown |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Frenzy |Stern |1982| | | | | |S| | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Frisky Tom |Nichibutsu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Frogger |Sega |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Frogs |unknown |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Front Line |Taito |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Future Spy |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X| | |
|G.I. Joe |Konami |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaga |Midway |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Galaga '88 |Atari |1988| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaga 3 |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaga III |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaga III |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaga Plus |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaxian |Midway |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Galaxian X |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Galaxy Force |Sega |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaxy Force II |Sega |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaxy Ranger |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Galaxy Wars |Universal |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gals Panic |Kaneko |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gang Wars |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gate of Doom |Data East |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gauntlet |Atari |1985|S| | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Gauntlet II |Atari |1986|S| | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Gemini Wings |Tecmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Get Away |Universal |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ghost Busters |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ghosts 'n Goblins |Capcom |1986|S| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ghouls 'n Ghosts |Capcom |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gimme A Break |Sente |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gladiator |Taito |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Goal To Go |Stern |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Goalie Ghost |Sente | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Goindol |Sun Electonics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Goindol |Sun Electonics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gold Medal |Stern |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gold Medalist |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Golden Axe |Sega |1989|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Golden Axe : Return |Sega |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Golf |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|GondoMania |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Goonies |Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gorf |Midway |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Gotcha |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gradius |Konami |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gradius III |Konami |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gran Trak 20 |Atari |1974| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Grand Champion |Taito |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Granny & the Gators |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gravitar |Atari |1982| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Great Guns |Stern | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Great Swordsman |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gridiron Fight |Tecmo |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Grobda |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Growl |Taito |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Guardians Of 'Hood |Atari |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Guerilla War |Tradewest |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Guided Missile |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gun Fight |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gunforce |Irem | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gunsmoke |Romstar |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Guzzler |Centuri |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Gyruss |Centuri |1983| | | | |X| | | | | |S| | | |S|S| | |
|Halley's Comet |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hanaorizuru |Dainakksu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hang On |Sega |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hangly Man |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Hangman |Status |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hard Drivin' |Atari |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hare Scare |unknown |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hat Trick |Midway |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hatris |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Haunted Castle |Konami |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Head On |Gremlin |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Head On 2 |Gremlin |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Heavy Barrel |Data East |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Herbie's Olympics |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|High Impact Football|Williams |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Hit 'n Miss |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hit the Ice |Williams |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Hoccer |Eastern Micro. |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Holey Moley |Tai | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hollywood |unknown |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hot Chase |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hot Rod |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hot Shots Tennis |Strata |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hydra |Atari |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hypersports |Centuri |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|I, Robot |Atari |1984| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | |S|
|Ikari Warriors |Tradewest |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ikari Warriors III |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Image Fight |Irem | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|In. Jones & Temple D|Atari |1986| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| |
|Indoor Soccer |Universal | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Indy |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Indy 500 |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Indy 800 |Atari |1975| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Indy Heat |Leland |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Inferno |Williams | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Inter Stellar Fantas|Funai | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Interstellar 2 |Funai |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Invinco |Gremlin |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Iron Horse |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|J.E. Team Quarterbac|Leland |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Jack Giant Killer |Cinematronics |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Jailbreak |Konami |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Jaws |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Jet Fighter |Kee |1974| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Journey |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Joust |Williams |1982| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Joust II |Williams |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Jr. Pac-Man |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Jump Bug |Rock-Ola |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Jump Cycle |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Jungle Hunt |Taito |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Jungle King |Taito |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Juno First |Konami |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|KLAX |Atari |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kageki |Romstar |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kangaroo |Atari |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Karate Champ |Data East |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Karate Master |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Karate Master |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Karnov |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kayos |unknown |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kick |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| | | |
|KickMan |Midway |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| | | |
|Kicker |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kid Niki |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|King and Balloon |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Knights of the Round|Capcom |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Konami GT |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kozmik Krooz'r |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Krull |Gottlieb |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | |S|
|Kung-Fu Master |Data East |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kuri Kinton |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kuuga |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Kyros |Alpha Desnhi | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|L. T's Fighting Golf|SNK |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|LSA Squad |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ladybug |Universal |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Laguna Racer |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Laser Grand Prix |Taito |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Laser Shuffle |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Last Apostle |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Last Duel |Capcom |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Last Mission |Data East |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Last Starfighter |Atari |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Lazarian |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|LeMans |Atari |1976| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Legend of Hero Tonma|Irem |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Legend of Kage |Taito |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Legendary Wings |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Legion |Nichibutsu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Letal Enforcer |Konami |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Libble Rabble |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Liberator |Atari |1984| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Life Force |Konami |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Lock n' Chase |Sega |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Lock-On |Data East |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Locomotion |Centuri |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Looping |Venture Line |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Lost Tomb |Stern |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Lunar Lander |Atari |1979| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Lunar Rescue |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|M.A.C.H. III |Mylstar |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | | |
|MX5000 |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mad Dog McRee |Betson |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mad Planets |Gottlieb |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | |S|
|Mag Max |Nichibutsu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Magic Sword |Capcom |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mah Jongg Summer |Video System |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Main Event |Konami |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Major Havoc |Atari |1984| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Major League |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Major League USA |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Make Trax |Williams |1981| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |X| |S|
|Mania Challenge |Taito |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mappy |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mappy II |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Marble Madness |Atari |1984|S| | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| |
|Mario Bros. |Nintendo |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Marvin's Maze |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mat Mania |Memetron |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Max RPM |Midway |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mazer Blazer |Stern |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mechanized Attack |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mega Force |Tecmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Megazone |Konami |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mermaid |Rock-Ola |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Meta Fox |I-Vics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Metalhawk |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Metro Cross (Part I)|Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Midnight Resistance |Data East |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mighty Guy |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mikie |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Millipede |Atari |1981| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mini Golf |Sente |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mini Golf Deluxe |Sente |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Missile Command |Atari |1980| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mission 660 |Taito |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mission : XX |U.A. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mission X |Data East |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Monaco G.P. |Sega |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Money Money |Zaccaria |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Monster Bash |Sega |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Monster Lair |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Monte Carlo |Atari |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Moon Cresta |Nichibutsu |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Moon Patrol |Williams |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Moon Shuttle |Nichibutsu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Moon Wars |Stern | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Moonwalker |Sega |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mortal Kombat |Midway |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Motorace USA |Williams | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Motorace USA (Zippy)|Irem | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mousetrap |Exidy |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mr Do |Universal |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Mr Do Run Run |Universal |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Mr Do's Castle |Universal |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Mr Do's Wild Ride |Universal |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Mr F. Lea |unknown |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mr Lo |unknown |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Mr TNT |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mr. Heli |Irem | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ms Pac Man |Midway |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Munch Mobile |SNK |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|My Hero |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Mystic Marathon |Williams | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|N-Sub |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|N. Y. Captor |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|NARC |Williams |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|NFL Football |Midway |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Name That Tune |Sente |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Naughty Boy |Jaleco |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Nemesis |Konami | |S| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|New York, New York |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|New Zealand Story |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Nibbler |Rock-Ola | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Night Driver |Atari |1976| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Night Stocker |Midway |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Night Striker |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Nile Flyer |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ninja Emaki |Nichibutsu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Ninja Gaiden |Tecmo |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ninja Kids |Taito |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ninja Princess |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ninja Warriors |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Nova 2001 |unknown |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|OffRoad |Leland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Omega Fighter |UFL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Omega Race |Midway |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Operation Thunderbol|Taito |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Operation Wolf |Taito |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Orbit |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Oscar |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|OutRun |Sega |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Outlaw |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|P-47 |Jaleco |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|P.O.W. |SNK |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pac Land |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pac Man |Namco |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Pac-Land |Namco |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pac-Man '88 |Midway |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pac-Man Plus |Midway |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Pac-Mania |Atari |1987| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Paperboy |Atari |1985| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Passing Shot |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pengo |Sega |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |X|
|Penia |Sega |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Pepper II |Exidy |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Peter Packrat |Atari |1984|S| | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S|X|
|Phoenix |Centuri |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | | |S|
|Phozon |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Phraze Craze |Merit |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pig Out |Leland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pigskin 621 A.D. |Midway |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pin Pong |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pinball Action |Tehkan |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pingo |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pioneer Balloon |Rock-Ola | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Piranha |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pirate Pete |Taito |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pisces |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Pit Fighter |Atari |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pitchman |Las. Comp. Sys.|1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pitfall II |Sega |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pleiades |Centuri | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | | |S|
|Plotting |unknown |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pole Position |Atari |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pole Position II |Atari |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pollux |Invega |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pong |Atari |1972| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pong Doubles |Atari |1973| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ponpoko |Venture Line |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pool |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Pooyan |Stern | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pop Flamer |Stern |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Popeye |Nintendo |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Popper |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Port Man |unknown |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pot Shot |Atari |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Power Drive |Midway |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Power Ladies |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Powerdrift |Sega |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pro Quarterback |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Psychic Five |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Psycho Soldier |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Puckman |Midway |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Pulsar |Gremlin |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Punch Out ! |Nintendo |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pursuit |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pushman |Am. Sammy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Puzznic |Taito |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Pyros |Taito |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Q*bert |Gottlieb |1983| | |S| | | | | | | | | | |C| | | |S|
|Q*bert's Qubes |Mylstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|QB-3 |Rock-Ola |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Qix |Taito |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Quadrapong |Atari |1973| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Quantum |Atari |1983| | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Quarterback |Leland |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Quartet |Sega |1986|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Quartet II |Sega |1987|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Quasar |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Quiz Show |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Qwak! |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|R-360 |Sega |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|R-Type |Nintendo |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|R-Type II |Irem |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rabbit Punch |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Race Drivin' |Atari |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rad Action |UPL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rad Mobile |Sega |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Radarscope |Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Radical Radial |Nichibutsu |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Raiden |Fabtek | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Raiders 5 |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rally Bike |Taito |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rally-X |Midway |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Rampage |Midway |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Rampart |Atari |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rastan |Taito |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Reactor |Gottlieb |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | |S|
|Real Ghostbusters |Data East |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rear Guard |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Red Alert |Irem | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Red Baron |Atari |1980| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Red Clash |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Relief Pitcher |Atari |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Renegade |Technos |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rescue |Stern |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Return of the Jedi |Atari |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Revenge of Doh |Taito |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rim Rockin' Basketba|Strata | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ring King |Data East |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ring King II |Data East |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rip Off |Cinematronics |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|River Patrol |Kersten | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Riviera |Merit |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Road Blaster |Laser | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Road Fighter |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Road Riot 4WD |Atari |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Road Runner |Atari | | | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| |
|Roadblasters |Atari |1987| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| |
|Robocop |Data East |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Robocop 2 |Data East |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Robotron 2084 |Williams |1982| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Roc 'N' Rope |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rock 'N Rage |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rocket Racer |Rock-Ola |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Roller Games |Konami |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Roller Jammer |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rolling Thunder |Atari |1989|S| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Root Beer Tapper |Midway |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| | | |
|Rough Ranger |Sharp Image | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Route 17 |Centuri |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Runaway |unknown |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rush 'N Attack |Konami |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Rygar |Tecmo |1986|S| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|S. H. Imp. Football |Williams |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|S.T.U.N. Runner |Atari |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|SCI |Taito |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|SDI |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|SF2 Champ. Ed. |Capcom |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Saint Dragon |Jaleco |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Salamander |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Samurai |Taito |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sarge |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Satan's Hollow |Midway |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Savage Bees |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Scion |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Scramble |Stern |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Scramble Spirits |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sea Wolf |Midway |1975| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sea Wolf II |Midway |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Search & Rescue |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sebring |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Section Z |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Seicross |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sente System |Sente |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sex Trivia |Merit |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shackled |Data East |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shadow Dancer |Sega |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shadow Warrior |Tecmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shanghai |SUN | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shanghai Kid |Memetron |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shark Attack |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shinobi |Sega |1987|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| | |
|Shoot Out |Data East |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shooting Gallery |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shooting Master |Sega |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Showdown |Exidy |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Shuuz |Atari |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Side Arms |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Side Track |Exidy |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sidearms |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|SilkWorm |Tecmo |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Simpsons |Konami |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sinbad 7 |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sinistar |Williams |1982| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Skate or Die |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Skull & Crossbones |Atari |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sky Adventure |SNK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sky Diver |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sky Raider |Atari |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sky Rider |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sky Shark |Romstar |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sky Soldiers |Romstar |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Slap Fight |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Slither |GDI | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sly Spy |Data East |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Smash TV |Williams |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Smokey Joe |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Snack Attack |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Snake Pit |Sente |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Snap-Jack |Universal | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Snow Brothers |Technos | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Soccer |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Solar Fox |Midway |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Solar Quest |Cinematronics |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Solar War |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Solar Warrior |Memetron | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Son Son |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sonic Boom |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sovalou |Namco |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Ace |Cinematronics |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Space Attack II |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Duel |Atari |1981| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Space Dungeon |Taito |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Encounters |Midway |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Firebird |Sega |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Fury |Sega |1981| | | | | | | | | |S| | | | | |C| | |
|Space Gun |Taito |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Harrier |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Hawk |Cinematronics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Space Inv. Deluxe |Midway |1979| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Space Invaders |Midway |1978| | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | | | |S|
|Space Invaders II |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | | | |S|
|Space Laser |Taito |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Lords |Atari |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Odyssey |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Panic |Universal |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Race |Atari |1973| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Tactics |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Space Wars |Cinematronics |1977| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Space Zap |Midway |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Spec. Criminal Inv. |Taito |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Special Project Y |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Spectar |Exidy |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Spectra |Status |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Speed Buggy |Data East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Speed Freak |Vectorbeam |1977| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Speed Rumbler |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Spiderman |Sega |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Spiders |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Spiker |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Splat |Williams | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Splatter House |Tecmo |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sprint |Atari |1975| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sprint 8 |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sprint II |Atari |1976| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Spy Hunter |Midway |1983| | | | | | |S| | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Spy Hunter II |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Star Base Omega |unknown |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Star Castle |Cinematronics |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Star Fire |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Star Force |Tehkan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Star Hawk |Cinematronics |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Star Rider |Williams | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Star Trek |Sega |1983| | | | | | | | | |S| | | | | |C| | |
|Star Wars |Atari |1983| | |X| |C| | | | | | | | | | | |S| |
|StarBlade |Namco |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Stargate |Williams |1981| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Starship I |Atari |1977| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Steel Talons |Atari |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Steeple Chase |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Stocker |Sente | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Stompin' |Sente | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Storming Party |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Stratavox |Taito |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Strategy X |Stern |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Strato Fighter |Tecmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Street Fighter |Capcom |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Street Fighter II |Capcom |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Street Football |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Street Heat |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Street Smart |SNK |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Strength & Speed |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Strider |Capcom |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Strike Force |Midway |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Strike Gunner S.T.G.|Tecmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Strike Zone Baseball|Leland |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Subroc-3D |Sega |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Subs |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sundance |Cinematronics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Sunset Riders |Konami |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Basketball |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Breakout |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Cobra |Stern |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Contra |Konami |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Death Chase |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Dodge Ball |Leland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Don Quixote |Universal | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Draw |Stern |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Earth Invasion|unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Super Flipper |Chicago Coin |1975| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Galaxian |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Super Hang On |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super League |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Mario Bros. |Nintendo |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Missile Attack|Atari |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Monaco G.P. |Sega |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super OffRoad |Leland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Pac-Man |Midway |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Punch Out |Nintendo |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Qix |Romstar |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Ranger |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Speed Race |Williams | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Super Sprint |Atari |1986| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Volleyball |Video System |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Wonderboy |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Super Zaxxon |Sega |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|SuperPong |Atari |1973| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Superbug |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Superman |Taito |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Sure Shot Pool |Status |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Surround |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Survival |Rock-ola | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Swimmer |Tehkan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|System 1 |Atari | | | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |
|TKO Boxing |Data East |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|TNK III |SNK |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|TX1 |Atari |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tac Scan |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Tag Team Wrestling |Technos |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tailgunner |Cinematronics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Tailgunner II |Cinematronics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Taito Volleyball |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tank |Atari |1975| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tank 8 |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tank Force |Namco |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tank II |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tanks |Kee Games |1974| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tapper |Midway |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Targ |Exidy |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tazmania |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tecmo Bowl |Tecmo |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tecmo Bowl II |Tecmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tecmo Knight |Tecmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Teenage MNT |Konami |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tempest |Atari |1980| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| |
|Terminator 2 |Midway |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Terra Cresta |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Terra Force |Nichibutsu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Tetris |Sega |1989|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tetris |Atari |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Thayer's Quest |RDI |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|The End |Stern |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|The Glob |Eagle | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|The Pit |Centuri |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Thief |Pacific Novelty|1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Three Stooges |Mylstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | | | |
|Thunder Blade |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Thunder Crester |Sega |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Thundercade |Romstar |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Thunderjaws |Atari |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tiger Heli |Romstar |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tiger Road |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Timber |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| | | |
|Time Pilot |Konami |1982| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | |S|X| | |
|Time Pilot '84 |Konami |1984| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |S| | |
|Time Scanner |Sega | | | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | |S| | |
|Time Soldiers |Romstar |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Time Traveller |Sega |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Time Warriors |Romstar |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tin Star |Taito |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Toki |Fabtek | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| |X|
|Tokio |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Toobin' |Atari |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Top Gunner |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Top Shooter |Taito |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Top Speed |Romstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tornado Baseball |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Total Carnage |Midway |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Touch-Me |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Touchdown Fever |SNK |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tough Turf |Sega | |S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tour. Cyberball 2072|Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tournament Arkanoid |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tournament Table |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tower of Druaga |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Track and Field |Centuri |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Trak 10 |Atari |1974| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tri-Sports |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Trick Shot |Sente | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Triple Hunt |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Triple Punch |unknown |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Triv-Quiz |Status |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Trivia Whiz |Merit |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Trivial Pursuit |Sente |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Trog |Exidy |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Trojan |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tron |Midway |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|C| | |
|Truxton |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tube Chase |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tumblepop |Data East |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tunnel Hunt |Centuri |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Turbo |Sega |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Turbo OutRun |Sega |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|TurboForce |System V |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Turkey Shoot |Williams |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Turtles |Stern |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Turtles in Time |Konami |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Tutankham |Konami |1982| | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | |X| | |
|Twin Cobra |Romstar |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Twin Eagle |Taito |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Twin Racer |Kee |1974| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Two Crude |Data East |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Two Game Module |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Two Tigers |Midway |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|U.N. Command |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|U.N. Squadron |Capcom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|U.S. Classic Golf |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|UFO Invasion |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|UFO Robo Dangar |Nichibutsu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Ultra Tank |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Up 'n' Down |Midway |1984| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Us Vs. Them |Mylstar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|V'Ball |Taito |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vampire |E. E. Ltd. |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vanguard |Centuri |1982| | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vanguard II |SNK | | | |C| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vega |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vendetta |Konami |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Venture |Exidy |1981| | |S| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vertigo |Exidy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Victory |Exidy |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Victory Road |Tradewest |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Video Pinball |Atari |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Video Trivia |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Video Trivia |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vigilante |Data East |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vindicators |Atari |1988| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| |
|Vindicators II |Atari |1990| | | | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |S| |
|Viper |Leland |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vorfeed |Taito | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. 10 Yard Fight |Irem | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Baseball |Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Castlevania |Konami |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Dr. Mario |Nintendo |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Duck Hunt |Nintendo |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Excitebike |Nintendo |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Freedom Force |Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Golf |Nintendo |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Gradius |Konami |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Gumshoe |Nintendo |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Hogan's Alley |Nintendo |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Ice Climber |Nintendo |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Platoon |Sunsoft |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. RBI |Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Sky Kid |Sunsoft |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Slalom |Nintendo |1986| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Super Mario Bro.|Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. TKO Boxing |Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Tennis |Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. The Goonies |Konami |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vs. Top Gun |Nintendo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Vulgus |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|WEC Le Mans |Konami | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|WWF Superstars |Technos |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|WWF Wrestlefest |Technos |1991| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Wacko |Midway |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S| | | |
|Walter Payton Footb.|Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|War of The Insects |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|War of the Bugs |unknown |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|War of the Worlds |Cinematronics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Warlords |Atari | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Warp Warp |Rock-Ola |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Warriors |Cinematronics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|Warriors Fate |Capcom |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Web Wars |unknown |1978| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Whack |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Wheel of Fortune |unknown |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Wheels Runner |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Who Dunit |Exidy |1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Wild Western |Taito |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Willow |Capcom |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Winning Run |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Winning Run Suzuka |Namco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Witch's Way |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Wizard of Wor |Midway |1981| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| | |
|Wizz Quiz |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Wonderboy |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Wonderboy III |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|World Cup |Atari |1990| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|World Series |Leland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|World Series Basebal|Cinemetronics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|World Series Season |Cinematronics |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X|
|World Stadium '89 |Taito |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Wrestle War |Sega |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|X-Men |Konami |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|X-Multiply |Irem |1989| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Xenophobe |Midway |1987|S| | | | | |C| | | | | | | | |X| |X|
|Xevious |Namco |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C| |S|
|Xexex |Konami |1992| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Xybots |Atari |1987| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Yie Ar Kung Fu |Konami |1985| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Zarzon |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Zaxxon |Sega |1982| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |X| |S|
|Zector |Sega | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Zero Hour |Universal |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Zero Wing |Williams | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S|
|Zoar |unknown | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Zookeeper |unknown |1980| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Zwackery |Midway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Zzyzzyxx |unknown |1983| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+